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BackgroundSex differences in immune-based disorders are well-established, with female sex associated with a markedly heightened risk of autoimmune disease. Female sex is also overrepresented in other conditions associated with elevated inflammation, including depression, chronic pain, and chronic fatigue. The mechanisms underlying these disparities are unclear. This study used an experimental model of inflammatory challenge to interrogate molecular mechanisms that may contribute to female vulnerability to disorders with an inflammatory basis.MethodIn this analysis of a secondary outcome from a randomized controlled trial, 111 participants (67 female) received either a bolus injection of endotoxin (n = 59) or placebo (n = 52). Participants provided blood samples before and 0.5 h post-injection for assessment of differential activation of key pro-inflammatory (i.e., activator protein (AP)-1; nuclear factor (NF)-κB) and immunoregulatory (i.e., glucocorticoid receptor (GR); cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)) signaling pathways via genome-wide expression profiling and promoter-based bioinformatics analyses.ResultsRelative to males, females exhibited greater endotoxin-induced increases in bioinformatic measures of CREB transcription factor activity (p's

Despite ample experimental data indicating a role of inflammatory mediators in the behavioral and neurobiological manifestations elicited by exposure to physical and psychologic stressors, causative associations between systemic low-grade inflammation and central nervous system inflammatory processes in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients remain largely conceptual. As in other stress-related disorders, pro-inflammatory activity may play an equivocal role in PTSD pathophysiology, one that renders indiscriminate employment of anti-inflammatory agents of questionable relevance. In fact, as several pieces of preclinical and clinical research convergingly suggest, timely and targeted potentiation rather than inhibition of inflammatory responses may actually be beneficial in patients who are characterized by suppressed microglia function in the face of systemic low-grade inflammation. The deleterious impact of chronic stress-associated inflammation on the systemic level may, thus, need to be held in context with the - often not readily apparent - adaptive payoffs of low-grade inflammation at the tissue level.

The biological mechanisms underlying the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) have predominantly been studied in adult populations from high-income countries, despite the onset of depression typically occurring in adolescence and the majority of the world's adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Taking advantage of a unique adolescent sample in an LMIC (Brazil), this study aimed to identify biological pathways characterizing the presence and increased risk of depression in adolescence, and sex-specific differences in such biological signatures. We collected blood samples from a risk-stratified cohort of 150 Brazilian adolescents (aged 14-16 years old) comprising 50 adolescents with MDD, 50 adolescents at high risk of developing MDD but without current MDD, and 50 adolescents at low risk of developing MDD and without MDD (25 females and 25 males in each group). We conducted RNA-Seq and pathway analysis on whole blood. Inflammatory-related biological pathways, such as role of hypercytokinemia/hyperchemokinemia in the pathogenesis of influenza (z-score = 3.464, p

The purposes of this study were 1) to investigate if cytokines were increased following a running road-race, and 2) to examine associations between cytokines and hyperthermia. Seventy-seven recreational runners participated in this study which occurred at the 7-mile race in the heat (ambient temperature, 25.0–26.7°C; %RH, 56.7–79.0 ± 5.0%). Before and following the race, blood draws were performed to measure circulating inflammatory cytokines. Core temperature was measured using an ingestible thermistor throughout the race. Core temperature was significantly higher at post-race (39.5 ± 0.7°C) than pre-race (36.9 ± 0.4°C, p < 0.001). IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 significantly increased at post-race (IL-6, 48.0 ± 22.3 pg⋅ml−1; IL-8, 63.8 ± 23.9 pg⋅ml−1; IL-10, 29.2 ± 20.0 pg⋅ml−1) compared to pre-race (IL-6, 28.4 ± 13.6 pg⋅ml−1; IL-8, 53.2 ± 19.4 pg⋅ml−1; IL-10, 18.6 ± 11.9 pg⋅ml−1, p < 0.001). A greater increase in core temperature pre- to post-race was predicted by the faster finish time, a greater increase in IL-6, and greater body mass loss during the race (r2 = 0.298, p < 0.001). Small associations were found between IL-8 and core temperature at post-race (r = 0.255, p = 0.025). In conclusion, cytokines concentrations and core temperature increased following the race. Moreover, post-race hyperthermia is associated with increased IL-6, faster finish times, and higher body mass losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasing studies suggest that immune cells are involved in regulating renal inflammation, which contributes to the progression of DKD. Compared with conventional methods, single-cell sequencing technology is more developed technique that has advantages in resolving cellular heterogeneity, parallel multi-omics studies, and discovering new cell types. ScRNA-seq helps researchers to analyze specifically gene expressions, signaling pathways, intercellular communication as well as their regulations in various immune cells of kidney biopsy and urine samples. It is still challenging to investigate the function of each cell type in the pathophysiology of kidney due to its complex and heterogeneous structure and function. Here, we discuss the application of single-cell transcriptomics in the field of DKD and highlight several recent studies that explore the important role of immune cells including macrophage, T cells, B cells etc. in DKD through scRNA-seq analyses. Through combing the researches of scRNA-seq on immune cells in DKD, this review provides novel perspectives on the pathogenesis and immune therapeutic strategy for DKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repairing bone defects is a complex cascade reaction process, as immune system regulation, vascular growth, and osteogenic differentiation are essential. Thus, developing a tissue-engineered biomaterial that caters to the complex healing process of bone regeneration remains a major clinical challenge. In the study, Ca2+-TA-rGO (CTAG)/GelMA hydrogels were synthesized by binding Ca2+ using metal chelation to graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets reduced by tannic acid (TA-rGO) and doping them into gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels. TA and rGO exhibited biocompatibility and immunomodulatory properties in this composite, while Ca2+ promoted bone formation and angiogenesis. This novel nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrated good mechanical properties, degradability, and conductivity, and it could achieve slow Ca2+ release during bone regeneration. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that CTAG/GelMA hydrogel modulated macrophage reprogramming and induced a shift from macrophages to healing-promoting M2 macrophages during the inflammatory phase, promoted vascular neovascularization, and facilitated osteoblast differentiation during bone formation. Moreover, CTAG/GelMA hydrogel could downregulate the NF-κB signaling pathway, offering new insights into regulating macrophage reprogramming-osteogenic crosstalk. Conclusively, this novel multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogel provides a multistage treatment for bone and orchestrates macrophage reprogramming-osteogenic crosstalk to boost bone repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years, the use of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has become increasingly common, leading to severe environmental pollution and harm to aquatic organisms. 17α-Methyltestosterone (MT) is a synthetic androgen that can cause immunotoxicity in aquaculture, affecting fish health. To address this issue, this study aimed to investigate the effect of Vitamin C (VC) on MT-induced immunotoxicity and determine the optimal VC supplementation. Results: Carassius auratus was exposed to 50 ng/L MT and treated with 25, 50, and 150 mg/kg VC for 7, 14, and 21 d. Morphological indicators, histological characteristics, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and immune-related gene expression were analyzed. Additionally, RNA-seq was performed on the liver tissues of the control, MT, and MT + 25 mg/kg VC groups after 21 d. Results showed that, MT treatment significantly increased liver malondialdehyde content and inhibited immune-related gene expression (TNF-α, IL-8, INF-γ, IL-10, Caspase-9, and IGF-I), causing oxidative stress and immunotoxicity, leading to hepatic steatosis. However, supplementation with 25–50 mg/kg VC effectively alleviated the MT-induced damage to the hepatic structure and immune system. RNA-seq revealed significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in multiple signaling pathways, including the mTOR, MAPK, and Wnt pathways. Conclusions: In summary, 25–50 mg/kg VC alleviated inhibitory effect of MT on immune-related genes in C. auratus liver, reducing MT-induced tissue damage. VC not only alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress, and immunotoxicity induced by MT through the regulation of the mTOR, MAPK, and Wnt signaling pathways, but also indirectly enhanced cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms by regulating the NRF2 pathway. This provides a theoretical basis for VC application in aquaculture, improving fish health and increasing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Deceleration of disease progression and re-establishment of microbial balance in the gut is often achieved by application of lactobacilli strains. Their beneficial effects are associated with