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Maintaining a good quality of transmission (QoT) in optical transport networks is key to maintaining the service level agreement between the user and the service provider. QoT prediction techniques have been used to assure the quality of new lightpaths as well as that of the previously provisioned ones. Traditionally, two different approaches have been used: analytical methods, which take into account most physical impairments that are accurate but complex, and high margin formulas, which require much less computational resources at the cost of high margins. With the recent progress of machine learning (ML) together with software defined networking (SDN), ML has been considered as another option that could be both accurate and that does not consume as many resources as analytical methods. SDN architectures are difficult to scale because they are usually centralized; this is even worse with QoT predictors using ML. In this paper, a solution to this issue is presented using a cloud-native architecture, and its scalability is evaluated using three different ML QoT predictors and experimentally validated in a real wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) over spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) testbed. © 2009-2012 Optica Publishing Group.

This paper describes the numerical study for the development of a double scroll(DS) turbine stage combined with a variable geometry system (VGS). Our conventional VGS turbine stage is composed of a mono-scroll housing, variable nozzles and a turbine wheel. A potential to improve engine performance by applying a DS with VGS turbine stage (DS-VGS) was shown by the study. In addition, a DS-VGS has some advantage in the layout for V type engine. Therefore, this study has focused on clarifying the characteristics of aerodynamic performance of a DS-VGS, since the understanding of these fundamental characteristics is important for product development. The differences of performance between a mono-scroll with VGS and a DS with VGS were evaluated as the starting point. In the development for a vaneless DS turbine so far, it has been clarified that the distance from tongue to turbine wheel is one of the important parameters for performance. Therefore, numerical simulations were performed with different tongue-to-nozzle distances. Further, from reliability point of view, the influences of a DS on nozzle moments and aerodynamic forces on nozzle have been examined. The interesting characteristics of a DS-VGS compared to a mono-scroll with VGS are shown.

Space division multiplexing (SDM) super-channels are the only way to guarantee a sustainable scaling of the optical line interface rate. High-capacity terabit interfaces can be deployed by logically associating several optical sub-channels transmitted in parallel in different spatial cores or modes in order to create a (logical) optical channel with the desired interface rate. This paper is focused on the use of spatial modes for SDM super-channels. First, we present an SDN-controlled disaggregated SDM network architecture that deploys the proposed sliceable-mode transceivers with MIMO equalization. Then, we present the adaptive SDN workflow and heurisitcs for the provisioning, scaling up/down, and soft-failure restoration of SDM super-channels using spatial modes. Two proof-of-concepts are deployed in the joint testbed between KDDI Research and CTTC.

Space division multiplexing (SDM) is the next dimension to increase the capacity of the optical transmission systems beyond WDM. SDM takes advantage of the spatial degrees of freedom in the fiber to transmit multiple optical channels in parallel over different spatial cores and/or spatial nodes. These optical channels can be logically associated as SDM super-channels in order to get the desired capacity. However, SDM transmission exhibits optical channel crosstalk due to the mixing among randomly-coupled spatial cores and/or modes. Core coupling can be neglected by means of efficient fiber designs, but mode coupling due to nonideal fiber cross sections or longitudinal variations raises in real fibers. In this scenario, orthogonality of modes can only be maintained in practical application for short-reach networks (such as datacenter networks), where crosstalk among different mode groups may be suppressed using fibers with large effective index difference [1]. To undo this severe channel crosstalk, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) digital signal processing (DSP) can be applied to equalize the mode groups. Another consideration for the spatial modes is that increasing the number of modes used on the same frequency slot implies to also increase the robustness of the modulation format to keep the same reach, since the reach decreases when increasing the number of modes. It becomes an issue in dynamic scenarios where different SDM super-channels can be provisioned using different modes on the same frequency slot. The solution proposed in [2] is to consider the worst case scenario by assigning the modulation format as if all modes were occupied, in case that future SDM super-channel demands may occupy other available modes on the same frequency slot., Grant numbers : Dynamic flexible orchestration of data centers and programmable elastic optical networks and systems (TEC2015-69256-R) project.© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

First experimental demonstration of an SDN monitoring and restoration architecture for spectral/spatial superchannels with SDM/WDM transceivers that monitor the BER/OSNR to detect soft failures and restore the degraded channels by reconfiguring the transmission formats over an 11-km 6-mode 19-core fiber.

