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The microprocessor that became the machine for the IBM PC / XT microcomputers and their compatible. This processor is often referred to as simply "8088" or "8086". Although the hardware of the 8088 is slightly different from the 8086, they can be viewed as the same from a programming perspective. The Intel 8088/8086 is a 16 bit processor, meaning that the data path and registers are 16 bits in size. The addressing mode is divided into several types, among others, register addressing, immediate addressing, direct addressing and indirect addressing. In addition, in learning Assembly language, we must memorize all registers and understand their use. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI) is a variety of information in the way of learning. Computers as a medium will help students find new things that are more interesting than conventional teacher-centered ways. Although it is known that the ways of learning and teaching, as well as the acquisition of learning information for each individual are different.

An analysis of the applicability of methods for evaluating the numerical values of the thermodynamic, critical, and physical properties of hydrocarbons and their C-, N-, and O-derivatives for the development of applied computational software for IBM compatible PCs are presented.

The first MATLAB (the name is short for “Matrix Laboratory”) was not a programming language. Written in Fortran in the late 1970s, it was a simple interactive matrix calculator built on top of about a dozen subroutines from the LINPACK and EISPACK matrix software libraries. There were only 71 reserved words and built-in functions. It could be extended only by modifying the Fortran source code and recompiling it. The programming language appeared in 1984 when MATLAB became a commercial product. The calculator was reimplemented in C and significantly enhanced with the addition of user functions, toolboxes, and graphics. It was available initially on the IBM PC and clones; versions for Unix workstations and the Apple Macintosh soon followed. In addition to the matrix functions from the calculator, the 1984 MATLAB included fast Fourier transforms (FFT). The Control System Toolbox appeared in 1985 and the Signal Processing Toolbox in 1987. Built-in support for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations also appeared in 1987. The first significant new data structure, the sparse matrix, was introduced in 1992. The Image Processing Toolbox and the Symbolic Math Toolbox were both introduced in 1993. Several new data types and data structures, including single precision floating point, various integer and logical types, cell arrays, structures, and objects were introduced in the late 1990s. Enhancements to the MATLAB computing environment have dominated development in recent years. Included are extensions to the desktop, major enhancements to the object and graphics systems, support for parallel computing and GPUs, and the “Live Editor”, which combines programs, descriptive text, output and graphics into a single interactive, formatted document. Today there are over 60 Toolboxes, many programmed in the MATLAB language, providing extended capabilities in specialized technical fields.

Most of the functionality of a Raspberry Pi Pico is contained in the custom RP2040 chip that contains dual core ARM Cortex-M0+ CPUs. The ARM processor was originally developed by a group in Great Britain, who wanted to build a successor to the BBC Microcomputer used for educational purposes. The BBC Microcomputer used the 6502 processor, which was a simple processor with a simple instruction set. The problem was there was no successor to the 6502. They weren’t happy with the microprocessors that were around at the time, since they were much more complicated than the 6502 and they didn’t want to make another IBM PC clone. They took the bold move to design their own. They developed the Acorn computer that used it and tried to position it as the successor to the BBC Microcomputer. The idea was to use Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) technology as opposed to Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) as championed by Intel and Motorola.

Ventura Publisher was the first desktop publishing software package to run on IBM PC compatible computers. Developed in the mid-1980s, Ventura was also the first desktop publishing application to incorporate features such as style sheets and automatic page layouts, allowing for long document formatting. This paper provides an autobiographical sketch of Lee Lorenzen, one of the founders of Ventura Software and developers of Ventura Publisher. Lorenzen outlines his early career in software and the founding story of Ventura Software and their innovative application. He also describes the early competitive landscape in desktop publishing software, including Aldus PageMaker, and then contrasts it with the key long document publishing features of Ventura Publisher such as style sheets, fast hyphenation and justification, automated layout algorithms, and database publishing.

Spreadsheet programs allow for organization and analysis of data. Most spreadsheet programs have powerful numerical functions allowing for analysis of data. The first spreadsheet programs were developed in the 1980s. VisiCalc for the Apple II and Lotus 1-2-3 for the IBM PC were the first spreadsheet programs. Microsoft Excel became prevalent in the 1990s. Online spreadsheet applications such as Google Sheets allow similar functionality using only a web browser.

