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Resume L'evolution de l'epidemiologie de la coqueluche, l'arrivee de nouveaux macrolides, la mise a disposition de nouveaux vaccins et les modifications du calendrier vaccinal imposent une mise a jour des recommandations pour la conduite a tenir autour d'un seul et de plusieurs cas groupes de la maladie. Une attention particuliere doit etre portee au diagnostic de la coqueluche des adultes qui representent actuellement le reservoir principal de Bordetella pertussis. Ces coqueluches de l'adulte se presentent sous la forme d'une toux prolongee, a recrudescence nocturne et sont a l'origine de la plupart des contaminations des jeunes nourrissons. La mise en place de mesures de prophylaxie suppose une confirmation microbiologique du diagnostic de coqueluche. Pour les nourrissons, la culture et la PCR sont les techniques de reference, egalement applicables aux enfants et adultes qui toussent depuis moins de 20 jours. Au-dela, la serologie (Elisa et immunoempreinte) est la seule methode utilisable mais n'est interpretable qu'en cas de vaccination datant de plus d'un an. Les mesures concernant le cas comportent : une hospitalisation systematique des nourrissons âges de moins de trois mois, un isolement respiratoire et une eviction de la collectivite pendant les cinq jours suivant la mise en route d'un traitement antibiotique adapte. Celui-ci doit privilegier les « nouveaux macrolides » : clarithromycine pendant sept jours ou azithromycine pendant cinq jours. Dans l'entourage familial d'un malade, il convient de prescrire une antibioprophylaxie aux enfants et aux adolescents non a jour de leurs vaccinations ainsi qu'aux parents du sujet index et aux parents de nourrissons non ou mal vaccines. Il conviendra egalement de mettre a jour les vaccinations des sujets de l'entourage. Les memes mesures s'appliquent aux cas groupes (au moins deux cas contemporains ou successifs dans une meme unite geographique). Dans cette situation, le medecin de sante publique de la DDASS sera alerte et participera a l'investigation et la classification des cas. Les contacts proches non ou mal vaccines seront soumis a une antibioprophylaxie et une mise a jour des vaccinations. Parmi les contacts occasionnels, seuls les sujets a risque seront soumis a une antibioprophylaxie. Dans les creches, une antibioprophylaxie sera administree a tous les nourrissons ayant recu moins de quatre doses de vaccin ainsi qu'au personnel en contact avec les cas. Dans les etablissements scolaires, une antibioprophylaxie sera administree a tous les enfants de la classe ou section non a jour de leurs vaccinations ainsi qu'aux enseignants. Dans les internats et collectivites d'enfants handicapes, l'antibioprophylaxie pourra etre etendue a toute la collectivite si le taux de couverture vaccinale est inferieur a 50 %. Dans les etablissements de sante, le port systematique d'un masque est recommande pour les soignants qui toussent et la coqueluche devrait etre recherchee en cas de toux persistant au-dela de sept jours. Les mesures preventives seront appliquees en cas de coqueluche confirmee.

For the best understanding of aging, we must consider a genetic pool in which genes with negative effects (deleterious genes that shorten the life span) interact with genes with positive effects (helpful genes that promote longevity) in a constant epistatic relationship that results in a modulation of the final expression under particular environmental influences. Examples of deleterious genes affecting aging (predisposition to early-life pathology and disease) are those that confer risk for developing vascular disease in the heart, brain, or peripheral vessels (APOE, ACE, MTFHR, and mutation at factor II and factor V genes), a gene associated with sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (APOE E4), a polymorphism (COLIA1 Sp1) associated with an increased fracture risk, and several genetic polymorphisms involved in hormonal metabolism that affect adverse reactions to estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. In summary, the process of aging can be regarded as a multifactorial trait that results from an interaction between stochastic events and sets of epistatic alleles that have pleiotropic age-dependent effects. Lacking those alleles that predispose to disease and having the longevity-enabling genes (those beneficial genetic variants that confer disease resistance) are probably both important to such a remarkable survival advantage.