We demonstrate the first SDN-enabled sliceable SDM-WDM transceiver providing multiple spectral-spatial super-channels spanning different cores and modes over a 11-km 6-mode 19-core fiber. We define an open API based on YANG/NETCONF for disaggregated optical networks., Grant numbers : Work supported by the Spanish DESTELLO (TEC2015-69256-R) projects.© 2018 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.

Horse flies, family Tabanidae, are the most diverse family-level clade of bloodsucking insects, but their phylogeny has never been thoroughly explored using molecular data. Most adult female Tabanidae feed on nectar and on the blood of various mammals. Traditional horse fly classification tends towards large heterogeneous taxa, which impede much-needed taxonomic work. To guide renewed efforts in the systematics of horse flies and their relatives, we assembled a dataset of 110 exemplar species using nucleotide data from four genes—mitochondrial CO1, and nuclear 28S, CAD and AATS. All commonly recognized tribes in Tabanidae are represented, along with outgroups in Tabanomorpha. The phylogeny is reconstructed using Bayesian inference, and divergence times are estimated using Bayesian relaxed clock methods with time constraints from tabanid fossils. Our results show Athericidae strongly supported as the lineage most closely related to Tabanidae, and Pangoniinae and Tabaninae as monophyletic lineages. However, Chrysopsinae is nonmonophyletic, with strong support for both a nonmonophyletic Bouvieromyiini and for Rhinomyzini as sister to Tabaninae. Only the tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini and Haematopotini are recovered as monophyletic, although Scionini is monophyletic with exclusion of the peculiar genus Goniops Aldrich. Mycteromyia Philippi and Adersia Austen, two enigmatic genera sometimes placed in separate family-level groups, are recovered inside Pangoniini and Chrysopsini, respectively. Several species-rich genera are not recovered as monophyletic, including Esenbeckia Rondani, Silvius Meigen, Dasybasis Macquart and Tabanus L. Tabanidae likely originated in the Cretaceous, and all major extant groups were present by the early Palaeogene. This newly revised phylogenetic framework for Tabanidae forms the basis for a new assessment of tabanid diversification and provides context for understanding the evolution of trophic specialization in horse flies.

The lepidopteran fauna of Massachusetts' offshore islands (USA), particularly Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket, has been well characterized, and comprises intact assemblages of disjunct, regionally rare, habitat-specialized, and otherwise threatened species that have declined elsewhere in New England. These include the only persistent and extant population of Eacles imperialis Drury (Saturniidae: Ceratocampinae) in New England, one of at least three ceratocampines to have undergone partial or total extirpation from the region. Examining historical and recent records within two groups—Saturniidae and Sphingidae—that have exhibited varying degrees of flux over time, we compare these islands and identify taxonomic and ecological components of their faunas that appear historically volatile. After reviewing suspected agents of these declines, including the introduced generalist parasitoid Compsilura concinnata (Diptera: Tachinidae), we present preliminary tachinid capture data which suggest that C. co...

A translucent wavelength switched optical network (WSON), with sparse 3R regenerators to guarantee the signal quality of an optical connection, is a promising paradigm for a metro/ core network. This is because a translucent WSON can achieve performance comparable to that of an all-electronic switching (i.e., opaque) network with far lower network cost and a great reduction in power consumption. Because of its advantages, many recent research and standardization efforts have focused on translucent WSONs. However, most of them study the intradomain case, and issues related to multidomain translucent WSONs are largely open at present. In light of this, in this article, we present two possible strategies to improve interdomain path computation and lightpath establishment in a multidomain translucent WSON. Both approaches are experimentally demonstrated and quantitatively evaluated. Our aim is to provide feasible and efficient solutions for supporting a multidomain translucent WSON, as well as to obtain valuable insight into the proposed strategies through experiments, which will be beneficial for the potential industrial deployment of translucent optical networks.

In this work, we experimentally demonstrate highly flexible and intelligent inter-domain coordinated actions based on adaptive software-defined networking (SDN) orchestration. An advanced multi-domain multi-technology testbed is implemented, which consists of a 400-Gb/s variable-capacity optical packet switching domain and a Tb/s-class flexi-grid wavelength division multiplexed optical circuit switching domain. The SDN-controllable transponders and the extended transport applications programming interface (API) enable the congestion-aware provisioning of end-to-end real-time services. At the data plane level, different transponders based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) are employed for inter/intra-domain links in order to adaptively provision services with fine granularity. For adaptation, SDN-capable domain-specific optical performance monitors are also introduced. In the control plane, the applications based network operations (ABNO) architecture has been extended and addressed as an adaptive SDN orchestrator.