probiotic properties, which may be accompanied by immunomodulatory action at mucosal surfaces. Methods: To single out such strains, we screened almost three hundred lactobacilli isolates from eight genera and various food sources for acid and bile salt tolerance, adhesion to mucin as well as hemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility. Moreover, the immunomodulatory effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) fractions of five lactobacilli strains were assessed using an in vitro cell line model. Results and discussion: By our rationalized selection approach, we identified thirty-five strains with probiotic potential and biosafety features. Additionally, we showed that CFS from the Lactiplantibacillus L_4 strain downregulates proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-1β. In contrast, IL-8 expression was found to increase after treatment with CFSs of Lactiplantibacillus L_2 and L_5 and IL-1β was upregulated by CFSs of Lactiplantibacillus L_1 and Lactiplantibacillus L_3. Overall, our result delineate a rational approach of selecting lactobacilli strains for probiotic development to support the gut microbiota equilibrium and reinforce the host immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helminth infections are a major public health problem as they can cause long-term chronic infections in their hosts for which there is no effective vaccine. During the long-term interaction between helminths and their hosts, helminth-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can participate in host immunomodulatory processes by secreting bioactive molecules (BMAs). Growing data suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) in helminth EVs have a significant impact on the host's immune system. The let-7 family is highly conserved among helminth EVs and highly homologous in the host, and its function in host–parasite crosstalk may reflect active selection for compatibility with the host miRNA machinery. In-depth studies targeting this aspect may better elucidate the mechanism of parasite-host interactions. Hence, this review summarizes the current studies on the cross-species involvement of helminth EV-derived let-7 in host immune regulation and discusses the barriers to related research and potential applications of helminth EVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psoriasis, a persistent skin condition caused by the disorder of the immune system, impacts approximately 1.25 million individuals globally. Nevertheless, the presence of adverse effects in conventional clinical drugs necessitates further exploration of novel medications or combination therapies to mitigate these reactions and enhance their effectiveness. Methods: Hence, our intention here in this paper is to utilize the lipid nanoparticle delivery system for overcoming the volatility and hydrophobic properties of α-pinene, a naturally occurring compound renowned for its anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and further explore its potential pharmacological applications both in vitro and in vivo. Results: The production of α-pinene lipid nanoparticles (APLNs) was achieved through the utilization of high pressure homogenization methods. APLNs was successfully fabricated with enhanced stability and water solubility. Meanwhile, the application of APLNs could drastically reduce the expression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation-related factors in THP-1 cells. Administration of APLNs to a mouse model of auricular swelling could effectively reduce redness and swelling in the auricles of mice as well. Furthermore, APLNs were also found to alleviate skin damage in mice with Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis model, as well as decrease the levels of psoriasis-related protein nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and other inflammation-related cytokines. More importantly, utilization of APLNs successfully mitigated the systemic inflammatory reactions in mice, resulting in the reduction of spleen-to-body ratio (wt%) and of inflammatory cytokines' expression in the serum. Discussion: Overall, our results suggest that with the help of lipid nanoparticle encapsulation, APLNs possess a better pharmacological effect in anti-inflammation and could potentially serve as an anti-psoriasis drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathogens secrete nuclear effectors into the host nuclei to modulate the host immune system. Although several nuclear effectors of fungal pathogens have been recently reported, the molecular mechanism of NLS-associated transport vehicles of nuclear effectors and the roles of NLS in transcriptional reprogramming of host immunity genes remain enigmatic. We previously reported the MoHTR1, a nuclear effector of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. MoHTR1 is translocated to rice nuclei but not in fungal nuclei. Here, we identify the core NLS (RxKK) responsible for MoHTR1's nuclear localization. MoHTR1 is translocated in the host nucleus through