Spurred by the success of the IBM PC, in the early 1980s, a new form of organization—the digital platform ecosystem—became common in all industries that used digital technology. Digital platform ecosystems were vertically distintegrated organizations, characterized by distributed governance, modularity, and openness. In contrast, semiconductor firms, which were subject to the same rate of technical change as platform ecosystems, remained vertically integrated to a large degree. The purpose of this chapter is to explain this difference in organizational evolution and outcomes. I argue that the technology of the planar process, which made possible high rates of technical change for downstream users, simultaneously rewarded the creation of large-scale flow production processes that became more integrated over time.

The EXAFS data-analysis software package EDA consists of a suite of programs running under a Windows operating system environment that is designed to perform all steps of conventional EXAFS data analysis such as extraction of the XANES/EXAFS parts of the X-ray absorption coefficient, Fourier filtering and EXAFS fitting using the Gaussian and cumulant models. The package also includes two advanced approaches which allow the reconstruction of the radial distribution function (RDF) from EXAFS based on the regularization-like method and the calculation of configuration-averaged EXAFS using a set of atomic configurations obtained from molecular-dynamics or Monte Carlo simulations.---- / / / ---- This is the preprint version of the following article: Alexei Kuzmin, EDA: EXAFS data-analysis software package, International Tables for Crystallography, Vol. I (2021), DOI: 10.1107/S1574870720003365, which has been published in final form at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1107/S1574870720003365., Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART².

At the end of 1978 in the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) a state project was realized to create a powerful enough institute with an Experimental Base in the field of high technologies and in particular in robotics and also in computer cybernetics control systems. Not a big research group in this institute led by the experienced researcher, constructor and organizer eng. Ivan Marangozov early anticipated the appearance of the new perspective trend of the personal computers (PCs) and pretty fast and effectively developed the first Bulgarian 8-bit PC IMCO-2 totally compatible with the PC Apple II Plus of the Apple company. The produced in the ITCR Experimental Base small series of several hundreds of PCs IMCO-2 provoked a big interest in the potential users. The governing body of ITCR-BAS decides to help not a big plant in the town of Pravets (Bulgaria) so that the latter can realize the serial production of IMCO-2 under the trademark of PRAVETS-82. The state institutions develop ‘a national program for PCs for the period 1982–1985′ which strongly helps the activity of the development and the production of PCs. The team of eng. I. Marangozov develops a 16-bit PC totally compatible with IBM PC/XT the production of which also begins by the name of PRAVETS-16. An active work begins for the creation of a suitable periphery, software and also of systems for the design and control which are PC-based. At the end of the 80-s of the past century Bulgaria assumes a leading position among the Eastern-European countries in the field of PCs. The described events related to the Bulgarian PCs during the past century convincingly show what good results can be obtained when the academic science, the industry and the state institutions act together for a significant for the country goal.

The article describes the features of modeling dynamic systems adapted to real production processes. An approach to solving problems using the numerical and analytical method of modeling rigid dynamic systems is described. The algorithm of this approach is based on the following procedures: recording the original system of differential equations in the form of state variables, determining the characteristic polynomial of the system, finding its roots, and determining the solution of the original system of differential equations in the analytical form under typical input effects. The analytical view of the solution allows you: to keep track of all components (both fast and slow), which is especially important when modeling hard systems; the ability to obtain a solution with the accuracy of a computer bit grid for any time, as well as complete algorithmic independence from the solution at the previous point; the lack of iteration, the ability to pre-evaluate the nature of the transition process by the type of roots. The solutions for all possible types of roots are considered (Simple roots, Multiple roots, Complex-conjugate roots). For typical input effects, analytical expressions are given and the areas of application of the proposed approach in modeling complex technical systems in specific engineering tasks are considered. The method is implemented as a software package written in the Pascal algorithmic language for a personal computer of the IBM PC type. At the user’s request, solutions are issued in the analytical, digital or graphical form.