Background Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a new treatment method for the removal of infectious pathogens using a photosensitizer and light of a specific wavelength, e.g., toluidine blue with a wavelength of about 600 nm. We explored a new photosensitizer and focused on indocyanine green (ICG), which has high absorption at a wavelength of 800–805 nm. We investigated the bactericidal effect of PDT on Porphyromonas gingivalis using a new photosensitizer, ICG-loaded nanospheres with an 805 nm wavelength low-level diode laser irradiation. Methods We designed ICG-loaded nanospheres coated with chitosan (ICG-Nano/c) as a photosensitizer. A solution containing Porphyromonas gingivalis (108 CFU/mL) with or without ICG-Nano/c (or ICG) was prepared and irradiated with a diode laser or without laser irradiation as a negative control. The irradiation settings were 0.5 W with a duty ratio of 10%, for 3–100 ms in repeated pulse (RPT) or continuous wave mode. CFU were counted after 7 d of anaerobic culture. Results We observed that ICG-Nano/c could adhere to the surface of P. gingivalis. When ICG-Nano/c was used for aPDT, irradiation with RPT 100 ms mode gave the lowest increase in temperature. Laser irradiation with ICG-Nano/c significantly reduced the number of P. gingivalis (i.e., approximately 2-log10 bacterial killing). The greatest bactericidal effect was found in the RPT 100 ms group. However, laser irradiation (RPT 100 ms) with ICG, as well as without photosensitizer, had no effect on the number of bacteria. Conclusions Within the limits of this study, ICG-Nano/c with low-level diode laser (0.5 W; 805 nm) irradiation showed an aPDT-like effect, which might be useful for a potential photodynamic periodontal therapy.

ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1 [1] defines normative DWDM frequency grids, each being a reference set of values that correspond to allowed nominal central frequencies, obtained using a fixed channel spacing (e.g., 12.5 GHz, 25 GHz, 50 GHz or 100 GHz). This rigid, grid-based approach does not seem well adapted for data rates beyond 100 Gb/s, is particularly inefficient when a whole wavelength is assigned to a lower rate optical path, and is not flexible enough for multi-rate systems [2]. Consequently, the next generation of optical networks will require a flexible, highly efficient and adaptive management of the optical spectrum, along with advanced optical modulation schemes that efficiently use allocated spectrum slots, and recent progress on optical network technology justifies research on both new optical transmission systems as well as the applicability of control and management frameworks to such networks. We design and deploy a GMPLS control plane for flexible optical networks with coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) transmission; we detail its functional architecture, which combines a centralized entity that performs path routing and modulation assignment, with a distributed spectrum allocation. The centralized entity (i.e., a path computation element) uses pre-configured static path characterizations, based on exhaustive OFDM transmission simulations, when performing dynamic path computation in line with GMPLS constrained shortest path mechanisms. The distributed spectrum allocation assigns frequency ranges (slots) to connection requests, by using dynamic signaling procedures and applying slot assignment policies. We summarize the control plane protocol extensions involved in the main functional aspects: routing and topology dissemination, path computation, signaling and resource reservation. We experimentally validate and evaluate the integrated centralized PCE and GMPLS control plane in a control plane testbed, obtaining key performance indicators such as path setup latency and blocking probability for different frequency slot assignment policies.