interaction with rice importin α. MoHTR1 NLS empowers it to translocate the cytoplasmic effectors of M. oryzae into rice nuclei. Furthermore, other nuclear effector candidates of the blast pathogen and rice proteins which have RxKK also exhibit nuclear localization, highlighting the crucial role of RxKK in this process. We also unveil the importance of SUMOylation in the stability of MoHTR1 and translocation of MoHTR1 to host nuclei. Moreover, MoHTR1 NLS is essential for the pathogenicity of M. oryzae by reprogramming immunity-associated genes in the host. Our findings provide insights into the significance of plant-specific NLS on fungal nuclear effectors and its role in plant-pathogen interactions. Nuclear effectors of plant pathogens modulate the host immunity. Here, Lim et al. unveiled the core sequence and mechanism for nuclear localization of the rice blast fungal effector, MoHTR1, revealing its role in regulating the host immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral proteins that evade the host's innate immune response play a crucial role in pathogenesis, significantly impacting viral infections and potential therapeutic strategies. Identifying these proteins through traditional methods is challenging and time-consuming due to the complexity of virus-host interactions. Leveraging advancements in computational biology, we present VirusHound-II, a novel tool that utilizes machine learning techniques to predict viral proteins evading the innate immune response with high accuracy. We evaluated a comprehensive range of machine learning models, including ensemble methods, neural networks, and support vector machines. Using a dataset of 1337 viral proteins known to evade the innate immune response (VPEINRs) and an equal number of non-VPEINRs, we employed pseudo amino acid composition as the molecular descriptor. Our methodology involved a tenfold cross-validation strategy on 80% of the data for training, followed by testing on an independent dataset comprising the remaining 20%. The random forest model demonstrated superior performance metrics, achieving 0.9290 accuracy, 0.9283 F1 score, 0.9354 precision, and 0.9213 sensitivity in the independent testing phase. These results establish VirusHound-II as an advancement in computational virology, accessible via a user-friendly web application. We anticipate that VirusHound-II will be a crucial resource for researchers, enabling the rapid and reliable prediction of viral proteins evading the innate immune response. This tool has the potential to accelerate the identification of therapeutic targets and enhance our understanding of viral evasion mechanisms, contributing to the development of more effective antiviral strategies and advancing our knowledge of virus-host interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), an essential component of the human immune system, are a heterogeneous group of T lymphocytes with the ability to suppress immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis. Recent evidence indicates that Tregs may impair antitumor immunity and facilitate cancer progression by weakening functions of effector T cells (Teffs). Consequently, targeting Tregs to eliminate them from tumor microenvironments to improve Teffs' activity could emerge as an effective strategy for cancer immunotherapy. This review outlines the biology of Tregs, detailing their origins, classification, and crucial markers. Our focus lies on the complex role of Tregs in cancer's development, progression and treatment, particularly on their suppressive role upon antitumor responses via multiple mechanisms. We delve into Tregs' involvement in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy, their dual effect on cancer immunotherapy and their potential biomarkers for ICB therapy effectiveness. We also summarize advances in the therapies that adjust Tregs to optimize ICB therapy, which may be crucial for devising innovative cancer treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Parkinson's disease protein, alpha-synuclein (α-syn/SNCA), is highly expressed in neurons and melanomas. The goal of this study was to reveal the mechanism(s) of α-syn's involvement in melanoma pathogenesis. To decipher the genes and pathways affected by α-syn, we conducted an RNA sequencing analysis of human SK-MEL-28 cells and several SK-MEL-28 SNCA-KO clones. We identified 1098 significantly up-regulated genes and 660 significantly down-regulated genes. Several of the upregulated genes are related to the immune system, i.e., the inflammatory response and the matrisome. We validated five upregulated genes (IL-1β, SAA1, IGFBP5, CXCL8, and CXCL10) by RT-qPCR and detected IGFBP5 and IL-1β in spent media of control and SNCA-KO cells. The levels of each of these secreted proteins were significantly higher in the spent media of the SNCA-KO clones than control cells. These secreted proteins quite likely activate the immune response against SNCA-KO cells. We suggest that, conversely, high levels of α-syn expression in melanoma cells helps the cells evade the immune system by inhibiting the secretion of these immune activating factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is an effective tool for predicting the prognosis of patients with cancer. However, its value in patients with locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (LA-PDAC) undergoing definitive chemoradiotherapy has yet to be addressed. Therefore, we aimed to retrospectively investigate the prognostic significance of the pretreatment SII on the survival outcomes of patients with unresectable LA-PDAC treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (C-CRT). Methods: The study included 163 patients with LA-PDAC who had received C-CRT. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the utility of a pre-C-CRT cutoff that could stratify survival results was investigated. The primary and secondary endpoints were the correlations between SII levels and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results: At a median follow-up period of 15 months (range: 3.2-94.5), the median OS and PFS rates for the entire group were 15.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.4-17.9), and 7.8 months (95% CI: 6.1-9.4), respectively. We divided the patients into 2 SII cohorts based on the ROC curve analysis (area under the curve [AUC]: 71.9%; sensitivity: 68.9%; specificity: 66.7%): SII < 538 (N = 70) and SII ⩾ 538 (N = 93). Comparative survival analysis showed significantly inferior median OS (13.0 vs 25.4 months; P <.001) and PFS (7.0 vs 15.2 months; P =.003) in patients with SII ⩾ 538 compared with those with SII < 538 before treatment. In multivariate analyses, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance of 2, N1-2 lymph node, CA 19-9 > 90 U/mL, and SII ⩾ 538 status emerged as independent prognosticators of inferior OS and PFS. Conclusions: Present results indicate that patients with unresectable LA-PDAC who underwent C-CRT and had a pretreatment SII ⩾ 538 had significantly worse OS and PFS outcomes compared with those with lower SII values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Insomnia has been suggested as a potential modulator of systemic inflammation. However, few studies have examined the longitudinal association between insomnia and inflammation as well as the role of sex differences, despite accumulating evidence of the vulnerability of women to immune consequences of disturbed sleep. In this study, we tested the association between self‐reported insomnia symptoms and serum C‐reactive protein, a marker of systemic inflammation, at 1‐year follow‐up, in 54 outpatients with inflammatory bowel disease (52.81 ± 16.09, 40.7% women). Insomnia symptoms were measured using the Insomnia Severity Index. After controlling for baseline inflammation and health variables, longitudinal moderated regression analysis showed that baseline insomnia symptoms predicted C‐reactive protein levels at follow‐up in women (β = 0.416, p = 0.014), but not in men (β = −0.179, p = 0.212). Results were not influenced by sex differences in insomnia severity or C‐reactive protein levels. This study suggests insomnia symptoms may partially influence systemic inflammation in women with inflammatory bowel disease. Sex‐specific psychological, immune and neuroendocrine pathways linking sleep to inflammation should be further elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendritic cells (DCs), specialized antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, act as immunomodulators in diseases of the immune system, including asthma. The understanding of DC biology has evolved over the years to include multiple subsets of DCs with distinct functions in the initiation and maintenance of asthma. Moreover, most strategies for treating asthma with relevant therapeutic agents that target DCs have been initiated from the study of DC function. We discussed the pathogenesis of asthma (including T2-high and T2-low), the roles played by different DC subpopulations in the pathogenesis of asthma, and the therapeutic strategies centered around DCs. This study will provide a scientific theoretical basis for current asthma treatment, provide theoretical guidance and research ideas for developing and studying therapeutic drugs targeting DC, and provide more therapeutic options for the patient population with poorly controlled asthma symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary human neutrophils play a pivotal role in innate immunity, mainly through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a process known as NETosis. This cell-death pathway is crucial for combating infections but is also implicated in many inflammatory diseases, such as sepsis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: The study presented here investigates chromatin dynamics during NET formation by stimulating primary human neutrophils with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). We adapt the ATAC-Seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing) method to isolated neutrophils and characterize