The evolution of the epidemiology of pertussis, new licensed macrolides and vaccines, new recommendations for vaccination among adolescents and adults need an update of the French guidelines for prevention of the disease around one or grouped cases of the disease. A particular attention should be raised to the diagnosis of whooping cough in adults who are presently the main reservoir of Bordetella pertussis. Whooping cough in adults presents as an unexplained prolonged cough with nocturnal exacerbation witch accounts for most of the contaminations of young infants. A bacteriological confirmation of pertussis should be provided before implementation of preventive measures: culture and PCR are presently the gold standard for the diagnosis of pertussis in infants, children and even adults who have been coughing for less than 20 days. Later on, serology (Elisa, immuno-empreinte) is the only technique available, but cannot be interpreted if the patient has been vaccinated less than one year ago. Infants under three months should be admitted to hospital and every case submitted to respiratory isolation. Eviction from the community should be pronounced within the five first days following the onset of an effective antibiotic treatment. New macrolides should be favoured: clarithromycin for seven days or azithromycin for five days. Household contacts should be given the same prophylactic antibiotic treatment: children and adolescent not correctly immunized, parents of the index case as adults parents of not or not completely immunized infants. The vaccination program of the household should be updated. The same measures should be applied in case of grouped cases (at least two contemporary or consecutive cases in the same area). In that case, the Public Health System doctors should be involved in the investigation and the classification of the cases. The close contacts not or not completely immunized should be prescribed and antibiotic prophylaxis and an update of their vaccination program. Among the occasional contacts, high-risk people only should be treated. In the day care centres an antibiotic prophylaxis should be given to children who have received less than four vaccine shots against pertussis and to the personnel contact to the cases as well. In the schools, the antibiotic prophylaxis should be prescribed to all children of the classroom(s) not completely vaccinated and to the teacher(s) as well. In the boarding schools and institutions with handicapped children, antibiotic prophylaxis could be applied to every member if the pertussis vaccine coverage is at less than 50%. In hospitals, coughing personnel should wear masks and investigations towards pertussis should be performed in people with a more than seven day unexplained cough. Preventive measures should be applied in case of confirmation of pertussis.

Twenty people died of rabies in France between 1970 and 2003 (compared to 55,000 yearly worldwide), 80% on returning from Africa. Dogs were the contaminating animals in 90% of the cases and children were the most common victims. The last instance of rabies in a native French animal was reported in 1998. However the illegal importation of animals still poses a risk. The disease is transmitted by saliva, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms, through a bite, scratch, or licks of mucous membranes or broken skin. Person-to-person transmission has only been observed in cases of grafts (cornea). The mean incubation time of 1 to 3 months is long enough to allow passive immunization and vaccination. After its onset, the disease presents as encephalitis or a paralytic syndrome the outcome of which is always fatal. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult in the early stages of the disease. If rabies is suspected, the National Reference Centre is responsible for the sampling and proper transportation of these samples so as to ensure assessment results within 5 days. If stringent hygiene rules are complied to, there is no risk of contamination for those in close contact. Vaccination, which is performed in official rabies centers, is only performed after a diagnosis based on laboratory evidence, and solely for exposed persons or those for whom a reliable history cannot be established (children under 6 years). Prevention is based on information. People traveling abroad, particularly to Africa, are warned not to approach unknown animals (especially dogs) nor to try to import them, and are advised to comply with vaccinal recommendations for travelers, particularly for toddlers.

El uso de la tecnología en la enseñanza no deja de aumentar en los centros de estudios superiores. Sin embargo, el mundo académico sigue teniendo dificultades para determinar la mejor forma de planificar y gestionar esta actividad. La gestión de las nuevas tecnologías en la educación superior ofrece a profesores y administradores una cantidad ingente de recomendaciones prácticas para integrar las tecnologías de la comunicación y la información en la universidad. Los autores exponen propuestas para el liderazgo, la planificación estratégica de las estructuras organizativas, los sistemas de garantía de calidad, la formación de profesores, docentees y administradores, y la gestión de recursos, teniendo en cuenta la cultura organizativa, los obstáculos para el cambio y el papel de los gobiernos. En particular, se centran en cómo la tecnología puede transformar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje dentro de una institución. A partir del análisis de las prácticas actuales sobre la incorporación de la tecnología en más de 30 universidades y centros de postsecundaria, La gestión de las nuevas tecnologías en la educación superior propone un sistema radicalmente nuevo de administrar la tecnología en las instituciones de educación superior, un sistema basado en la innovación en el diseño y la impartición de la enseñanza, y que propicie un acceso mayor y más flexible para los estudiantes y mejore la relación entre costes y efectividad. El libro es de gran valor para quien desee asegurar que las grandes inversiones que se hacen en tecnología se integren de la forma más eficaz posible.