We examine the phylogenetic relationships of Figitidae and discuss host use within this group in light of our own and previously published divergence time data. Our results suggest Figitidae, as currently defined, is not monophyletic. Furthermore, Mikeiinae and Pycnostigminae are sister-groups, nested adjacent to Thrasorinae, Plectocynipinae and Euceroptrinae. The recovery of Pycnostigminae as sister-group to Mikeiinae suggests two major patterns of evolution: (i) early Figitidae lineages demonstrate a Gondawanan origin (Plectocynipinae: Neotropical; Mikeiinae and Thrasorinae: Australia; Pycnostigminae: Africa); and (ii) based on host records for Mikeiinae, Thrasorinae and Plectocynipinae, Pycnostigminae are predicted to be parasitic on gall-inducing Hymenoptera. The phylogenetic position of Parnips (Parnipinae) was unstable, and various analyses were conducted to determine the impact of this uncertainty on both the recovery of other clades and inferred divergence times; when Parnips was excluded from the total evidence analysis, Cynipidae was found to be sister-group to [Euceroptrinae + (Plectocynipinae (Thrasorinae + (Mikeiinae + Pycnostigminae)))], with low support. Divergence dating analyses using BEAST indicate the stem-group node of Figitidae to be c. 126 Ma; the dipteran parasitoids (Eucoilinae and Figitinae), were estimated to have a median age of 80 and 88 Ma, respectively; the neuropteran parasitoids (Anacharitinae), were estimated to have a median age of 97 Ma; sternorrhynchan hyperparasitoids (Charipinae), were estimated to have a median age of 110 Ma; the Hymenoptera-parasitic subfamilies (Euceroptinae, Plectocynipinae, Trasorinae, Mikeiinae, Pycnostigminae, and Parnipinae), ranged in median ages from 48 to 108 Ma. Rapid radiation of Eucoilinae subclades appears chronologically synchronized with the origin of their hosts, Schizophora (Diptera). Overall, the exclusion of Parnips from the BEAST analysis did not result in significant changes to divergence estimates. Finally, though sparsely represented in the analysis, our data suggest Cynipidae have a median age of 54 Ma, which is somewhat older than the age of Quercus spp (30–50 Ma), their most common host.

Cynipini gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are commonly known as oak gall wasps for their almost exclusive use of oak (Quercus spp.; Fagaceae) as their host plant. Previously, only three of the nearly 1,000 species of Cynipini have been recorded from hosts other than Quercus. These three are known from western chinquapin (Chrysolepis), chestnut (Castanea) and tan bark oak (Lithocarpus), all lineages of Fagaceae related to Quercus. Here we describe Dryocosmus rileypokei Morita & Buffington, new species, a second species of cynipine which attacks Chrysolepis. Unlike the previously known gall wasp D. castanopsidis, which produces a medium-sized spherical external gall near the base of the staminate (male) flowers of Chrysolepis sempervirens, D. rileypokei attacks the same host acting as a nut galler. Dryocosmus rileypokei creates a gall within the mesocarp wall of the nut and appears to draw nutrients away from the developing seed. Later instar larvae and teneral adults were found within these int...

A common Transport API is proposed for joint cloud/network orchestration, allowing interworking of heterogeneous control planes to provide provisioning/recovery of QoS-aware E2E services. We present its first demonstration in a multi-partner testbed including data-plane monitoring.

We report a method for loading 43Ca+ ions selectively in a linear Paul trap using ultraviolet light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) for the second excitation in a two-step photo-ionization process. The difficulty in working with 43Ca+ is its low natural abundance (0.135%). In order to load 43Ca+ selectively, we utilize the isotope shifts for the 4s21S0–4s4p1P1 transition of neutral calcium atoms. We discuss the limitation of the selectivity of the employed photo-ionization scheme and observe spectra from unwanted isotopes as well as that from 43Ca+. Purification of 43Ca+ is performed by adjusting the detuning of the cooling laser frequency and trapping potential. The method of loading and purification can be used in the application of trapped 43Ca+ for an optical frequency standard and for quantum information processing.

To ascertain the involvement of CCR5 in prolongation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we performed immunohistochemical staining of CCR5 in 38 GVHD samples (23 acute and 15 chronic). A total of seven out of 15 cases of chronic GVHD were positive for CCR5; however, only two out of 23 in acute GVHD were positive for CCR5. In three cases, expression of CCR5 in infiltrating lymphocytes was negative in the acute phase, but positive in the chronic phase of GVHD. These findings suggest that the immunopathological mechanism that differentiates between acute and chronic GVHD is a CCR5-mediated immunoreaction.

The Control Orchestration Protocol (COP) abstracts a common set of control plane functions used by an various SDN controllers, allowing the interworking of heterogeneous control plane paradigms (i.e., OpenFlow, GMPLS/PCE). COP has been defined using YANG model language and can be transported using RESTconf, which is being incorporated by industry. COP has been defined in the scope of STRAUSS due to the need for an overarching control plane protocol for network orchestration. In this paper, several research projects describe how the COP could fit in their architecture and propose a use case for COP usage. The proposed COP use cases cover the following research projects: STRAUSS, IDEALIST, DISCUS, COMBO, INSPACE.

