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In this article I suggest that, although many Jews perished during the wars between the Mamluks and the Franks during the thirteenth century's second half, and others migrated to different Jewish communities in the Middle East and Europe, some Jews migrated to Safed, Jerusalem, and perhaps to Gaza as well. A significant number of the Jews who lived in Safed and Jerusalem during the early decades of the fourteenth century were of a Western European origin but were not newcomers from Europe. I suggest that some of these were Jews who previously lived in Acre and Tyre and migrated to Safed and Jerusalem either shortly before the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem got its coup de grâce, or afterwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echoing the new African diaspora literature, this article demonstrates the importance of religious encounters in new African diasporic experiences, as they embody migratory subjectivity that is key to contemporary African migration and possibly leads to ideological mobility. We suggest that encountering the new religious situations should not be limited to personto-person religious interactions but also take place between individual migrants and various (non-)religious institutions. In this sense, for various African Christian traders in China and a growing number of Nigerian Muslim students in Malaysia, encountering the Chinese religious regime and the Malaysian educational characteristics respectively renders different forms of migratory subjectivity and ideological mobility. Both case studies provide exploratory accounts of diasporic religious experience in societies where religious environments differ from widely-studied European and American contexts, thereby deepening our understandings of religion and the new African diaspora in a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies (OMAD) / Osmanlı Mirası Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Ottoman Legacy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Iranian Studies / İran Çalışmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Iranian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past research has established that evangelical Protestant elites have increased their involvement in immigration reform efforts pursuing Biblical values of "welcoming the stranger." This article confirms and updates these previous research efforts. Prior work has also established that, at the mass level, white evangelical Protestants hold the most conservative immigration perspectives of any religious group in the United States. This article examines reasons for this finding through analysis of Democracy Fund Voter Survey panel data. It demonstrates that partisanship, presidential voting, and right-wing cultural populist attitudes are the primary driving forces underlying white evangelical attitudes about immigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to serving as an introduction to the subject, this paper suggests a conceptual framework for the investigation of issues of classification and quantification related to migration and the ethnically and religiously diverse societies in Europe. Nationality, ethnicity and religion are situational, contextual and dynamic social phenomena which tend to defy rigid classification, making it especially difficult to capture and quantify these entities in order to organize and represent them in an intelligible manner in official statistics (e.g. censuses), institutional governing practices or in academic survey research. By drawing on previous work by demographers and social researchers, we suggest a typological classification of ways in which diverse populations become statistically visible or invisible. We show that the rationale for creating classifications and particular sets of categories changes, depending on the political field in which data are used in the governance of populations and migration. A science studies perspective can make these diverse taxonomies the object of studies to understand how they are embedded within, and how they sustain, power relations. By focusing on practices of classification as instruments of research and governance, this special issue contributes to a reflection on the conditions and effects of quantifying practices in culturally diverse and constantly changing societies, in which the line between government and academia, between power and knowledge, is frequently indistinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on migrants' religious movements generally see them as backward and conservative movements that are resistant to change. On the contrary, this paper shows that transnational religious movements are shaped by interactions between origin and destination places' political, legal and social structures, and may take different pathways across time and place. Analysing the development of the Alevi diaspora movement in Germany and the recent efforts to establish the World Alevi Union, the article argues that both the (old and new) states and the (old and new) societies they live in, as well as broader paradigm changes and their agency have a direct influence on the ways migrants' daily life practices alter in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a prevailing 'enchanted humanitarianism' discourse within a faith‐based organisation working with migrants in Morocco that encompassed tensions, contestations and ambiguity, revealing a fundamental 'identity ambiguity' in the organisation between evangelism and humanitarianism. This was the source of much tension in the organisation's operations and is indicative of entangling constructions of the sacred and the secular in faith‐based organisations, going against an essentialised or monolithic conception of the role of 'religion' in humanitarianism. These entanglements are illustrated through an examination of two organisational issues—the identity of staff and the flexibility of criteria for its beneficiaries. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, scholarship has neglected the role of elite cues in shaping immigration attitudes. When included, attention has been limited to political elites and parties. Yet, other societal actors have the potential to shape attitudes. This article employs mixed methods to analyse the discourse of the Church of England and attempts to uncover whether this discourse impacts the immigration attitudes of ‘their’ audience in the United Kingdom during 2005–2015. The discourse analysis finds that non-threatening migration frames dominate. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data (Rounds 4–7), regression analysis indicates that greater exposure to elite cues, via attendance at religious services, is consistently related to more positive immigration attitudes. Thus, for those most exposed, elite cues may be acting as a partial bulwark against the ubiquitous security-threat discourse of political elites. Overall, findings imply that despite their previous neglect, religious elite actors have the capacity to shape immigration attitudes and therefore de/construct issues of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of migration has received a considerable amount of scholarly attention in recent years. This article presents and elaborates on how contemporary missiological research addresses and discusses migration processes. It approached the theme of migration from various perspectives, including how migration phenomena influence individual and communal expressions of faith; how migration experiences are and can be reflected on theologically; and challenges and opportunities of migration to mission thinking and practice. Further, based on the presentation of themes and approaches in the field, the article discusses how migration might challenge and develop the research agenda within missiology. It is argued that migration and migration processes do not only challenge the idea of easily identifiable contexts, but that they also blur and destabilize the whole idea of fixed borders. This challenges missiology to rethink its basic theories related to contextualization and inter‐religious encounters, as well as the understanding of mission thinking and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the dialectic of 'staying and emigration' in the shadow of the Lebanese civil war (1975-90) suggests an overt correlation between the ongoing debate and the truth about that war, with such a dialectic being an outcome of the ravages of that cruel war. By unveiling the internal conflict, the present study seeks to examine that correlation and how it was portrayed in the literary works of the period. War is a key driver for emigration, and perhaps its impact is much greater than the repercussions of other possible factors, such as economic and social motives. In the dialectic of staying and emigration, the latter motives are only marginal compared with the impact of the war. The present study designs a tripartite model for emigration in time of war: the psychological phase, the implementation phase and the return phase, with an emphasis on the third stage which, at the end of the day, resolves the dispute between the conflicting parties. The study manifests the perception of an ironic return of the character during the war, which, in turn, furthers the writer's position on this dialectic. Radwan, the central character in Emily Nasrallah's Flight against Time, establishes the idea of the pressing need to return to the homeland, particularly in times of ordeal, when most people seek to emigrate in search of safety and security. It is a return that chooses the homeland, with a solid position that refuses emigration. As such, the return to the homeland in times of distress becomes an indispensable national requirement. Despite the radical changes the war brings about, the return becomes a moral victory in the face of war -- a victory that enhances the characters' determination to defy war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to a growing body of scholarship on immigrants from Safavid Iran who travelled back and forth between their home cities and Hind during the early modern period. Intending to better comprehend some of the key mentalities and social practices of these cosmopolitan Persianate communities, I explore the literary strategies by which migrants worked to negotiate their place in rapidly transforming and highly competitive political environments in both Hind and Iran. Focusing on migration narratives that were commonly embedded in Persian historical works, I examine a cluster of local and dynastic histories that were composed in dialogue with one another and that emerged around a particular corridor of migration linking the Iranian city of Yazd with various cities in the Deccan. Previous scholarship has argued that immigrants could acquire social capital in their new environments by commemorating ties to Iranian cities through narratives of migration. I demonstrate that migrants also brought migration stories they had found in the Deccan back to their hometowns in Iran, where they redeployed them for similar political ends in new works of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the impact of the fears which are caused by the effects of globalisation in a local (youth) ministry context. The particular emphasis of the article is on fears caused by migration and how to address these in local youth ministry. Drawing on the works of sociologists like Ulrich Beck, Elemèr Hankiss and Zygmunt Bauman, this type of fear is labelled glocal fear. The second part of the article discusses the conceptual capability of some selected models of youth ministry to address glocal fear. Interestingly, many influential models in youth ministry have an evangelical background. The models in question only have a limited capability to address the challenges of glocal fear. The last part of the article develops a theological response to fear in dialogue with these youth ministry models. Here the article draws on Martin Luther's thoughts on the presence of Christ. This part advocates the importance of a dialectical strategy of naming in local youth ministry - both naming the fear and the migrating presence of Christ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the religious aspects of immigration. Topics discussed include religious faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam relating to immigration; information on the monotheism and roman polytheism; and the relationship between Christianity and the two sister faiths of Judaism and Islam.