Es presenta en aquest article un nova metodologia per a l'avaluació sensorial de productes alimentaris d'una manera global, no condicionada a un determinat conjunt de descriptors de notes específiques del producte, sinó a una percepció global del producte. El procediment es fonamenta en la disposició de les mostres tastades sobre unes estovalles (napping) d'acord amb la seva similitud. El tractament estadístic dels resultats, les rotacions procrustes i l'anàlisi factorial múltiple permeten l'obtenció d'informació tant de les mostres com dels tastadors. En l'article es presenta l'experiència realitzada a la seu de l'Institut d'Estudis Catalans, organitzada per l'Associació Catalana de Ciències de l'Alimentació (ACCA), l'Agrocampus de Rennes, la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, l'Institut Químic de Sarrià i amb el suport de l'ambaixada de França, relativa a la degustació, de divuit tastadors, de diferents vins catalans i xilens., A new methodology for sensory evaluation of food products is presented in this paper. Instead the conventional descriptive procedure, the judge response is an holistic personal criteria about each sample, represented as coordinates on a tablecloth (napping). Procrustean rotations and multiple factor analysis allow to achieve the relevant information, both related to samples and judges. The experience of a tasting session developed in the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, supported by the Associació Catalana de Ciències de l’Alimentació (ACCA), Agrocampus de Rennes, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Institut Químic de Sarrià and the France Embassy in Barcelona, samples of Catalan and Chilean wines is presented, as well as the results of the analysis of responses of eighteen member’s jury.

Twenty people died of rabies in France between 1970 and 2003 (compared to 55,000 yearly worldwide), 80% on returning from Africa. Dogs were the contaminating animals in 90% of the cases and children were the most common victims. The last instance of rabies in a native French animal was reported in 1998. However the illegal importation of animals still poses a risk. The disease is transmitted by saliva, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms, through a bite, scratch, or licks of mucous membranes or broken skin. Person-to-person transmission has only been observed in cases of grafts (cornea). The mean incubation time of 1 to 3 months is long enough to allow passive immunization and vaccination. After its onset, the disease presents as encephalitis or a paralytic syndrome the outcome of which is always fatal. Clinical diagnosis may be difficult in the early stages of the disease. If rabies is suspected, the National Reference Centre is responsible for the sampling and proper transportation of these samples so as to ensure assessment results within 5 days. If stringent hygiene rules are complied to, there is no risk of contamination for those in close contact. Vaccination, which is performed in official rabies centers, is only performed after a diagnosis based on laboratory evidence, and solely for exposed persons or those for whom a reliable history cannot be established (children under 6 years). Prevention is based on information. People traveling abroad, particularly to Africa, are warned not to approach unknown animals (especially dogs) nor to try to import them, and are advised to comply with vaccinal recommendations for travelers, particularly for toddlers.

Sodium alginate (Gaviscon) is used in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants. No digestive disadvantages have as yet been reported with the use of the Gaviscon formula available in France, which contains neither aluminium hydroxide nor thickener. Twenty-two healthy neonates were prospectively studied before and after Gaviscon treatment in order to characterize their whole gut transit time with the use of a carmine index. The head of the marker appeared within the same time in both experiments but the appearance of the tail was earlier in the treated infants (P0.05), without any subsequent clinical consequences. The slight increase shown in the rate of the clearance of the marker from the gut, is likely to be related to a less proximal to distal dispersion of the marker, subsequently to physical changes occurring in the viscous alginate. Frequency and consistency of the stools were unmodified by treatment and accordingly Gaviscon can be regarded as having no deleterious effect on transit time in neonates.

Aquest catàleg inclou totes les citacions florístiques de les diatomees d'aigües epicontinentals dels Països Catalans registrades a la bibliografia preexistent fins a I 'any 1990 . En el recull que hem efectuat s'han registrat 704 espècies, 179 varietats i 12 formes. Per a cada tàxon, hom dóna totes les referències bibliogràfiques on ha estat citat, i també les seves sinonímies més rellevants., This is the first comprehensive diatom check- list of the Catalonian Countries ( Balearic islands and eastern Iberian peninsula ) covering all the previous recorded taxa from epicontinental waters till 1990 . It contains a complete list of species and lower taxa set out in alphabetical order within each genus . A total of 681 species , 196 varieties and 12 forms have been accounted for. The check- list also includes the synonims formerly in common use and the bibliographic references for each currently reported taxon.