The Echographic control system (ECS) was designed for computer aided measuring and representation of the cavities resulting during the underground salt dissolution process. Cavity measurement was performed with a Polish USMS or with an EDO WESTERN sonar. The ECS system contains three modules, namely: The measuring module contains the software dedicated to the data acquisition from the measuring process. The data acquisition function is done by a serial interface, between sonar and an IBM PC compatible computer, which sends data to the computer with a speed of 115.200 bauds. Actually, there are three different interfaces (two for the polish sonar and another for the EDO Western one). For each of them, a program performs the task of processing the signals, plotting them on the laptop’s display in an intuitive form and saving them into a date base. The right upper corner of the display shows the measured signals, as they are seen during the measuring process. The scale is maximal, at the resolution of the measurement, the resolution being about 6 cm. This data, saved in a temporary InterBase database (Inprise), are later imported, from the laptop to the main database on a more powerful PC, which has better capabilities to hold the entire database and to plot the required images. Beside this task, the measuring module contains the program that is responsible to provide deviation measurement results in a tabular form, for insertion in the main database. The interpretation module performs two tasks: optionally, it performs the filtration of the signal and, respectively, the calculation of the most probable contour, at each depth of measurement. In the case of measurements with the Polish USMS sonar, it was necessary to develop sophisticated methods to discriminate depth of measurement signal from the adjacent depth signal. It is noted that this type of sonar has inappropriate characteristics for this type of measurement. Finally, this module is useful for the operator to do his own interpretation. 398 The representation module makes it possible to obtain various geometric representations of a single cavity or of a set of cavities, for example sections, 2D and 3D representation of 3D surfaces. In use it is possible to see the same cavity, at two different moments, in horizontal/vertical sections and to plot the images of two cavities, at the same time (in 2D or 3D). This module also permits the plotting of the results of deviation measuring. This is very important for the correct positioning in the space of the plotted cavities. This module is also responsible for performing other tasks, for example: loading text concerning cavities, maintaining the database in a proper state, and printing various reports concerning the cavities (distances, areas, volumes, etc.). The modules described reside in two programs, one for the first module, another for the next two. They run under Windows 3.1, respectively Windows95/98. The measuring data and all the other data concerning the cavities (including other types of measurements) are located in a single Interbase database file. As for hardware, the system needs a laptop (running Windows 3.1), another IBM PC compatible computer (running Windows95/98) in standard configuration, and an A3/A4 printer or a plotter (optional).

Simulation programs are accepted as flexible and powerful tools for analyzing dynamical systems. The price to be paid is that simulation is mainly used for analysis and for design. Simulation can be considered as making several experiments with results that depend only on the model but also on the simulation experiment itself. A major change in simulation software, and so for PSI, has posed by the introduction of the IBM PC in the beginning of the eighties. Compared with other simulation programs, PSI always has offered an attractive graphics environment. Many simulation programs first calculate the responses and display, afterward, the responses on the screen. The program has been adapted to new developments, both in hardware and software. Although PSI is called a block-oriented simulation program, it exhibits nearly all the characteristics of an equation-oriented simulation language. Block names are used both to define the topology of the model and the value of the output of a block.

This chapter describes some benefits gained from the automation of test procedures, as well as some drawbacks with the use of computers in psychological assessment. The most important drawback with the use of computer-administered testing in research situations is that testing may be performed essentially with only one subject at the time. Definite drawbacks with the use of present forms of microcomputers are the limitations with respect to response media that are easily available, and, to some extent, the limitations with respect to the stimulus material that can be presented. A review of computerized tests used in occupational neurotoxicology will probably never be exhaustive, since over the years numerous different tests and test systems have been employed in evaluations of toxic effects from occupational exposures. Stimulus and response panels are attached as peripheral equipment to an IBM compatible computer.

The methods to study the stress-strain state (SSS) and to assess the strength of earth dams under the influence of static loads are given in the paper taking into account the limit-stressed state of soils. To achieve these goals, algorithms and calculation programs based on IBM PC have been developed to investigate three different earth dams with their design features, built in various regions of Central Asia; these are the dams with soil cores and the heights: H= 138.5 m, H =87 m and H= 180 m. The results of the numerical implementation of the developed methods are given taking into account the elastic and elastic-plastic laws of strain of the medium.

On 12 August 1981, at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in midtown Manhattan, IBM unveiled its entrant into the nascent personal computer market: the IBM PC. With that, the preeminent U.S. computer maker launched another revolution in computing. Soon the world began embracing little computers by the millions, with IBM dominating those sales. Other companies, including Apple and Tandy Corp., were already making personal computers, but no other machine carried the revered IBM name. IBM’s essential contributions were to position the technology as suitable for wide use and to set a technical standard. Rivals were compelled to meet a demand that they had all grossly underestimated. As such, IBM had a greater impact on the personal computer’s acceptance than did Apple, Compaq, Dell, and even Microsoft. And yet IBM’s lead in this new market would last only a few years, and the eclipse of the IBM PC came to mirror the decline of Big Blue.

