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Samples of antiemetic drugs (ondansetronum, palonosetronum, metoclopramidum) in the form of powder for inhalation have been developed by the method of spray drying. The granulometric composition, hygroscopicity and aerodynamic distribution of aerosol particles of the drugs have been investigated. The dosage form of the powder for inhalation of antiemetics (ondansetronum and palonosetronum) in terms of its particle size distribution, hygroscopicity and content of the agent corresponds to those for inhalation using dry powder inhalers. In the study of the phase-dispersed composition of aerosol, ondansetronum and palonosetronum in the dosage form of powder for inhalation as part of the HandiHaler inhaler (at a flow rate of 60 l/min) showed high rates of the released dose up to 7276%, respirable particle fraction (up to 5 m) up to 5456% and a mass median particle size of about 3 microns. Obtaining the inhaled form of metoclopramide requires optimization of the production method for receiving the product with acceptable pharmaceutical properties.

Suspension cell culture of camel’s thorn Alhagi persarum Boiss. et Buhse was produced for the first time and its characteristics were determined under different growing conditions (flasks and bubble bioreactors with useful volume of 15 L). The obtained culture was notable for an intense growth (accumulation of dry biomass of 15–20 g/L, growth index of 11–16, and specific growth rate of 0.15 ± 0.01 d–1), with growth characteristics in bioreactors close to parameters observed in flasks. Qualitative composition of secondary metabolites in biomass of this cell culture grown in flasks was preliminarily examined by means of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Isoflavones from different structural groups were detected: free isoflavones (an isomer of afrormosin), glycosides of isoflavones (glycosides of calycosin and formononetin), and acylated glycosides of isoflavones (malonyl glycosides of calycosin, formononetin, genistein, and the isomer of afrormosin). Extracts from biomass of A. рersarum suspension cell culture grown in flasks were tested for antimicrobial activity. Staphylococcus aureus АТСС 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa АТСС 27853 were used as test cultures. Extracts showed a specific antimicrobial activity in respect to S. aureus but were inactive to P. aeruginosa. Thus, the obtained cell culture of A. persarum is a promising object for further examination with a potential of using as an alternative raw material and a source of biologically active compounds characteristic of this species.

Cell suspension of a medicinal plant Polyscias filicifolia recovered after 5 years of cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen (− 196 °C) was cultured in 250 ml flasks and laboratory (20-l), pilot (75-l) and industrial (630-l) bioreactors operated under batch and semi-continuous regimes. Growth parameters of the recovered cell culture were compared to those recorded before cryopreservation and after 5 years of culture maintenance in the active collection with 2 weeks subculture intervals. The results revealed that cell viability, maximum accumulation of fresh and dry weights, specific growth rate and productivity on dry biomass in flasks and bioreactors of different types and volumes were not affected by cryopreservation. In 20-l bioreactors, longer lag phase was observed for cell culture maintained for 5 years by periodic subcultures compared to the initial and cryopreserved cell cultures, however, all differences in growth dynamics were mitigated during cultivation in 630-l bioreactors. This study demonstrates that cryopreservation is a reliable and effective method for conservation of P. filicifolia cell culture for biotechnological applications. Cell suspension of a medicinal plant Polyscias filicifolia recovered after 5 years of cryopreservation fully retained its original growth and productivity when cultured in bioreactors from 20 to 630 l.

Pharmacological agents are analyzed, in respect of which it is advisable to develop dosage forms for inhalation use as medical means of protection at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation in case of damage by emergency-hazardous chemicals. It was found that the inhalation intake of hazardous chemicals, especially with a pronounced pulmonotoxic, irritating and generally poisonous effect, is highly likely to develop post-intoxication complications associated with damage to the lung parenchyma, and death. For the therapy of such intoxications, it is advisable to administrate drugs in a dosage form for inhalation administration, which have several advantages: high bioavailability, rapid onset of effect, and severity of local action in various parts of tracheobronchial tree. The data of experimental and clinical studies of the effectiveness of drugs belonging to various pharmacological groups allow us to recommend for the further development of inhaled forms of means of prevention and treatment of toxic pulmonary edema (fluticasone, roflumilast, rolipram). Bronchodilators and donors of sulfhydryl groups (ipratropium bromide, tiotropium bromide, atropine sulfate, fenoterol, salbutamol, formoterol, unitiol dimercaprol) are referred to means of correction of respiratory disorders of various etiologies. Diazepam, midazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam are considered to be the most likely anticonvulsants from the enzodiazepine-class suitable for inhalation. Acetylcysteine, hydroxycobalamin can be used to combat hypoxia. The principal possibility of inhalation application of bioscavengers (acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase) for the treatment of cholinopositive symptoms of toxic genesis is shown. Existing methods and means of delivery allow the use of these drugs at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation as part of single dose metered powder inhalers.