The increased nephrotoxicity of simultaneously administered kanamycin and low molecular weight dextran was studied in rats. The simultaneous administration of the two drugs showed an increase of nephrotoxicity, and caused pronounced vacuolation of the cytoplasm in the proximal tubular cells. The vacuoles were confirmed to be phagolysosomes by electron microscopic, histochemical and cell fractionation methods. The cell fractionation technique indicated that these phagolysosomes contained both kanamycin and dextran. The alteration of membrane was observed in the phagolysosomes, and these lysosomes of damaged renal tissue seemed to be more fragile than normal. The possible role played by lysosomes in the pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis was discussed.

Plants that lack floral rewards may nevertheless attract pollinators if their flowers sufficiently resemble those of rewarding plants. Flowers of the South African terrestrial orchid Disa nervosa are similar in floral dimensions and spectral reflectance to those of a sympatric nectar-producing irid (Watsonia densiflora s.l.). Observations showed that the orchid and Watsonia share the same pollinator, a long-proboscid tabanid fly Philoliche aethiopica. These flies visited inflorescences of both species during their foraging bouts and most (64%) observed or captured on Watsonia inflorescences carried pollinaria of the orchid on their proboscides. They probe an average of 6.3 flowers on Watsonia inflorescences, but just 1.9 flowers on the Disa inflorescences, a behaviour which would strongly promote cross-pollination in the self-compatible orchid. The orchid generally achieves high levels of pollination success, with approximately 50% of flowers receiving or exporting pollen at some sites. Pollination success was also high at one site that lacked Watsonia plants, suggesting that the orchid does not have an obligate dependence on Watsonia. Its pollination system may therefore be characterized as intermediate between generalized food deception and specific floral mimicry. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 152, 271–278.

IHI developed underwater welding process by using YAG laser and qualified the process to repair a thin wall stainless steel tank in a power plant in Japan. Important features of YAG laser welding are less welding distortion, and a small heat-affected zone (HAZ) due to the smaller heat input and higher cooling rate than with other conventional welding methods. In this study, we have conducted underwater laser welding of Ni-base alloy and stainless clad materials, such as Alloy 600 and E-309L / E-308L clad materials. Alloy 690 was selected as weld filler metal for a corrosion resistant overlay to prevent corrosion attack by the service environment. Welding trials were conducted on the surface of flat plates with simulated surface cracks, and the trial welds were assessed for soundness of welding. The preliminary results of the trial welds by using high power laser diode, and comparison between YAG laser and high power LD are reported.

Rare calcium isotope 48Ca+ (0.187%) has been selectively loaded in a linear Paul trap using two ultraviolet light emitting diodes with the output power of 85 mW for the second excitation in a two-step photo-ionization process. Isotope selectivity has been achieved by utilizing the isotope shifts for the 4s2 1 S 0–4s4p1 P 1 transition of neutral calcium atom. Sympathetic cooling of 48Ca+ ions has been demonstrated using 40Ca+ ions as refrigerant ions. Purification of rare isotope 42Ca+ ions (0.647%) from a mixture of 40Ca+ (96.9%) and 42Ca+ ions has been performed by adjusting the detuning of the cooling laser frequency, which overcomes the imperfect selectivity for some rare isotopes having close resonance frequencies to that of 40Ca in the 4s2 1 S 0–4s4p1 P 1 transition. The methods can be applied to 43Ca+ ion (0.135%) that has been considered as one of the attractive candidates for quantum information processing as well as for an optical frequency standard.

1.14 b/s/Hz spectrally efficient 50/spl times/85.4-Gb/s copolarized return-to-zero differential quaternary phase-shift keying (RZ-DQPSK) signals have been transmitted over 300 km of nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), using optical prefiltering and conventional C-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) repeaters. In this study, in order to enhance the spectral efficiency, the impact of optical prefiltering on the RZ-DQPSK signal was experimentally investigated in comparison to the DQPSK signal, and we found that the RZ-DQPSK signal had better sensitivity with almost the same nonlinear tolerance than the DQPSK signal even with 65-GHz bandwidth optical prefiltering.