a time-dependent chromatin response. Results: We found that chromatin accessibility patterns are consistent across individual donors and most chromatin changes occur within 30 min, with many continuing across the 90 min assessed in this study. Regulatory regions gaining accessibility were associated with the activity of pathways that have been implicated in NOX-dependent NET formation. Conclusions: Our findings increase the understanding of the chromatin changes underlying NET formation and also identify potential early-acting targets for modulating this process in inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old World Orthohantaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) characterized by increased vascular permeability and acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite the systemic nature of the disease, the virus enters humans through inhalation and therefore initially encounters the immunoglobulin class A (IgA) dominated mucosal immune system. Herein, we characterized systemic IgA responses and their potential relationship to the mucosal immune activation by examining blood samples obtained from patients hospitalized due to acute Puumala orthohantavirus infection. Our findings reveal increased frequencies of putative IgA-expressing circulating mucosal-associated B1 cells and plasmablasts, as well as elevated levels of polyreactive, polymeric, virus-specific and secretory IgA in the acute stage of the disease. Importantly, the levels of circulating virus-specific and secretory IgA, as well as the putative IgA+ B1 cells, increased with the severity of AKI. Furthermore, circulating polymeric IgA displayed enhanced effector functions by forming stable complexes with the IgA receptor CD89 and induced pro-inflammatory neutrophil responses. These results suggest that excessive levels of circulating mucosal-like IgA might serve as a biomarker for HFRS disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a major health concern in today's world. Despite conflictive findings, evidence supports systemic inflammation's impact on CRC patients' survival rates. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prognostic role of the innate immune system in patients with CRC. Method: A total of 449 patients were included, with a 5-year follow-up period, and absolute neutrophil counts and their related ratios were measured. Results: The non-survival group had increased levels of white blood cells, neutrophils (both p <0.001), and monocytes (p=0.038), compared to the survival group, along with other neutrophil-related ratios. We observed increased mortality risk in patients in the highest tertile of white blood cells [HR=1.85 (1.09-3.13), p<0.05], neutrophils [HR=1.78 (95% CI: 1.07-2.96), p<0.05], and monocytes [HR=2.11 (95% CI: 1.22-3.63)], compared to the lowest tertile, after adjusting for all clinicopathological variables. Random forest analysis identified neutrophils as the most crucial variable in predicting survival rates, having an AUC of 0.712, considering all clinicopathological variables. A positive relationship between neutrophil counts and metastasis was observed when neutrophil counts are considered continuous (β=0.92 (0.41), p<0.05) and tumor size (width) when neutrophils were considered as logistic variable (T1 vs T3) [OR=1.42, (95% CI: 1.05-1.98), p<0.05]. Conclusion: This study offers comprehensive insights into the immune factors that impact the prognosis of CRC, emphasizing the need for personalized prognostic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitor treatment has revolutionized the standard of care for patients with NSCLC. However, the benefit is not universal, highlighting the need for precise prediction factors. Given their relationship with the immune system and non-invasive nature, serum cytokines are potential candidates for predicting the clinical effects of chemoimmunotherapy. Our study aims to evaluate the association of serum cytokines with the prognosis of patients with NSCLC treated with chemoimmunotherapy. Methods: Levels of 10 serum cytokines were detected in 60 NSCLC patients receiving chemotherapy plus PD-1 inhibitor-based treatment. Of these, dynamic samples from 19 patients were collected at baseline and after two treatment cycles. Their association with patients' clinicopathological characteristics, PFS and OS was described and investigated using survival analysis, cox regression and time-dependent ROC analysis. Preliminary evaluation of changes in cytokine levels associated with treatment response was conducted. Results: Patients with lower baseline levels of serum IL-6, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-10 had longer PFS, while patients with higher levels of IL-4 had longer PFS. Patients with lower levels of serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-22, TNF-α and IL-10 had longer OS, while patients with higher levels of IL-4 had longer OS. Multivariate analysis suggested that higher IL-6 and IL-5 levels were associated with poorer PFS, and higher IL-6 levels