—The possibilities of improving medical protectors administered by inhalation for urgent assistance in emergency situations are discussed in this paper. The advantages of this method of administration are characterized, and the expediency of using portable dry powder inhalers as a technical means of drug delivery is substantiated. The sources containing information on the inhalation use of drugs from various pharmacological groups has been examined. Radioprotective agents (cystamine, indraline, naphthyzine), radioprotective agents for prophylactic use (estradiol), means of preventing and arresting the primary reaction to radiation (ondansetron, metoclopramide, metacin), radiomitigators (analogs of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), growth hormone, betaleukin), and incorporated binding agents radionuclides (pentacin) should be considered as the most promising medical preparations for inhalation under exposure to radiation factors. This is determined by the presence of effective inhalation forms approved for medical use and registered in the Russian Federation, as well as their technological feasibility.

Provides a review of the evidence from experimental and clinical studies on the blood-forming and non-blood-forming tissue protective effects of erythropoietin. Information on its side effects (stimulation of tumor growth, autoimmune reactions, arterial hypertension, etc.), limiting the clinical use as a cytoprotector, is summarized. Well-known modifications of the erythropoietin molecule with a tissue protective effect are considered, in particular, desialylated (asialoEPO), carboxylated (CEPO) and glutaraldehyde (GEPO) cytokine analogues. The results of biomedical studies describing the tissue protective effects of these compounds, as well as possible mechanisms of their receptor action, are presented. The article discusses the main short-chain erythropoietin mimetics that reproduce individual active regions of cytokine amino acid sequence and contain from 11 to 25 amino acids: Helix B, ARA290, Eportis, Epopeptide-ab, MK-X, Epobis, NL100. The biochemical mechanisms of cytoprotective action of erythropoietin and its derivatives are considered, including binding to the heterodimeric receptor of non-blood-forming tissues and activation of intracellular signaling molecules possessing properties of apopotosis inhibitors. It was noted that the tissue protective effect of erythropoietin in vivo is observed in hemostimulating doses and is accompanied by side effects. At the same time, the use of modified forms of erythropoietin and its short-chain peptide analogues, which have a high affinity for the isoform of the erythropoietin receptor of non-blood-forming tissues and do not have hematopoietic properties, allows avoiding the development of side effects and reducing effective doses by 10-20 times.

The article assesses the current level of technical devices and dosage forms intended for the use of medical protective equipment, discusses global trends and prospects for their short-term and medium-term development. Considered foreign samples autoinjectors, portable inhalers, patch pump, nasal, transdermal and buccal forms. Presents indicators of the effectiveness of various dosage forms, their advantages and disadvantages, discusses ways to overcome the latter in the provision of medical care in the prehospital stages and in transporting the wounded and affected. When assessing the possibility of using medical protection in various technical devices or dosage forms, it is necessary to consider the characteristics of their manufacturability and the readiness of the domestic production base for mass production and state registration as medicines or medical products. It was concluded that in the short term for the development of domestic medical remedies it is advisable to introduce inhaled and intranasal forms of drugs for use in the prehospital medical care.

The pharmacodynamic effects of the administration of 2-adrenergic agonists both in a monovariant and in combination with drugs of other pharmacological groups are considered. Based on analysis of safety nonclinical studies the characteristics of main physiological effects of 2-adrenergic receptors as well as physiological effects of 2-agonists on various organs and systems are presented. For the determination of tendencies and directions in research of central 2-AM (dexmedetomidine) the analysis of bibliographical data, accumulated and extracted from Medline database with 5 year time-filter (VOSviewer, 1.6.11 version) has been carried out. For the further research of central 2-adrenomimetics and their application in clinical practice the following perspective directions have been determined: the study of effects and mechanisms of cytoprotectant and antioxidant action, the study of the use of drugs in a monovariant and in combinations for the development of analgesic drugs, anesthesia and development of combined formulations with a delayed release of antagonists designed to mitigate side effects.