IntroductionThe brief history of video games, barely exceeding half a century, is divided into epochs by most authors, where the appearance of gaming machines or programs using the latest technologies always marks a frontier in this periodization. Just as with definitions, we have several types of periodizations, but most authors agree about that the emergence of the various console generations, the gaining and then losing ground of amusement arcade machines, the large-scale spread of PCs (Personal Computers) datable from 1993, and the rise to a dominant position in the 2000s of the real three-dimensional (3D) graphics are all important milestones in the periodization of computer games (Beregi 2010, p. 12). The historicaltheoretical summarizing work (Wolf 2008) edited by Mark J.P. Wolf is similar to Beregi's creation, except that its periodization is not entirely congruent with that of its Hungarian counterpart. In the book edited by Wolf, the period between the first mainframe computers and the 1983 crash of the video game industry, the consolidation period of 1985-1994 - which we might as well call the age of the 'second canonization' -, and, finally, the period starting from 1995 and lasting until 2008 (the year of the book's publication) - a period launched by the slow shift from the fourth- to fifth-generation video game consoles (at the time of the publication, the author considered this period had not yet come to an end) - are all treated as separate units.Steve Rabin's volume, not only addressing game historians but also the game designer profession, provides a comprehensive outlook on both the important, epoch-making video games - that he discusses in chronological order, broken down into two categories (games designed for PCs and for consoles) - and on famous game designers and game design trends dominating the various ages, while giving a compilation of big design and publishing studios as well as classifying video games into genres (Rabin 2010, pp. 3-42).The volume written by the Straubhaar-LaRose-Davenport trio generates much sympathy, constructing their periodization of the gamer world (Straubhaar-LaRose-Davenport 2012, pp. 378-389.) around the console generations, the different types of PCs (IBM PC, Commodore 64, Apple Macintosh, etc.), and the paradigmchanging games.Paradigms of the virtual wolrdsIn our approach, video games' technical means of storage, their medium in the sense of Innis, is secondary despite knowing that gaming experience, the quality of immersive experience is often determined to a greater extent by the technical interface as opposed to the storyline moving through the game's world. A typical example of this is the Nintendo Wii Console, which is primarily designed for sports games with simple storylines and which actually requires the player's en- tire body to get involved in the game (Herman 2008, pp. 170-171). The Microsoft Kinect sensor module, an input device for gesture - and speech - based humanmachine interaction, has a similar function and it can be connected to Microsoft Xbox 360 and to PCs running on Microsoft Windows operation system1. Thus, seventhand eighth-generation consoles allow players to take part in the gameplay with the movements of their entire body - unfortunately, however, only highly pronounced movements are recognized as yet -, the most popular being sports and dance simulations.On the other hand, we may also look upon this type of consoles equipped with gesture/ motion sensors as devices providing more realistic possibilities of interaction and in fact anticipating PC-control practices that do not involve the physical touch of interfaces. This way, computers will probably be provided with faster and more intuitive management systems - for those who can still remember the primitive computers running on Microsoft DOS and controlled via tasks written in the command prompt, this kind of interface might as well seem taken straight out of science-fiction, but, witnessing the unexpected popularity of the Nintendo Wii, it may be that these motion sensors experimented with and tested on games will be used in offices as well, just like in the case of Microsoft Kinect. …

The IBM PC was the first digital computer platform that was open by as a matter of strategy, not necessity. The purpose of this chapter is to understand the IBM PC as a technical system and set of organization choices in light of the theory of how technology shapes organizations. In Chapter 7, I argued that sponsors of large technical systems (including platform systems) must manage the modular structure of the system and property rights in a way that solves four inter-related problems: • Provide all essential functional components; • Solve system-wide technical bottlenecks wherever they emerge; • Control and protect one or more strategic bottleneck; and • Prevent others from gaining control of any system-wide strategic bottleneck. I use this framework to understand how IBM initially succeeded with the PC platform and then lost its position as platform sponsor in the industry it had created.

There’s often an interesting story as how people got started with a career in IT support. In my case I was a tinkerer; I wanted to know what was inside the case and how things were made. This meant that whenever I had access to a computer, be it my own Sinclair ZX81, Spectrum or QL, or the Apple II or IBM PC that my father brought home from work, I would pull it apart to see what it was made of.

IA-32 is ISA on which market of high-end computing, including personal computers, laptops, workstation, and servers, had grown up at the last three decades. This ISA, along with IBM PC architecture, was one of the main drivers of the personal computer revolution and still is one of the principal ISA on the microprocessor market. The long history of the development of IA-32 and its widespread use in computing devices makes it interesting to analyze and to extract lessons about ISA design based on its current usage. This paper provides an analysis of such sort and highlights conclusions made.