The effectiveness of a self-phase modulation (SPM)-based all-optical reshaper with optically time-division-demultiplexing receiver was experimentally investigated using 42.7-Gb/s carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-RZ) signals. We have confirmed that this scheme is quite effective to suppress the waveform degradation due to optical signal bandlimitation. We have demonstrated 80% spectral efficiency without using polarization demultiplexing by using the all-optical reshaper. We have also demonstrated 50-GHz-spaced 55/spl times/42.7 Gb/s signals transmission over 2500 km, using an optically bandlimited CS-RZ signal and the SPM-based all-optical reshaper in receiver without using polarization demultiplexing. A Q-factor improvement of about 1.5 dB was obtained by using the all-optical reshaper.

Ultra-long-haul 42.7-Gbit/s-based dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) transmission using optically prefiltered carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-RZ) signal has been experimentally investigated. First, we have numerically and experimentally evaluated the impact of 3-dB bandwidth and filter detuning of bandlimiting filters on the 42.7-Gbit/s CS-RZ signal in back-to-back condition. We found that the asymmetrically filtered CS-RZ signal had a great potential for ultra-DWDM applications. Next, we have numerically and experimentally investigated the basic transmission characteristics of a 45-GHz-wide prefiltered CS-RZ signal, such as the robustness against residual dispersion, nonlinear effects, and PMD, and have confirmed that the prefiltered CS-RZ signal had less tolerance against fiber nonlinearity than an unfiltered CS-RZ signal. Finally, we have experimentally investigated the optimum filtering condition for 65- or 45-GHz-wide prefiltered CS-RZ signals in the ultra-long-haul DWDM transmission and have conducted the 70- and 50-GHz spaced 32 /spl times/ 42.7Gbit/s transmission using prefiltered CS-RZ signals. Through these experiments, we have confirmed the effectiveness of prefiltered CS-RZ signal ultra-long-haul DWDM transmission.

70-GHz-spaced 40/spl times/42.7 Gb/s prefiltered carrier-suppressed return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (CSRZ-DPSK) signals have been transmitted over transpacific distances for the first time, using all-Raman repeaters with two pump-wavelengths, dispersion-managed fiber commercially available in volume, and an ETDM receiver. In this paper, first, in order to enhance the spectral efficiency, the impact of bandlimitation to a CSRZ-DPSK signal was experimentally investigated in comparison to a conventional CSRZ-on-off-keying (OOK) signal, and we found that the bandlimitation tolerance of CSRZ-DPSK signal was smaller than that of CSRZ-OOK signal in back-to-back condition. We also confirmed that the prefiltering CSRZ-DPSK signal with up to 65 GHz bandlimitation potentially had better transmission performance than the prefiltered CSRZ-OOK signal. In addition, we found that, although the nonlinear transmission penalty was increased by bandlimitation, this penalty for CSRZ-DPSK signal was smaller than that for CSRZ-OOK signal. Through this study, long-term stability of the transmission performance was also evaluated with low-speed signal polarization scrambling without using any polarization mode dispersion (PMD) compensation.

A bit-error rate (BER)-adaptive wavelength-switched optical network (WSON) employing the multiformat and multirate transmitter/receiver is experimentally demonstrated. The flexible transmitter is capable of generating binary phase-shift-keying, quadrature phase-shift-keying, eight-ary quadrature amplitude modulation, 8QAM, and 16QAM, as well as changing the symbol rate. On the other hand, the flexible receiver based on a coherent detection scheme is utilized not only to detect the optical signal with any modulation format/rate, but also to send the BER information to an OpenFlow controller via extended OpenFlow protocols. Since the measured BER is a reliable barometer of the optical path conditions, an extended OpenFlow-based control plane with the OpenFlow controller intelligently determines and assigns either appropriate modulation format/rate or a backup path in WSON in accordance with BER information.

著者人数: 248名, Accepted: 2015-04-10, 資料番号: SA1150145000

Both GMPLS and OpenFlow are positioned to become the pillars of a dynamic control plane for optical transport networks, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper summarizes both approaches and discusses potential SDN interworking architectures.