The religious demographics of the United States are changing, shaped by immigration and conversion of Americans to non-Western religious traditions. Research on nonwhite immigrant religious traditions has not addressed how communities of white converts challenge the link between religion and ethnicity. I address this gap, drawing on participant observation and 31 in-depth interviews with both Indian Sikhs and members of Sikh Dharma, a predominantly white Sikh community. I find that although respondents in each community draw on the same elements to construct Sikh identity (symbols, values, and practices); they diverge in regards to the specific practices they emphasize. Members of Sikh Dharma redefine both Sikh practice and the boundaries around Sikhism, incorporating new practices and beliefs while also critiquing the interconnection of Punjabi culture with Sikhism. Indian Sikhs express concern about the presentation of these new practices as Sikh practices. Results have implications for the ever-changing relationship of religion and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In parallel bodies of research, scholars have explored the relationship between religion, immigration, and sexuality, either by investigating the effects of immigration on the religious practice or its effect on sexual minorities' relationship with organized religion. This study bridges these two literatures and examines how immigration affects the religious identities of two groups of Polish gay men--one from Warsaw, Poland, and the other from Chicago, USA. Based on 53 in-depth interviews, it demonstrates how the larger religious environments in the two countries conditions respondents' individual stances toward religion. The religious environment in predominately Catholic Poland is hostile toward homosexuals, compelling gay respondents who are critical of the Church to choose sides and adopt atheist or agnostic identities. In contrast, the gay respondents in Chicago find themselves in a religiously pluralistic and immigrant society, which allows them to retain their religious tradition and Catholic identity alongside their identity as gay men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most current sociological literature on migration examines international moves to the United States and internal migration. Scant research addresses religious migration out of the United States. Utilizing in-depth, semi-structured interviews, we explore motivations behind recent American Jewish migration to Israel and how Jewish identity plays a role in the decision to move. We find that a combination of religious and cultural factors, Zionism, social networks, and the desire for a new start play a major role in motivating migration to Israel. Jewish identity is a common thread across these motivations. Many participants created a strong bond between their Judaism and Israel, viewing their connection to Israel as a way to belong to a larger community and demonstrate their attachment to Judaism. We discuss the implications for studying religious emigration from the United States that move beyond traditional economic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration to Israel by Jews from western countries has been growing over recent years. Jerusalem attracts more of these mainly religious immigrants than any other city in Israel. They are a desired population by the State of Israel, and for many reasons can be considered privileged immigrants. The way Diaspora Jews imagine Israel and Jerusalem plays a crucial role in their decision to move there. Many of these lifestyle/homecoming immigrants find their way to Baka, where they can live near other expatriates and enjoy the comforts of the ethnic enclave. The paper deals with the spatial and cultural implications that privileged lifestyle migration has on the space in which it settles. It focuses particularly on the case-study of English- and French-speaking Jewish immigrants who live in Baka and on their effects on the neighbourhood’s gentrification process, its real estate market and issues of consumerism and belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world where attitudes towards immigration and the European Union are at the forefront of political and economic agendas across the continent, this Special Issue is highly relevant and well timed. This Forum article reviews the Special Issue and summarizes lessons learned and identifies open, remaining and new, questions. As a future research agenda, it is advised to pay attention to (a) differentiation in EU attitudes, (b) the role of national political elites, (c) the changing communications environment, and (d) the role of religion and religious attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores on the migration history particularly the religious institutions in Germany. It highlights the availability of social care and legal advice for the immigrants and refugees, who worship in the churches. It also cites the influence of cultural preconceptions and theological prerogatives to the perceptions of immigrant churches in the country.