The Amiga PC architecture was a child of both home video game consoles and PC systems of the early 1980s. The microcomputer revolution of the mid-1970s had given birth to the video game console market and the PC market, which expanded rapidly. In the fall of 1982, Atari alone had total sales of US$2 billion, including video game consoles, game cartridges, and their own PCs [1]. Many companies in the PC market were competing to establish market standards and attract developer support, beginning with S-100 bus machines [2] and the Apple II [3]. IBM entered the PC market with the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981. The Apple Macintosh arrived in 1984, and the Commodore Amiga 1000 computer, the subject of this article, followed in 1985.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze Lenovo’s successful acquisition of IBM’s PC division using Ghemawat’s (2001) CAGE framework. It was an acquisition that was so full of symbols that it is difficult to know where to begin. Lenovo’s purchase of IBM in 2005 was first seen as a sign of the rapid growth and expansion of the Chinese economy and its transformation away from the traditional manufacturing base to more high-tech areas. For doomsday merchants in the land of Uncle Sam, it foretold the end of the world domination of the US economy. Despite a considerable number of skeptics at the time, Lenovo was clearly up to the task. Such was the success of the acquisition that by 2015, Lenovo could claim to have grown into the world’s number 1 PC maker, number 3 smartphone manufacturer and number 3 in the production of tablet computers. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a case study. Findings Despite a considerable number of skeptics at the time, Lenovo was clearly up to the task. Such was the success of the acquisition that by 2015, Lenovo could claim to have grown into the world’s number 1 PC maker, number 3 smartphone manufacturer and number 3 in the production of tablet computers. Indeed, by 2014, the firm had enough confidence to add the IBM server business to its portfolio. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

IBM outsourced the development of the PC-DOS (PC Disk Operating System) for the IBM PC to a small company called Microsoft. This proved to be a major mistake, as the terms of the deal with Microsoft were favorable to the latter. It allowed Microsoft to market and sell its own version of the operating system (i.e., MS-DOS) to other manufacturers as the operating system for their IBM-compatible computers. The IBM-compatible PCs later came to dominate the market, as the open architecture of the IBM PC allowed manufacturers to create clone machines compatible with the original IBM PC at a more competitive price.

Apple Inc. is a well-known American corporation that was founded by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs at Cupertino, California, in 1976. It has made major contributions to the computing field, and it is renowned for its innovative products and services. The Apple II computer was released in 1977, and it was one of the earliest computers to come pre-assembled. It included color graphics and came in its own plastic casing. The Apple Macintosh was released in 1984, and its revolutionary graphical user interface (GUI) was user friendly and intuitive and made the machine much easier to use than the standard IBM PC.

The purpose of the mixed-mode system research is to handle devices with the accuracy of real-time systems and at the same time, having all the benefits and facilities of a matured Graphic User Interface(GUI)operating system which is typicallynon-real-time. This mixed-mode operating system comprising of a real-time portion and a non-real-time portion was studied and implemented to identify the feasibilities and performances in practical applications (in the context of scheduled the real-time events). In this research an i8751 microcontroller-based hardware was used to measure the performance of the system in real-time-only as well as non-real-time-only configurations. The real-time portion is an 486DX-40 IBM PC system running under DOS-based real-time kernel and the non-real-time portion is a Pentium IIIbased system running under Windows NT. It was found that mixed-mode systems performed as good as a typical real-time system and in fact, gave many additional benefits such as simplified/modular programming and load tolerance.

Chinese Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions (CBMA) have accounted for a majority of Chinese outward direct investment (OFDI) and thus received much academic attention in recent years. Along with China’s integration with global economies, hundreds of Chinese companies have become multinational corporations (MNCs). Equipped with little internationalisation experiences and resources, Chinese MNCs not only struggle to survive intense competition, but also hunt for new opportunities in the global market. As late comers, Chinese MNCs have faced various problems and challenges, particularly in acquiring Western enterprises. Taking the deal of China’s Lenovo acquisition of IBM PC department (PCD) as a case, this paper offers insights into the specific features and characteristics behind Chinese CBMA. The study reveals Lenovo’s unique integration process and thus contributes to the theoretical development of CBMA literature. This study also evaluates the overall performance of Lenovo before and after acquisition of IBM PCD by using both subjective and objective measures.