In the present study, we explored the therapeutic potential of bioreactor-grown cell cultures of the medicinal plant species Dioscorea deltoidea, Tribulus terrestris and Panax japonicus to treat carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMDs) in laboratory rats. In the adrenaline model of hyperglycemia, aqueous suspensions of cell biomass pre-administered at a dose of 100 mg dry biomass/kg significantly reduced glucose level in animal blood 1–2.5 h (D. deltoidea and T. terrestris) or 1 h (P. japonicus) after adrenaline hydrochloride administration. In a streptozotocin-induced model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, the cell biomass of D. deltoidea and T. terrestris acted towards normalization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as evidenced by a significant reduction of daily diuresis (by 39–57%), blood-glucose level (by 46–51%), blood content in urine (by 78–80%) and total cholesterol (25–36%) compared to animals without treatment. Bioactive secondary metabolites identified in the cell cultures and potentially responsible for their actions were deltoside, 25(S)-protodioscin and protodioscin in D. deltoidea, furostanol-type steroidal glycosides and quinic acid derivatives in T. terrestris, and ginsenosides and malonyl-ginsenosides in P. japonicus. These results evidenced for high potential of bioreactor-grown cell suspensions of these species for prevention and treatment of CMD, which requires further investigation.

In the experimental model of poisoning of rats with phosgene of severe degree (single administration in Tox dose 1 of Lt50 - 3.92 mgґmin/l), the parameters of the respiratory system and histopathological changes of the lung parenchyma were investigated. It was established that 45 days after exposure to phosgene, half of the surviving animals formed a complex of persistent physiological, functional, and structural changes in the syndrome of the syndrome and the chronic respiratory state (J68.4 ICD-10). The main independent predictors from the number of laboratory and functional parameters in the acute period of pulmonary toxicant poisoning (6 hours) were established by the method of mathematical analysis, on the basis of which a model was developed to predict the likelihood of chronic respiratory states in poisoned animals as consequences of severe phosgene poisoning. It is shown that an increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products in the blood plasma by 25% determines the likelihood of late effects of more than 0.95. The obtained mathematical model will allow predicting the characteristics of the flow of affected, in need of emergency medical prevention of chronic respiratory conditions in the provision of medical care in the acute period of pulmonary toxicity poisoning.

Nanowires (NWs) consisting of Ni/Cu and Co/Cu alternating layers with a diameter of 100 nm and layer thicknesses varying between 10 and 500 nm are prepared by template synthesis in pores of polymer track-etched membranes. Bath compositions and different regimes for pulsed electrodeposition of NWs are explored. A procedure for electrodeposition of NWs using pulses of equal charge is developed. By diminishing the amount of charge per pulse, initially we manage to lower the layer thickness to 10–15 nm, but further diminishing of charge in pulses leads to the blending of elemental composition of adjacent layers and/or formation of rod–shell nanostructures within the NWs. The coercive force (15–30 mT) and residual magnetization of our layered NWs are determined from magnetization measurements. For NWs with a layer thickness of 50–100 nm, the magnetization curves recorded in the out-of-plane and in-plane geometries are similar in shape and have similar parameters. For NWs with thicker layers (250 and 500 nm), magnetization curves are markedly different due to magnetic anisotropy (an easy magnetization axis emerges longitudinally to NWs) and interference between neighboring NWs. Magnetic force microscopy of isolated NWs identifies that the NWs comprise magnetic regions extending over ~100–150 nm. The NW can be partially remagnetized by applying an external magnetic field (+16 mT) longitudinally.