Summary This paper studies radical Islam as a determinant of individuals’ willingness to migrate. Surprisingly, despite its relevance in the political debate, this topic has not been investigated empirically in the literature. In order to fill this gap, we develop a model of the decision to migrate focusing in particular on the role played by cultural traits. More specifically, we focus on radical Islam as a deterrent for migration. Following Berman (2003), we define radical Islam as a set of ideologies, also referred to as Political Islam, holding that Islam should guide not only personal life, but also social and political life. In our model, more radical values imply a higher psychological cost of migrating. This cost derives from the fact that connections with socio-religious friends and neighbors are generally not maintained after migration, thus deterring individuals from migrating (Mayers, 2000). We then test empirically the predictions of the model, using individual-level data from the second (2010–11) and third (2012–14) waves of the Arab Barometer. Our results suggest that, ceteris paribus, more radical individuals are less willing to migrate. This finding is robust to alternative specifications of the model and to the use of Instrumental Variables and Propensity Score Matching aimed at addressing the potential endogeneity of radical Islam. The result is also qualitatively unchanged when using aggregate data on actual outflows of migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse the emergence of the ‘Highway to Heaven’, a distinctive landscape of more than 20 diverse religious buildings, in the suburban municipality of Richmond, outside Vancouver, to explore the intersections of immigration, planning, multiculturalism, religion and suburban space. In the context of wider contested planning disputes for new places of worship for immigrant communities, the creation of a designated ‘Assembly District’ in Richmond emerged as a creative response to multicultural planning. However, it is also a contradictory policy, co-opting religious communities to municipal requirements to safeguard agricultural land and prevent suburban sprawl, but with limited success. The unanticipated outcomes of a designated planning zone for religious buildings include production of an agglomeration of increasingly spectacular religious facilities that exceed municipal planning regulations. Such developments are accommodated through a celebratory narrative of municipal multiculturalism, but one that fails to engage with the communal narratives of the faith communities themselves and may exoticize or commodify religious identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the issue of sex trafficking through the lens of biblical ethical principles derived primarily from the ideals of the institution of the ... ("patriarchal house") in the Old Testament. After a short survey of the state of trafficking today and an examination of some of its structural causes such as poverty, demand, and the psychology of the client, the author calls the church to embody biblical ideals; being God's house; and actively taking responsibility for the discovery, rescue, and restoration of trafficked victims "within our gates." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-interested motives are typically assumed when addressing migration causation. However, values, such as those from religion, can also motivate migration. This study develops a theoretical framework of religiously motivated migration. Inasmuch as values are derived from and reinforced within groups, religions with strong cohesion are more likely to act on one of three value-based religious migration motivations: sacred command, context conducive for religious practice, and awareness of potential membership losses from competition. This theoretical framework is demonstrated through Amish-Mennonite migration. Generalizability is suggested from a brief review of the Puritans, Jews, Muslims, Mormons, and Russian Mennonites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is a response to the call for papers that focuses on African issues and, I chose to discuss the issue of migration. Though not a historical document, the Bible records various journeys that the ancient people travelled; it narrates people's relocations from one geographic place to the other. However, migration has never been the main focus of several biblical interpreters who seem to perceive the Bible mostly from a theological lens. Largely, this study is informed by current challenges associated with immigration, highlighting comparative migration experiences that seem embellished under theological themes. For examples, each day we hear about stories of migrants who drown in the sea while trying to cross to Europe or of foreigners, due to xenophobic conflicts over few economic resources, die in numbers in South Africa. This study explores two biblical characters-Abraham and Jesus from a migration perspective, focusing on the pushed or pulled factors embedded under their stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on history of emigration of Mormons or members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to Missouri. It discusses the conflicts and reactions from residents of Clay County and Jackson County in Missouri on increasing Mormon emigrants. Topics include migration patterns of Mormons, unique geography of Missouri leading to migration, and insecurities of slaveholders.