were associated with dismal OS. Additionally, changes in serum cytokine levels could be associated with treatment response. Conclusion: Our study suggests that serum cytokines, specifically IL-6, IL-5, IL-8, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4, are potential prognostic factors for patients with NSCLC receiving chemotherapy plus PD-1 inhibitor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has threatened people's lives in world. Studies showed that level of insulin is related to function of immune system and level of inflammation in body. In this study we aimed to evaluate the association between dietary insulinemic potential and level of inflammatory biomarkers, severity and symptoms of COVID-19. Participants of this cross-sectional study were 684 people who recovered from COVID-19. Dietary intake of participants was assessed using 168-item food frequency questionnaire during telephone interview, then dietary insulinemic index and load (DII and DIL) calculated for each participants. Data related to study outcomes, include levels of inflammatory biomarkers, disease symptoms, lung infection, saturation of peripheral oxygen, Respiratory Rate, need for respiratory support, duration of disease, hospitalization, recovery from disease and need for respiratory support and score of life satisfaction were collected through an interview with participants and review of their medical records. After controlling for confounders, participants in the highest quartile of DIL had a significantly higher risk of severe COVID-19 (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.01–7.04, P trend = 0.035), risk of hospitalization (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.27-7.64, P trend > 0.001), fever (OR: 2.91, 95% CI: 8.08–1.05, P trend = 0.042), chills (OR: 4.68, 95% CI: 1.77–12.37, P trend = 0.002) and lower risk of weakness (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10–0.74, P trend = 0.012) and myalgia (OR:0.26, CI: 0.10–0.45, P trend = 0.006) compared to the lowest quartile. In addition our findings showed a significant positive association between DII and risk of fever (OR: 1.71 95% CI: 2.84–1.03, P trend = 0.049). Our finding failed to find a significand association between DII and risk of sever COVID-19 and hospitalization. Moreover we did not find significant association between DII/DIL and duration of disease, other symptoms and outcomes. Our findings showed that higher DIL was associated with greater risk of sever COVID-19 and hospitalization. More detailed cohort studies are needed to confirm the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a dual role in the occurrence and development of tumors, and its role in lung cancer remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the impact of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Methods • Data from the GEPIA, TCGA, and HPA databases were utilized to analyze the expression of NLRP3 in lung adenocarcinoma and its microenvironment. GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and GSEA analysis were employed to annotate the functions of differentially expressed genes related to NLRP3. The impact of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells was further investigated by CCK-8 assay and scratch assay. The effects of blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation with IL-1RA and IL-18BP on the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells were further assessed. Survival analysis was conducted to analyze the impact of NLRP3 expression on the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Results • The expression of NLRP3 in lung cancer was lower than in normal tissues, with notably higher expression observed in macrophages compared to other cells. Patients with higher NLRP3 expression exhibit increased infiltration of M2 macrophages. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome using LPS+ATP promotes the proliferation and migration of A549 cells. Simultaneous use of IL-1RA and IL-18BP reverses the promoting effect of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on cell proliferation and migration. Survival analysis results indicate that patients with high NLRP3 expression have a poorer prognosis compared to those with low NLRP3 expression (Hazzard Ratio =1.44; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.21-1.71). Conclusions • The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome promotes the proliferation and migration of A549 cells through secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, potentially influencing patient prognosis. Simultaneously blocking IL-1β and IL-18 can reverse the pro-proliferative and migration-promoting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies in comparative immunology involve investigations into the detailed mechanisms of the immune system of a nonmodel organism. Although this approach has been insightful, it has promoted a deep understanding of only a handful of species, thus inhibiting the recognition of broad taxonomic