Relevance.Inhalation administration of compounds with peptide and protein structure may be promising in provision of emergency medical assistance in emergency situations, including radiation injuries. The development of inhalation dosage forms for compounds with peptide and protein structure requires the selection of excipients to increase their bioavailability.Intention.To assess effects of permeability enhancers on the effectiveness of a model biologically active substance of protein nature (insulin) by inhalation.Methods.The experiments were carried out in outbred white male rats with initial weight of 180–220 g. To assess the effectiveness of insulin and permeability enhancers, they were administered via intranasal and intratracheal routes using a MicroSprayer® IA-2B instillation probe (Penn Century, USA). The list of biological membrane permeability enhancers under investigation (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) includes the following substances: methyl-β-cyclodextrin, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, Tween-80, sodium methyl oleate, oleic acid, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycocholate, Pluronic F-68, tesit, Brij-35, saponin, cetylpyridine.Results and Discussion. Insulin bioavailability without permeability enhancers does not exceed 0.5% when administered intranasally. When assessing effects of multiple doses of permeability enhancers on food and water consumption in animals over time, decreased parameters under study were observed in the control and experimental groups compared to intact animals. Multiple intratracheal administration of solutions to rats can lead to some infectious complications.Conclusion. Such excipients as sodium taurocholate, dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin and Тween-80 in a concentration of 5 % increase bioavailability and intensity of biological effects of insulin when administered intranasally. The surfactants Brij-35, Тween-80 and sodium taurocholate in a concentration of 0.25 % increase the duration of biological effects of insulin when administered intratracheally. Sodium taurocholate and Tween-80 in a concentration of 0.25 % have the lowest toxicity during multiple intratracheal administration.

Dioscorea deltoidea is a medicinal plant valued for its high content of steroidal glycosides (SG) – bioactive compounds with cardioprotective and immunomodulation actions, also used to treat reproductive system disorders. To overcome the limitations of natural resources of this species, a suspension cell culture of D. deltoidea was developed as a renewable and ecologically sustainable source of raw biomass and SG. Cell culture demonstrated stable and intensive growth in the laboratory (20 L) and industrial (630 L) bioreactors operated under a semi-continuous regime (specific growth rate 0.11–1.12 day−1, growth index 3.5–3.7). Maximum dry weight accumulation (8.5–8.8 g/L) and SG content (47–57 mg/g DW) were recorded during the stationary phase. Bioreactor-produced cell biomass contained inorganic macro (К, Ca, Mg, Na) and micro (Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Al, Cu, Cr, Se, Co, Ni) elements in concentrations within the safe range of dietary recommendations. Acute toxicity test showed no or insignificant changes in organ weight, hematological panel and blood biochemistry of laboratory animals fed with 2000 and 5000 mg/kg dry biomass. The results suggest that cell culture of D. deltoidea grown in bioreactors has great potential to be used as functional foods and a component of specialized dietary supplements in complex therapy of reproductive system disorders and mineral deficiency.

Search for new ligands selective to different subtypes of 5-HT 2 receptors is an important scientific and practical problem for experimental psychopharmacology and clinical medicine. The majority of existing antagonists of the 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C subtypes possess all necessary anti-anxiety and antipsychotic properties, though they are partially selective to 5-HT 2B receptors. Their activation leads to cardiotoxic side effects, so it significantly limits clinical application of these drugs. For the search of new highly selective ligands of 5-HT 2A/C receptors, an in silico screening algorithm was proposed using PScore.Max and Affinity.maxPScore parameters, which included the affinity of low molecular weight compounds for each 5-HT 2 receptor subtype. Cyclic physiologically active substances of peptide nature have been proposed as new promising drugs with antipsychotic activity. Based on the CXXC library, a number of cyclopeptides with a high selectivity of structure to target binding sites were selected for further in vitro studies by extending of the peptide chain. It was also found that a promising direction for increasing the selectivity of peptide ligands to 5-HT 2A/C receptors is the introduction of non-proteinogenic amino acids during the formation of an initial docking library. The choice of these amino acids will be due to the nature of interactions between the reference ligands and amino acid residues of the binding site.

The structure of layered Cu/Ni nanowires obtained by template synthesis in 100-nm channels of track membranes has been investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The phase composition and main structural features of individual nanowires are determined. It is shown that nanowires consist of alternating Ni (Fm3m) and Cu (Fm3m) layers with grains up to 100 nm in size. It is found that nanowires contain also copper oxide crystallites up to 20 nm in size. The elemental composition of individual layers and their mutual arrangement are determined.