Computers are increasingly used in the present technological processes. Several numerical input/ output electronic modules were designed and made to support computer automated technological process in the wood industry. This paper presents the software for these modules, built in the Delphi language and aimed to obtain numerical commands by using the USB port of a computer. As modern computers are no longer provided with parallel ports, a K8055 USB Experiment Interface Board manufactured by VELLEMAN was used. The board includes a PIC16C745-IP microcontroller, which enables communication via specific software.

Calibration is the transformation of the output channels of a measuring device into the physical values (energies, times, angles, etc.). If dealt with manually, it is a labor- and time-consuming procedure even if only a few detectors are used. However, the situation changes appreciably if a calibration of multi-detector systems is required, where the number of registering devices extends to hundreds (Tsyganov et al. (2004) [1] ). The calibration is aggravated by the fact that needed pivotal channel numbers should be determined from peak-like distributions. But peak distribution is an informal pattern so that a procedure of pattern recognition should be employed to discard the operator interference. The automatic calibration is the determination of the calibration curve parameters on the basis of reference quantity list and the data which partially are characterized by these quantities (energies, angles, etc). The program allows the physicist to perform the calibration of the spectrometric detectors for both the cases: that of one tract and that of many. Program summary Program title: VSHEC Catalogue identifier: AENN_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AENN_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6403 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 325847 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: DELPHI-5 and higher. Computer: Any IBM PC compatible. Operating system: Windows XX. Classification: 2.3, 4.9. Nature of problem: Automatic conversion of detector channels into their energy equivalents. Solution method: Automatic decomposition of a spectrum into geometric figures such as peaks and an envelope of peaks from below, estimation of peak centers and search for the maximum peak center subsequence which matches the reference energies in the statistically most plausible way. Running time: On Celeron (R) (CPU 2.66 GHh) it is the time needed for the dialog via the visual interface. Pure computation—less than 1 s for the test run.

STOBI is a text-based system combining the positive features of both authoring and generative techniques. The main goal of the system is to help students understand the interrelation between form and meaning and practice expressing the same piece of information by using different elements of language. The program runs on IBM PC (compatible).

We discuss the introduction of the IBM personal computer, which was a major milestone in the computing field. The introduction of the IBM personal computer was a paradigm shift in that it placed computing power in the hands of millions of people. The previous paradigm was that an individual user had limited control over a computer, with the system administrators controlling the access privileges of the individual users. IBM’s goal was to get into the home computer market as quickly as possible, and this led IBM to build the machine from off-the-shelf parts from a number of equipment manufacturers. IBM outsourced the development of the operating system to a small company called Microsoft, and Intel was chosen to supply the microprocessor for the IBM PC. Intel and Microsoft later became technology giants. The open architecture of the IBM PC led to a new industry of IBM-compatible computers.

This paper discusses the performance of IBM’s Power8 CPUs, on a number of skeleton, financial and CFD benchmarks and applications. Implicitly, the performance of the software toolchain is also tested - the bare-bones Little-Endian Ubuntu, the GNU 5.3 and the XL 14.1.3 compilers and OpenMP runtimes. First, we aim to establish some roofline numbers on bandwidth and compute throughput, then move on to benchmark explicit and implicit one-/three-factor Black-Scholes computations, and CFD applications based on the OP2 and OPS frameworks, such as the Airfoil and BookLeaf unstructured-mesh codes, and the CloverLeaf 2D/3D structured mesh simulations. These applications all exhibit different characteristics in terms of computations, communications, memory access patterns, etc. Finally we briefly discuss performance of an industrial CFD code, Rolls-Royce Hydra, and we show initial results from IBM’s CUDA Fortran compiler. Both absolute and relative performance metrics are computed and compared to NVIDIA GPUs and Intel Xeon CPUs.

Publisher Summary The Personal System 2 (PS/2) mouse is a standard interface to both computers and many Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) development kits. The PS/2 mouse originated in the 1980s with the proliferation of the IBM PC. The PS/2 interface is essentially a custom serial interface with one device supported per connector. The PS/2 mouse supports communication from the mouse to the host and vice versa, and the supply is provided from the host to the mouse in the form of a 5 V line. The chapter presents an overview of a simple VHSIC hardware description language (VHDL)—where VHSIC stands for very high speed integrated circuit—interface code to enable the designer to use a mouse, primarily on a standard FPGA development kit. It shows how to handle a basic PS/2 signal for a mouse and then store the data in three bytes for further processing. Two methods are discussed in the chapter for collecting the data: using the PS/2 clock and using a sampled version with a much faster internal clock.