The relationship between where a female chooses to oviposit and her larvae's performance at those sites is critical to both the ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions. For predispersal seed predators that do not themselves pollinate their host and whose larvae are sessile, females must be able to predict which flowers will ultimately be pollinated and set fruit, or be able to manipulate flowers in some way to ensure they set fruit. Otherwise, their offspring will perish. Here we describe the results of an experiment in which we tested if female Hylemya (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) are choosing oviposition sites wisely, or if they are manipulating flowers of their host, Ipomopsis aggregata (Polemoniaceae), in some way to ensure fruit set. Previous work in this system established a positive correlation between oviposition and fruit set. By bagging females on flowers, we removed their ability to choose flowers on which to oviposit. We found that flowers females oviposited on, whether bagged ("no choice") or unbagged ("female choice"), had a significantly higher probability of setting fruit than "control" flowers that we bagged but did not cage females on. In addition, we tested if Hylemya prefer particular architectural locations of flowers and if those locations correspond with higher than average fruit set. Although flowers at the distal end of the plant, and those most proximal to the main stem, were more likely to set fruit overall, Hylemya was no more likely to oviposit on those flowers than others on the plant. Taken together, our results suggest that Hylemya is somehow able to manipulate its host to ensure fruit set and thus the provisioning of their larvae.

The time evolution of concentration and crystal order profiles in multilayers consisting of A and B metals is investigated theoretically by using a new approach based on the lattice gas model combined with the Cahn–Hilliard equation. Liquid and solid (crystal) states are treated on the same footing. The crystal order is described by new order parameters. Two examples are discussed: eutectic- and peritectic-type multilayers. It is found that the loss of the crystal order starts at surfaces and interfaces in the melting process, and that the relaxation process depends strongly on the initial configuration of the multilayer.

Forty Gb/s single-channel soliton transmission experiments using periodic dispersion compensation were conducted. The impact of the dispersion map on the transmission performance was experimentally investigated. The transmission performance was significantly varied with the dispersion map. The improvement of the transmission performance by the polarization division multiplexing, which reduced soliton-soliton interaction furthermore, was also confirmed. By using the polarization division multiplexing in the optimum dispersion map, 40 Gb/s single-channel transmission over 10200 km has been successfully demonstrated without any active inline transmission control.

A 20 Gb/s-based soliton wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) transmission experiments using periodic dispersion compensation and dispersion slope compensation were demonstrated. Accumulated dispersion slope was compensated with two methods. The first method was periodical individual dispersion compensation. By using this technique, 60 Gb/s (20 Gb/s/spl times/3 WDM) transmission over 8000 km was demonstrated. The second method was the use of a dispersion-flattened transmission fiber. 160 Gb/s (20 Gb/s/spl times/8 WDM) transmission over 4000 km using periodically dispersion compensated dispersion-flattened fiber was also demonstrated.

The sensory epithelia of macula utriculi were examined by conventional and intermediate voltage transmission electron microscopy. The specimens were obtained from three cases of acoustic neurinoma who were operated on using the translabyrinthine approach. The mean diameter of the vestibular hair cell stereocilia was obtained and the cuticular plates of type-I and type-II hair cells were reconstructed three-dimensionally from the consecutive 0.5-micron-thick sections. The mean diameter of stereocilia of type-I hair cells was 488 +/- 59 nm (n = 13) and that of stereocilia of type-II hair cells was 373 +/- 21 nm (n = 14). Stereocilia of type-I hair cells numbered about 70 and those of type-II hair cells about 50. The cuticular plates of type-I hair cells were several times as thick as those of type-II hair cells. The cuticular plate of the type-I hair cell appeared to be an inverse cone and that of the type-II hair cell seemed to be a flat disc.

Software defined networking (SDN) and flexible grid optical transport technology are two key technologies that allow network operators to customize their infrastructure based on application requirements and therefore minimizing the extra capital and operational costs required for hosting new applications. In this paper, for the first time we report on design, implementation & demonstration of a novel OpenFlow based SDN unified control plane allowing seamless operation across heterogeneous state-of-the-art optical and packet transport domains. We verify and experimentally evaluate OpenFlow protocol extensions for flexible DWDM grid transport technology along with its integration with fixed DWDM grid and layer-2 packet switching. (C) 2013 Optical Society of America

We report the implementation and performance evaluation of an active stateful PCE that relies on a GMPLS control plane for the actual provisioning of elastic connections in a flexi-grid DWDM network. It is based on experimental extensions to the PCEP protocol and enables more advanced and concurrent path computations.

Dispersion tolerance improvement through self-phase modulation-based all-optical reshaping in receiver was experimentally investigated using 10-Gb/s return-to-zero signal. We have confirmed that this scheme is quite effective to restore the optical signal deformed due to chromatic dispersion.