Иванов Илья Михайлович, аспирант кафедры строительных материалов и изделий, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), ivanov.im@bk.ru Крамар Людмила Яковлевна, доктор технических наук, профессор кафедры строительных материалов и изделий, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), kramar-l@mail.ru Кирсанова Алёна Андреевна, кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры строительных материалов и изделий, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), kiss421@mail.ru Тьери Винсент, PhD, доцент кафедры гражданского строительства и окружающей среды, Школа минералогии (Дуэ, Франция) vincent_thiery@hotmail.fr I.M. Ivanov1, ivanov.im@bk.ru L.Ya. Kramar1, kramar-l@mail.ru. A.A. Kirsanova1, kiss421@mail.ru V. Thiery2, vincent_thiery@hotmail.fr 1 South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation 2 Ecole des Mines, Douai, France

Callus and suspension plant cell cultures of Tribulus terrestris L., a valuable medicinal plant producing steroidal glycosides, were obtained. The seeds from an American population of T. terrestris were used as explants. Regulation of the production and growth of cell cultures, as well as the biosynthetic characteristics of the cell lines, were studied. The combination of phytohormones of 2,4-D (2.0 mg/L) and BAP (1.0 mg/L) was found to be optimal for callus induction and cultivation. Suspension cell culture obtained in liquid medium of the same composition showed such high growth characteristics during prolonged cultivation (more than 2 years) as a maximum accumulation of dry biomass of 13 g/L, specific growth rate at exponential phase of 0.24 day–1, and economical coefficient of 0.39. A semicontinuous mode of cultivation was used to grow the plant cell suspension in a lab-scale bioreactor. Screening of the steroidal glycosides in the obtained cell cultures was carried out. Steroidal glycosides were not found in the callus cultures. However, as was demonstrated by TLC and UPLC ESI MS methods, the suspension culture contained furostanol glycosides, and their amount increased during the cultivation process. These results support the hypothesis of the autoselection of cultivated cells containing compounds promoting their proliferation in vitro.

Properties of nanoscale carriers recommended by the European Pharmacopeia for use in the creation of drugs and their complexes with physiologically active substances are given. Ihe authors present general descriptions of the methods of creation and especially of carriers identified in the accumulation of experience in their use for creating drugs with desired properties of penetration of biological barriers and length of service of the therapeutic effect.

Changes in the content of the furostanol glycosides protodioscin and deltoside, particularly that of the (25S)-isomers of the glycosides, during suspension cultivation of different lines of Nepal yam (Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.) cells of the strain IFR-DM-0.5 has been investigated. The composition of furostanol glycosides has been characterized, and the dynamics of the accumulation of individual glycosides during lengthy subcultivation of cells maintained in flasks or in a barbotage bioreactor has been analyzed. A positive correlation between the growth and accumulation of substances that belonged to the class of furostanol glycosides has been demonstrated for cultured dioscorea cells, whereas the content of some of the individual glycosides varied considerably between the lines of the strain, cultures maintained under different conditions, and even between cells in different phases of the growth cycle. The increased content of (25R)-forms of the glycosides (protodioscin and deltoside) was correlated with a decrease in the cellular growth rate, whereas an increase in culture growth intensity occurred concomitantly to an increase of the amount of (25S)-isomers. This may be indicative of the specific stimulatory effect of (25S)-glycosides, but not the (25R)-forms, on cell proliferation in vitro. Thus, the concentration of (25S)-forms may increase due to the autoselection of cells capable of intensive division during prolonged cultivation.

Changes in the content of the furostanol glycosides protodioscin and deltoside, particularly that of the (25S)-isomers of the glycosides, during suspension cultivation of different lines of Nepal yam (Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.) cells of the strain IFR-DM-0.5 has been investigated. The composition of furostanol glycosides has been characterized, and the dynamics of the accumulation of individual glycosides during lengthy subcultivation of cells maintained in flasks or in a barbotage bioreactor has been analyzed. A positive correlation between the growth and accumulation of substances that belonged to the class of furostanol glycosides has been demonstrated for cultured dioscorea cells, whereas the content of some of the individual glycosides varied considerably between the lines of the strain, cultures maintained under different conditions, and even between cells in different phases of the growth cycle. The increased content of (25R)-forms of the glycosides (protodioscin and deltoside) was correlated with a decrease in the cellular growth rate, whereas an increase in culture growth intensity occurred concomitantly to an increase of the amount of (25S)-isomers. This may be indicative of the specific stimulatory effect of (25S)-glycosides, but not the (25R)-forms, on cell proliferation in vitro. Thus, the concentration of (25S)-forms may increase due to the autoselection of cells capable of intensive division during prolonged cultivation.