Over the past decade, religious issues in France have come to the fore in the public debate. The 1905 law on the separation of church and state structures the concept of ‘laïcité’ as a configuration for the treatment of religions in France. This political and media debate has highlighted the representative institutions of mainstream religions in France, including the Orthodox Church. Obliged to take a position, both collectively with other religious actors and individually, Orthodoxy in France seems to be only marginally affected by this controversy. However, through press releases, memos, articles in the national press and online resources, the Orthodox Church has appropriated the issue of ‘laïcité à la française’. Behind these different messages lie the issues of the place of Orthodoxy in the French religious landscape and the (suspected) resistance of Orthodoxy against secularising forces in the minority context of the diaspora in Western Europe. Orthodoxy in France constitutes a key element of identity for the national Orthodox communities of the diaspora.Laïcitéshapes and to a large extent justifies the anticanonical compromise of the ecclesiological treatment of the Orthodox communities in the diaspora, which are grouped by ethnicity. In this context, I assess how the legal and societal contexts oflaïcitéinfluence the main configurations of Orthodoxy in France, in terms of relations with the public authorities, relations with other religions and confessions, and the inter-Orthodox situation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Using mixed methods, in this paper we hold that the relationship between international migration and religious change can be analyzed from localities of origin as strategic sites of observation. Thus, examining the relationship between migration and religious change means simultaneously considering the two-way impact, of migration on religious change, and of the role of religious identifications on the formation of migrant networks. From the case studies in this research, we conclude that international migration is an important resource, which acquires two modalities: on the one hand, it reinforces the traditional religious practices of believers and on the other, it promotes religious change, specifically religious conversion. It is, in short, the perception of diversity and the sense of religious otherness that are transformed by the migration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the story of Saint Joseph in the book of Genesis with regards on how immigrants can find place in host societies. Topics discussed include the resurface of immigration's political and religious issues, human dignity, immigrant communities, and the tensions and conflicts between the community and host country.

This article examines the public attitudes of various religious commentators in Britain towards emigrants and emigration in the mid-Victorian decades. These figures include bishops, Anglican clergy (but also those of some other denominations), those directly involved in ministry to emigrants, and lay proponents of emigration. It also contrasts their views with those of more secular commentators influenced by political economy. The article argues that while religious commentary proposed emigration to be a good thing, for emigrants and for the expansion of Christianity and the British empire, this contrasted with a more sceptical attitude towards steerage immigrants by Thomas Malthus. It also contrasted with a focus on amelioration of conditions for emigrants by those in emigration ministry, who saw emigrants as assisting the extension of the Church rather than the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a problem that concerned only a small number of people, migration has become a constant concern both nationally and internationally. The concrete realities in different regions have become over time subjects of analysis and reflection in order to find solutions that meet the many theoretical and practical issues raised by migration. In Romania people are increasingly discussing about migration and its implications on all sectors of human life. In this context, the Romanian Orthodox Church is called by his priests, to contribute to the integration of people of other nationalities, cultures and beliefs that are established here and at the same time, to help her spiritual children living and working in different parts of the world to preserve and to confess their Orthodox Christian faith. Moreover, it should take care of their families in the country and to contribute to the education of children, whose parents are away, in the spirit of the Christian tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses migration and the Church.

