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The study is a succinct presentation of the Romanian pedagogical thought of that time, which is compared to European pedagogy in general. The paper also analyzes the textbooks used in primary education, as well as the first Romanian books on pedagogy and teaching methodology. The pedagogic discourse used in mid-19th century Transylvania reveals the attempts made by the local intellectual elites to lay the foundations of a modern education system, different from the Church-dominated one of the past and oriented towards practicality, in order to train citizens capable of improving or surpassing their inherited social stares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]