An important task is to monitor the physiological state of the cell population when scaling apparatus cultivation of higher plants’ cell cultures to industrial volumes. Investigations were carried out on the culture of Dioscorea deltoidea Wall—strain producer of steroidal glycosides (protodioscin and deltoside)—for which growth characteristics and content of furostanol glycosides were determined during the semirunning growth in bubble bioreactors (20 and 630 L); total rate of oxygen uptake and the portion of participation of alternative oxidase (AO) in the process were measured in the exponential growth phase. The measurements were performed for 3–4 subculture cycles for each apparatus, starting from the second cycle from the moment of inoculation. The values of oxygen mass transfer coefficients (KLa, h−1) for bioreactors were determined at modes of mixing and aeration optimal for growing strain. The maximal portion of cyanide resistant respiration was determined in 20-liter bubble bioreactor with a point aerating device (up to 60–65% of total respiration rate). The minimal values of (KLa (2.0–2.4 h−1) were obtained for the same apparatus, as well as lower levels of furostanol glycosides (4.2–8.0% of dry cell weight). Apparently, this effect was due to insufficiently uniform distribution of oxygen in the nutrient medium. Minimal activity of AO (within 15–25%) was noted for the system with more intensive mass transfer of oxygen-in 630-liter bubble bioreactor with the annular aerator (KLa 7.1–8.0 h−1). Higher biosynthetic rates (7.7–13.9% of dry cell weight) were found in the same bioreactor.

We compared the efficiency of delivery of plasmid DNA (active ingredient concentration 1 mg/kg) that provides production of nerve growth factor (NGF) after intravenous administration to rats and after administration by hydroporation. The method of hydroporation ensured plasmid penetration into the liver tissue and lengthened the time of its detection in the organ. DNA concentration in 1 h after its introduction by hydroporation or intravenous route was 0.7 and 0.05 ng/mg tissue, respectively. The use of this transfection method ensured preservation of NGF DNA in the liver tissue at a level of 0.24 ng/mg of tissue 1 day after administration of the plasmid construct, while after intravenous administration, expression of the analyzed DNA was not detected in blood and liver samples. After hydroporation, the maximum of relative normalized expression of cDNA (270 rel. units) was observed after 4 h, and after 1 day, this parameter decreased to 35 rel. units. Introduction of plasmid DNA of NGF by hydroporation prevented the development of disorders of neuromuscular conduction in a rats model of toxic neuropathy induced by subacute administration of malathion in a dose of 0.5 LD50.

The efficiency of different reactivators of cholinesterase (toxogonin, dipiroxime, pralidoxime, carboxim, HI-6, and methoxime) at inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase and human acetylcholinesterase by organophosphate insecticide malathion was evaluated in in vitro experiments. Most reactivators increased inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase in comparison with the control, but HI-6 in a concentration of 10-3 mol/liter partially (10%) restored activity of the enzyme. Oxime-induced reactivation of acetylcholinesterase was most pronounced in dipyroxime and toxogonin: parameters of the kinetics of reduction of the phosphorylated enzyme differed by more than 2 times from the values received with the use of other reactivators.

The dependences of geometric characteristics of single tracks obtained by laser deposition of austenitic steel powder on the shift of the laser beam focus and the distance from the nozzle to the substrate at different values of mass flow and scanning speed are investigated. It is shown that the characteristic value of the track height decreases from 900 to 700 microns with a decrease in the beam size by half at a powder flow rate of 8.4 g/min and a speed of 350 mm/min, decreases from 1100 to 900 microns at a flow rate of 15.6 g/min, and increases by 30-50% with an increase in flow rate by 2.3 times. The ratio of height to width (shape factor) decreases with the growth of the scanning speed from about 0.7 to 0.4 at a flow rate of 15.6 g/min and to 0.25 at a flow rate of 8.5 g/min. Process performance scaling parameters are defined. The results obtained make it possible to optimize the technological parameters of the laser metal deposition process.

Matrix synthesis based on etched-track membranes was used for fabrication of two type of nanowires (NWs) – homogeneous (alloys – Fe-Co and Fe-Ni) and heterogeneous – layered NWs (Ni/Cu and Co/Cu). Parameters of galvanic process and features of electrodeposition were determined. X-ray analysis demonstrated the two-phase structure of alloys with low concentration of Fe and step-type changing of cell-parameter with changing of metals concentration ratio in alloy NWs. Topography of NWs was determined by SEM: NWs’ diameter were higher than pores size due to metal oxidation or expansion. Elemental analysis demonstrated that composition of Fe-Co NWs is equal to composition of electrolyte, while for Fe-Ni Fe concentration in NWs is higher; this difference increases with concentration of Fe. TEM allows to evaluate the length of metal segments in layer NWs, to estimate their concentration (pure Cu and mixed Co or Ni). Magnetic-Force microscopy allows to correspond structure and domain size. External field could change magnetization, but only partly – due to mutual influence of NWs.