This article argues for the importance of religion in mass emigration from Britain in the nineteenth century. It does so by examining the origins and development of the Anglican emigrant chaplaincy developed from the 1840s to nurture the spiritual welfare of British emigrants departing for the British settler colonies over the rest of the nineteenth century. Developed over succeeding decades by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the chaplaincy expanded into a global network. By the 1880s it incorporated chaplains at British ports of embarkation and colonial ones of disembarkation, chaplains travelling on ships with emigrants and matrons supervising parties of single women. Although principally concerned with caring for Anglican emigrants, the chaplains regarded it as their business, as clergy of the national church, to provide ministry to a wide variety of emigrants, including Nonconformists, Germans and Jews. The article argues for the significance of the Anglican emigrant chaplaincy as an international network enabling the expansion of British Christianity and the export of social capital in the form of religious connectivity throughout the settler colonies of the British Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on an analysis of different Orthodox missions that leads to an encountering conditions between East and West. Topics discussed include association of Nikolai Berdyaev in management of several Orthodox missions with initiation at the Russian Orthodox Church; contribution of Orthodox missions in an enlightenment conditions; and analysis of missions involvement in Russian Emigration conditions.

In October 1918, a group of Catholic organizations and religious orders joined together to form the Reichsverband für katholische Auslandsdeutsche (RKA; Reich Association for Catholic Germans Abroad). The objective of this new Catholic umbrella organization was to provide cultural and pastoral support to German-speaking Catholic parishes in other European countries as well as overseas. The controversies over the effects of the migratory movements of the 19th century and the German minorities outside the boundaries of the Reich fluctuated between an inherited Catholic universalism on the one hand and an aggressive defense of German minorities on the other. In this migration discourse, it was those elements that interpreted national selfunderstanding not merely in cultural terms but rather as a political and public championing of "threatened" German minorities that prevailed in the late 1920s. After 1933, these same elements pushed forward the debates about a merger of "faith and folkdom," culminating in visions of a synthesis between Catholic Christianity and Nazism, and consequently found themselves deep inside the NationalSocialist camp. Yet this attempt to confront the ideological challenge from the Nazi regime's advancing völkisch movements failed. With the onset of World War II, the migration landscape became charged with racialist ideology; the Church's assistance for persecuted "non-Aryans" who were forced to emigrate and pastoral work on behalf of foreign forced laborers were eclipsed by care efforts for resettled ethnic Germans. Following World War II and the emerging division of Germany, the enormous stream of refugees and expellees expanded did not inspire a new nationally-oriented discourse on migration within German Catholicism. The Reichsverband für katholische Auslandsdeutsche was absorbed into a church office subordinate to the German Bishops' Conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, historical research has disputed the common image of purely religiously motivated refugees at the highpoint of confessional conflict. Economic motives, family networks, and the scope of individual decision-making are now in focus. The present article is concerned with the question of whether there was in fact a 'confessional migration' (Heinz Schilling) in Early Modern times and, if there was, how such a type of migration can be defined. To answer this question, aspects of self-representation or 'self-fashioning' by refugees are of great importance. By analysing the case of the Huguenots fleeing from France during the last two decades of the 17th century, the article demonstrates how meaning is created by patterns of narrative in a variety of media. Huguenot authors thereby attempted to arrange the experiences of persecution and migration into their interpretation of salvation history. These techniques of interpretation and narrative arrangement can be seen as specific to 'confessional migration,' which tended to generate a particular memorial culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the general political relevance of migration in the present migratory history has become an established historical sub-discipline. For the section's conference two results of recent migratory history were decisive: (1) It is not justified to make a distinction between a modernity open to mobility and a throughout immobile premodernity. Mobility and migration may be regarded rather as phenomena beyond temporal or spatial limits. (2) Furthermore religion always played a crucial role in migration processes, in many forms, not only in form of religious persecution. These observations determined the selection of contributions, which partly focus on long-term developments (articles by Heinz-Dieter Heimann, Thomas Brechenmacher und Ulrich Niggemann), partly on case studies (articles by Matthias Stickler and Christoph Kösters). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]