In Japan, there is a plan for Large Millimeter Array proposed by Nobeyama Radio Observatory. The proposed array may consist of 50 10-m antennas distributed in a 2 − 3 km area at very high altitude. In this paper, scientific directions, planned system, and site survey for the LMA are reported.

We have made aperture synthesis multifield observations of Orion Molecular Cloud-1 (OMC-1) in the CS (J=1-0) line using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array (NMA), and obtained 9” resolution maps over 10’ length. The OMC-1 ridge shows a wiggled structure. The position angle of whole the ridge is ~ 0° - 10°, but ~ 20° - 30°around the clumps. It is possible to make this structure by the magnetic field with a position angle of ~ 150°. We also found filamentary structures in the northwest of Orion-KL, with a length-width ratio of more than 25, which are made by the gas flow from Orion-KL.

The objective of this study was to clarify to what extent Japanese dentists recommend dental floss and what factors influence dentists in encouraging their patients to use dental floss.The subjects in this study were 291 dentists who were directors of dental clinics, selected by stratified sampling by age.Dentists whose teachers at dental school had demonstrated dental flossing tended to recommend patients to use dental floss 2.2 (1.0-4.6: 95% CI) times more frequently compared with those who did not see demonstrations of flossing at dental school. Respondents who considered that using dental floss was very easy and easy, moderate, and difficult recommended patients to use dental floss 45.4 (11.2-183.9), 17.4 (6.6-45.8) and 5.9 (2.5-14.1) times more frequently, respectively, compared with those who considered it very difficult. Respondents who considered that using dental floss was effective, fairly effective or very effective in preventing dental caries recommended patients to use dental floss 3.8 (1.7-8.6), 3.8 (1.7-8.8) and 9.1 (3.6-23.0) times more frequently respectively, compared with those who considered it ineffective or only slightly effective.The demonstration of the use of dental floss by teachers at their dental schools gave dentists a good impression and a positive opinion of dental flossing. This was closely associated with recommendations by dentists to their patients to use dental floss.

We present a lab-trial of the designed and implemented path computation architecture for multi-domain translucent wavelength switched optical networks (WSON), using hierarchical Path Computation Elements (H-PCE). The approach is based on the dynamic aggregation of the domain topologies, represented as a virtual link meshes at a higher level, in order to perform dynamic domain sequence selection. We detail the extended path computation procedures, involving both domain selections considering inter domain links and segment expansions which are impairment-aware, along with the proposed control plane protocol extensions. We validate the approach with the overall performance of the end to end path computation latency, highlighting the benefits of parallelization. (C) 2011 Optical Society of America

In order to determine the optimal training symbol interval, we have experimentally evaluated the tolerable polarization change in PDM-OFDM systems. It was confirmed that the allowable polarization change is 0.17 radians in a TS interval of 20.88 µs.

The amino acid structure of regulatory light chain which is essential to express the phosphorylation-mediated regulation of smooth muscle actomyosin ATPase was studied. Regulatory light chain of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) was truncated by either lysylendopeptidase or trypsin. Lysylendopeptidase cleaved the regulatory light chain initially at the C-terminal side of lysine 6 (Lys C(1)-HMM) and subsequently at the C-terminal side of lysine 12 (Lys C(2)-HMM). On the other hand, trypsin cleaved at the C-terminal side of arginine 16 (tryp-HMM). While the actin activated ATPase activity of Lys C(1)-HMM and Lys C(2)-HMM was markedly activated by phosphorylation, that of tryp-HMM was not activated by phosphorylation. The exchange of cleaved regulatory light chain of tryp-HMM with undigested regulatory light chain restored the phosphorylation-mediated regulation on the actin activated ATPase activity. The regulatory light chain of the undigested HMM was also exchanged with the trypsin-digested regulatory light chain and this abolished the phosphorylation dependence of acto-HMM ATPase activity. These results show that the amino acid sequence arginine 13-arginine 16 is essential to express the regulation of actin activated ATPase of smooth muscle myosin which is mediated by the phosphorylation at serine 19 of the regulatory light chain.

The time evolution of concentration profile and crystal order in a eutectic-type multilayer has been theoretically investigated with use of the lattice gas model extended for treating liquid and solid states on the same footing. The liquid and solid states are described in terms of a new order parameter – crystal order parameter – which takes a finite value in the solid state and zero in the liquid state. The relaxation process to the thermal equlibrium state is described by the Cahn–Hilliard equation. It is found that both alloying and melting start at the surfaces and interfaces.