Benzene vapor sorption by the organometallic coordination polymer [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] (H2bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, dabco = diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) is reported. The [Zn2(bdc)2(dabco)] polymer has a high C6H6 sorption capacity of up to 3.8 mol of benzene per formula unit. The heat of sorption has been determined, and its dependence on the composition of the inclusion compound has been investigated. Included benzene molecules are nonequivalent in terms of the energy of their interaction with the metal-organic framework.

A process has been developed for the preparation of extrapure WO suitable for crystal growth. The method involves thermal decomposition of ammonium paratungstate (APT) powder at 230–250° C, resulting in the formation of soluble ammonium metatungstate (AMT). The AMT solution is then purified and hydrolyzed. The resultant purified APT is converted to WO3. The reaction yield is at a level of 95%. The contents of metallic impurities, especially those of polyvalent impurities (Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, V, Cr, and others), capable of influencing the optical properties of crystals, was comparable to their detection limit: 10−6 to 10−5 wt %. The purification process was tested using a pilot-scale system. The purity was confirmed by the synthesis of high-quality CdWO4 crystals.

A procedure has been developed for thermochemical studies of two types of silver nanoparticles: coagulated nanoparticles in isolated nanopowders and unbound nanoparticles enclosed in micelles. The first type of nanoparticle was obtained and studied after destroying micelles. The heats and rates of dissolution of unbound nanoparticles (i.e., nanoparticles enclosed in micelles and involved in Brownian motion together with the latter) were determined by reacting them with nitric acid solubilized in micelle systems of the same composition. The heats of solution of Ag0 in HNO3 found for isolated nanopowders were −10 × (1 ± 0.3) kJ/mol; they were close to the results obtained for bulk samples under the same conditions. The heats of solution of nanoparticles in micelles were estimated at −(17–25) kJ/mol. The dissolution rates of silver nanoparticles in micelles as functions of micelle composition were two to three times the dissolution rates of isolated nanopowders.

International audience; The results of R&D of radiopure zinc molybdate (ZnMoO4) based scintillating bolometers for the LUMINEU (Luminescent Underground Molybdenum Investigation for NEUtrino mass and nature) double-beta decay experiment are presented. A dedicated two-stage molybdenum purification technique (sublimation in vacuum and recrystallization from aqueous solutions) and an advanced directional solidification method (the low-thermal-gradient Czochralski technique) were utilized to produce high optical quality large mass (∼1 kg) ZnMoO4 crystal boules and first 100Mo (99.5%) enriched Zn100MoO4 crystal scintillator (mass of ∼0.2 kg). Scintillating bolometers based on ZnMoO4 (≈ 0.33 kg) and Zn100MoO4 (≈ 0.06 kg) scintillation elements and high purity Ge wafers were tested in the EDELWEISS set-up at the Modane Underground Laboratory (France). Long term low temperature tests demonstrate excellent detectors’ performance and effectiveness of the purification and solidification procedures for the achievement of high radiopurity of the material, in particular with a bulk activity of 228Th and 226Ra below 4 µBq/kg. The adopted protocol was used to produce for the first time a large volume Zn100MoO4 crystal scintillator (mass of ∼1.4 kg, 100Mo enrichment is 99.5%) to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 100Mo in the framework of the LUMINEU project.

Tellurium(IV) complexes (R4N)2[TeCl6] (T6), (R4N)[TeCl5] (T5), and (R4N)[TeCl4OH] (T4), where (R4N)+ is tetrabutyl, tetraoctyl, and trialkyl benzyl ammonium cations, were synthesized. Tellurium distribution between aqueous HCl solutions and trialkyl benzyl ammonium chloride solution in caprylic acid was studied. The 125Te NMR spectra of aqueous HCl solutions of tellurium have a single averaged peak, whose chemical shift (CS) depends on the acid concentration. 125Te NMR spectroscopy has shown that the T4 complex in nonaqueous solutions is kinetically inert and the ligand exchange with the T6 and T5 complexes is retarded. In contrast, the T5 and T6 complexes, when simultaneously present in nonaqueous solutions, rapidly exchange ligands. 125Te NMR, IR, Raman, and UV spectroscopic studies have shown that under standard conditions, the reaction (Bu4N)[TeCl5]+Bu4NCl = (Bu4N)2[TeCl6] Δ G0 = -19.1(1 ± 0.3) kJ/mol and Δ H0 = -6.5(1 ± 0.2) kJ/mol) takes place in methylene chloride solution. The symmetry groups of the synthesized complexes in the solid state and CSs for tellurium solutions (0.2 g‐atom/liter Te) in methylene chloride were determined: Oh and −58 ppm for T6; C4v and +75 ppm for T5; and C3v and +54 ppm for T4 (CS = 0 for a 0.2 mol/liter TeO2 solution in 11.4 mol/liter HCl).