Our project is an Android application based on Virtual Network Computing” which helps people to access their laptops, personal computers using smartphones over a wireless network. Features like wireless data transfer between the android device and the client are also supported. The Integrated development environment used was Eclipse with the android plugin, and the server side (your laptop,pc etc.) programming was done using java. Client -server architecture was established for two way communication purpose where client was the android Smartphone and server was the windows desktop which communicate over TCP layer. The android client takes inputs from the users and sends the protocols for the execution of the mouse, keyboard and zooming events. The server parses such protocols and executes them using robot class of java. The desktop in turn takes screenshots continuously using robot class and sends them to the smartphone, thus establishing a two way communication network. The server sends the user interface to the client using the remote frame buffer. Remote frame buffer is the protocol used in virtual network computing. At the same time server receives commands from the client in the form of protocols. Since both the processes need to be performed simultaneously two threads are created, one to receive protocols from the client and the other to send user interface to the client. In the similar way the client receives the screenshots in the child thread and sends the protocols in the main activity thread which gives the client a realistic environment of the Desktop. Threads need not be synchronized. We created a simple Desktop server captures the screenshots of the machine it is running on and sends the images continually through an outputstream to the client in a particular string format. The server sends 30 screenshots per second to the client for the latter to obtain a live feed of the Desktop. The server waits for the input data stream from the client. In order to completely access a desktop we need to access its hardware. However, the hardware cannot be directly accessed. So the android generates a standard protocol for each user interaction with the smartphones and sends it to the server. The touch events are considered analogous to mouse events and an onscreen keyboard of android replaces the standard IBM PC keyboard. Whenever data stream is sent by the client in the form of a string the server parses that string in accordance to our protocols and executes using robot class of java. Some features like zooming and panning are also provided.

The development of the IBM PC was an exciting time-a brand-new design, a short design schedule, and lots of things to go wrong. An insider recalls the things that happened, the problems solved, and the interesting adventures along the way.

Instead of designing the fastest or most powerful computing platform based on new technology, IBM chose the fastest path to market, creating its product from already available parts and signing up with a community of independent software vendors to provide the operating system, tools, and a library of applications.

Mark Dean, a participant in the original IBM PC design team, looks back 30 years to review the events that led to the design of a very "un-IBM" computer-a small device that used hardware and software from outside vendors and made the logic and BIOS code available to anybody. This Web extra features audio from an interview with Mark Dean, a participant in the original IBM PC design team. This video is also available on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYPwVOUcCnc.

The longevity of the IBM PC architecture, which has had an enormous impact on the evolution of both personal computers and server systems, can be attributed largely to its backward compatibility with existing software applications.

An electronic fission-product detection system with the remote control from an IBM PC computer in the WINDOWS-XP environment has been designed to detect fission products in the focal plane of the mass spectrometer placed in the horizontal channel of the VVR-SM research reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan and used for studying fission of heavy nuclei induced by reactor neutrons. A 32-strip semiconductor detector is for the first time used for these purposes. The detection system is composed of modules mounted in a single housing. C8051F127 programmable microcontrollers with built-in ADCs, DACs, RAMs, and other units, are the basis of each module, which allows data on the spatial distribution of fission products, their quantity, and energy to be collected and transmitted to a remote computer.

Advanced C++ programming methods as well as fast Pulse Detection Algorithms (PDA) have been implemented in order to increase the computing speed of a LabVIEW™ data processing software developed for a Digital Pulse Shape Discrimination (DPSD) system for liquid scintillators. The newly implemented PDAs are described and compared: the most efficient method has been implemented in the data processing software, which has also been ported into C++. The comparison of the computing speeds of the new and old versions of the PDAs are presented. Program summary Program title: DPDS – Digital Pulse Detection Software Catalogue identifier: AEHQ_v1_0 Program summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AEHQ_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 454 070 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 20 987 104 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C++ (Borland Visual C++) Computer: IBM PC Operating system: MS Windows 2000 and later… RAM

Summary In the autumn of 1969 we accepted delivery of three TC-200 digital data acquisition systems from Teledyne Geotech. These systems can record up to 16 channels of long period, digital data with a specified sampling rate (currently 1 per second) on magnetic tape in an ‘IBM compatible’ format. Identifying headers are automatically written at the beginning of each file on tape and Universal Time is written each minute. The actual dynamic range of the receding system is about 66 dB, but an operating range of 120 dB is automatically assured by the use of binary, gain-ranging amplifiers. The systems have been tested and are now operating satisfactorily at Blacknest Laboratory near Reading in England, at the University of Alaska and at a field site east of Dallas, Texas.