La contaminació sol expressar-se en espècies químiques concretes, cosa que indueix una relació reversible entre la contaminació i la Química, donant lloc a nombrosos equívocs, com és el cas que alguns químics analistes prenen la iniciativa per a dissenyar estudis i interpretar resultats, recolzats en la capacitat de l'instrumental de mesura, quan, en realitat, són qüestions multidisciplinàries, molt complexes. El punt de vista químic dóna una referència important, que cal valorar oportunament dins el context general de la qüestió ambiental. Aquesta valoració s'ha de fer en termes de fiabilitat dels resultats de laboratori i de ]a mostra objecte de mesura, respecte a la seva representativitat d'un lloc o d'una situació concreta. Es consideren algunes possibilitats per a garantir la fiabilitat, mitjançant tècniques, com el disseny d'experiència, els exercicis d'intercalibració entre laboratoris, i els mètodes avançats per al tractament i presentació de resultats. Hem cregut que podria interessar de conèixer algunes idees a les quals hem arribat, després de participar en projectes de seguiment i de desenvolupar estudis metodològics per a la determinació de contaminants en el Medi Ambient. Aquesta línia de treball fou adoptada per a adjuntar, en un tema comú, les diferentes especialitats del Departament d'Analítica i per a participar en projectes multi disciplinaris i multinacionals.

The results confirmed the fiability and the accuracy of the different acts and technics leading to these diagnosis. A prospective study of the safety of amniocentesis involved more than 1000 subjects. The analysis of the information on the pregnancy, the delivery, the state at birth and after birth of the infant did not show any significant increase of pathologic findings which may be related to immediate or delayed consequences of amniocentesis.

[spa] El propósito de esta investigación es analizar las concepciones y perspectivas de los docentes universitarios de Latinoamérica con respecto a la calidad del e-learning y, más específicamente, sobre el esquema de evaluación de calidad del e-learning ECBCheck; con el fin de Identificar las ventajas y limitaciones de la utilización de este esquema desde la óptica de los docentes universitarios y determinar cuáles son las recomendaciones más importantes que ofrecen los participantes en la investigación con el fin de incrementar la eficiencia de un esquema de evaluación de e-learning para el espacio universitario latinoamericano. En la investigación participaron 87 docentes de universidades latinoamericanas, se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado y una escala de Likert para obtener los datos de la investigación, los cuales fueron resumidos en 920 citas ubicadas en 18 categorías con 4 o 5 códigos por cada categoría, lo que dio como resultado un libro de 66 códigos. Los resultados son presentados en cuatro sub-apartados correspondientes a los cuatro objetivos de la investigación, a saber: las concepciones de calidad, las percepciones especificas en torno a de la calidad del e-learning, las ventajas y limitaciones de un esquema especifico –ECB-Check – para evaluar la calidad del e-learning y las recomendaciones para su uso. Las conclusiones giran en torno a la promoción de la evaluación del e-learning como un fenómeno universitario global y no como la suma de partes descontextualizadas y desarticuladas. Por lo que se recomienda una mirada a los modelos de buenas prácticas, de mejora continua, formación y capacitación, acompañamiento y sentido de comunidad, en este caso latinoamericano; que promuevan la armonización y las alianzas estratégicas para la construcción consensada, participativa y contextualizada de propuestas que vayan más allá de las métricas, que permitan avanzar a la investigación y la producción científica colaborativa en el campo de la calidad del e-learning., [eng] The purpose of this research is to analyze the views and perspectives of university teachers in Latin America with regard to the quality of e-learning and, more specifically, the e-learning quality assessment scheme ECBCheck; in order to identify the advantages and limitations of using this scheme from the viewpoint of university teachers, and determine what are the most important recommendations offered by research participants in order to increase the efficiency of an e-learning assessment scheme for the Latin American university space. The research involved 87 teachers from Latin American universities. A semi-structured questionnaire and Likert scale were used to obtain research data, which were summarized in 920 citations located in 18 categories with 4 or 5 codes for each category, which resulted in a book of 66 codes. The results are presented in four sub-sections corresponding to the four objectives of the research, namely: the concepts of quality, specific perceptions about the quality of e-learning, the advantages and limitations of a specific scheme -ECB -Check - to assess the quality of e-learning, and the recommendations for its use. The findings revolve around promoting the evaluation of e-learning as a global university phenomenon, and not as the sum of decontextualized and disjointed parts. It is therefore recommended to look at models of good practice, continuous improvement, education and training, support and sense of community, in this case of Latin America; that promote harmonization and strategic alliances for consensual, participatory and contextualized construction of proposals that go beyond the metrics, that will advance research and collaborative scientific production in the field of e-learning quality.