The tolerance of five central muscarinic receptor antagonists has been studied in experimental animals. According to the effect on orientation-exploratory reaction, drugs were arranged in the following order of increasing toxicity: procyclidinetrihexiphenidylbenactizineatropinescopolamine. For the same therapeutic index, trihexiphenidyl and benactizine were characterized by the maximum tolerance (TD50/ED5010) in mice. Scopolamine and atropine exhibited anticonvulsant activity at doses exceeding the threshold values by a factor of 6.3 and 3.9, respectively. For procyclidine, the average anticonvulsant dose was threefold lower than the threshold value. Benactizine and procyclidine had maximum tolerance levels in rats. The TD50/ED50 ratio for these drugs was greater than 3 (against 0.5 - 0.7 in groups treated with trihexiphenidyl, atropine and scopolamine).

A refractory pyrite/arsenopyrite ore containing 3.7 g/ton of gold finely disseminated in the sulphide matrix was subjected to microbial leaching in a heap containing 120 tons of ore crushed to minus 15 mm. The ore was initially leached by means of acidophilic chemolithotrophic bacteria to oxidize the sulphide minerals and to liberate the gold. About 50% of the sulphide sulphur was oxidized within 90 days. Previous laboratory experiments had shown that such degree of sulphide oxidation resulted in a high gold extraction during the subsequent leaching of the pretreated ore. After the bacterial pretreatment the ore was washed with water and was treated by alkaline solutions until the pH of the heap effluents was established in the range of 9- 10. Then the leaching of the gold was started with solutions containing amino acids of microbial origin and thiosulphate as gold-complexing agents as well as some ions participating in the oxidation and/or complexation of the gold. 70.7% of the gold was leached...

The complex of ambenonium with methyl-β-cyclodextrin injected intramuscularly to rats caused more pronounced inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocyte and brain than free drug. The use of this complex as part of combined therapy significantly reduces mortality in animals during experimental anticholinesterase poisoning in comparison with the controls.

A pyrite ore containing 3.2 g/ton of gold finely disseminated in the sulphide matrix was leached to recover this precious metal. The leaching was carried out in columns containing 200 kg of ore crushed to minus 10 mm. The ore was initially leached by solutions containing chemolithotrophic bacteria, ferric ions, dissolved oxygen and sulphuric acid to oxidize the pyrite and to expose the gold. The pH and the iron content of these solutions were maintained below 1.7 and 15 g/l, respectively, to prevent the precipitation of iron salts inside the columns and to avoid the partial inhibition of the bacteria. After bacterial pretreatment the ore was treated with alkaline solutions until the pH of the ore effluents was stabilized in the range of 9–10. The leaching of the gold was then started with solutions containing amino acids of microbial origin and thiosulphate as the gold-complexing agents. The final gold extraction depended on the extent of the prior pyrite oxidation. About 80% of the gold was leached from the pretreated ore within 12 days under optimum conditions, whilst only about 15 % was leached from the original, untreated ore.

In work the review of some clinik-morphological and pharmacological researches devoted to a temporal epilepsy and its experimental models is resulted. On the basis of the analysis of existing problems in working out antiepileptic drugs and in studying of mechanisms epilepsy necessity of development of new chronic experimental models of a temporal epilepsy is proved. The basic criteria of experimental model of a temporal epilepsy are generalised. It is shown that parametres of acute toxicity and the remote consequences of an intoxication convulsive agents from group GABA-receptor's chloride channel blockers correspond to the basic criteria a post-epistatus of model of a temporal epilepsy. The conclusion is presented on use possibility GABA-receptor's chloride channel blockers in quality agents for modelling of a temporal epilepsy.