The paper considers an algorithm for solving the problem of onedimensional packaging based on the adaptive behavior model of an ant colony. The key role in the development of the ant algorithm is the choice of representation (interpretation) of the solution. The structure of the solution search graph, the procedure for finding solutions on the graph, the methods of deposition and evaporation of pheromone are described. Unlike the canonical paradigm of an ant algorithm, an ant on the solution search graph generates sets of elements distributed across blocks. Experimental studies were conducted on IBM PC. Compared with the existing algorithms, the results are improved.

The recording system is based on an ADC board for IBM PC/AT compatible computers with a 1-GHz maximum sampling rate (лA-и1PCI, ZAO Rudnev-Shilyaev, Moscow). The primary processing and display of experimental data were carried out with the specially designed software. The procedure for measuring delay times in bench experimental conditions, the data processing algorithm, and the first experimental results are described. The data obtained when calibrating the device and measurement accuracy estimates are given.

Until recently, only few diatom indices were developed for monitoring littoral zones of lakes. The available indices are not applicable for all lake types because species lists and environmental constraints' ranges are different. So far, four diatom indices (SCIL, TDIL, S, TI) were developed that use attached diatoms for ecological status assessment therefore a need arose to ease index calculation similarly as it is a wide spread practice in status assessment of rivers by means of the well known OMNIDIA software. DILSTORE 1.1 software has three main functions; (i) calculation of diatom indices and community attributes; (ii) storage and listing of primary diatom data series and (iii) it contains a taxon name coder and a spelling-check program. It can be used as a peripheral aid to generate data sheets for the OMNIDIA. The DILSTORE 1.1 software was developed for IBM PC compatible computers, for Windows users. According to the experiences, the DILSTORE 1.1 software can make the regular lake monitoring practice considerably faster.

New technologies, principles and mechanisms of solving the cover problem are proposed. Based on simulating evolution processes, they are developed using the general approach that combines the principles of adaptation by self-learning, self-organization, and genetic search. The cover problem is analyzed and the compact representation of the solution in the form of the matrix of boundary requirements is constructed. This allowed forming the space of solutions with the adaptive search process organized within it. Experimental tests were conducted on an IBM PC. When compared to known algorithms, the solutions obtained by the adaptive search algorithm proved to have better (smaller) values of the objective function by 6–9% on average.

This article presents interactive microcomputer-aided design (MicroCAD) of steel plane trusses. A menu-driven graphic-based MicroCAD system has been developed for interactive analysis and design of statically determinate and indeterminate steel trusses using TURBO PASCAL Version 3.0 on an IBM PC with 256K of random access memory (RAM), called TRUSS2P. TRUSS2P makes extensive use of computer graphics for showing various configurations of the truss with or without joint numbering, member numbering, loading, member type numbering, cross sections of the members, and its deformed configuration under various loading conditions. Graphic manipulation capabilities of TRUSS2P are zooming, panning, scaling, rotating, shrinking, and expanding. Among the features of TRUSS2P are on-line input modification capability, modify input menus, input error check, and automatic data generation and replication for nodal coordinates, member information, and loading on the truss. Member design information can be displayed for each member through split-screen graphic-text displays.

This paper presents a Frontal solver for structural dynamic analysis on IBM PC/XT or PC/ AT microcomputers. The program is coded in C. Subspace iteration is used for solving the eigenvalue problem. Various aspects on the design and the implementation of the program in a C environment are discussed in detail. A full listing of the program modules and a driver program are also provided.

New technologies, principles and mechanisms of solving the placement problem are proposed. Based on simulating evolution processes, they are developed using the general approach that combines the principles of adaptation by self-learning, self-organization, and genetic search. To implement the placement algorithms, Borland C++ Builder 3.2 was used, and experimental research was conducted on an IBM PC.

This paper presents control designs using an neuro-fuzzy network. (NFN) for il XY positioning table. The neuro-furzy controller is composed of an outer PD tracking loop for stabilization of the fast flexible mode dynamics and an NFN inner loop used to compensate for the system nonlinearities. A tuning algorithm is given for the NFN parameters so that the NFN control scheme becomes adaptive, guaranteeing small tracking errors and bounded weight estimates. Formal nonlinear stability proofs are given to show that the tracking error is small. The proposed new-fuzzy controller is implemented and texted on an IBM PC-based XY positioning table, and is applicable to many precision XY tables. The algorithm, simulation, and experimental results we described. The experimental results are shown to be superior to those of conventional control.