patterns. Here, we call for investigating the immune defenses of numerous species within a pointillist framework, that is, the meticulous, targeted collection of data from dozens of species and investigation of broad patterns of organismal, ecological, and evolutionary forces shaping those patterns. Without understanding basic immunological patterns across species, we are limited in our ability to extrapolate and/or translate our findings to other organisms, including humans. We illustrate this point by focusing predominantly on the biological scaling literature with some integrations of the pace of life literature, as these perspectives have been the most developed within this framework. We also highlight how the more traditional approach in comparative immunology works synergistically with a pointillist approach, with each approach feeding back into the other. We conclude that the pointillist approach promises to illuminate comprehensive theories about the immune system and enhance predictions in a wide variety of domains, including host-parasite dynamics and disease ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubiquitin controls many cellular processes via its posttranslational conjugation onto substrates. Its use is highly variable due to its ability to form poly-ubiquitin chains with various topologies. Among them, linear chains have emerged as important regulators of immune responses and protein degradation. Previous studies in Drosophila melanogaster found that expression of linear poly-ubiquitin that cannot be dismantled into single moieties leads to their ubiquitination and degradation or, alternatively, to their conjugation onto proteins. However, it remains largely unknown which proteins are sensitive to linear poly-ubiquitin. To address this question, here we expanded the toolkit to modulate linear chains and conducted ultra-deep coverage proteomics from flies that express noncleavable, linear chains comprising 2, 4, or 6 moieties. We found that these chains regulate shared and distinct cellular processes in Drosophila by impacting hundreds of proteins, such as the circadian factor Cryptochrome. Our results provide key insight into the proteome subsets and cellular pathways that are influenced by linear poly-ubiquitin chains with distinct lengths and suggest that the ubiquitin system is exceedingly pliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented is a comprehensive review of the role of the human microbiota in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A diverse microbial community heavily colonizes the human body called the microbiota, with the gut microbiota being the most diverse. The composition of the microbiota varies in different parts of the body and changes with age, diet, and other environmental factors. Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in modulating the host immune response and may influence the severity of COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 have significant alterations in their gut and respiratory microbiota, characterized by a depletion of beneficial commensal bacteria and an enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. These changes in microbiota composition are associated with elevated inflammatory markers, a dysregulated immune response, and more severe disease outcomes. In addition, changes in the gut microbiota can affect lung and brain function, influencing the severity of COVID-19 cases and neurological symptoms, as well as long-term neurological complications associated with the disease. Due to the importance of the microbiota in COVID-19, several therapeutic approaches targeting the microbiota have been proposed to improve outcomes in this disease, including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, postbiotic or microbiota-derived metabolite supplementation, dietary interventions, and lifestyle strategies. Overall, the review highlights the critical role of the human microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of COVID-19 and the potential of microbiota-targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, triggers a complex immune response, with T regulatory cells (Tregs) playing a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing excessive inflammation. The current study investigates the function of T regulatory cells during COVID-19 infection and the subsequent recovery period, emphasizing their impact on immune regulation and inflammation control. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of Treg subpopulations in peripheral blood samples from COVID-19 patients at different stages: acute infection, early convalescence, and long-term recovery. Flow cytometry was employed to quantify Tregs including "naïve", central memory (CM), effector memory (EM), and terminally differentiated CD45RA+ effector cells (TEMRA). Additionally, the functional state of the Tregs was assessed by the expression of purinergic signaling molecules (CD39, CD73). Cytokine profiles were assessed through multiplex analysis. Our findings indicate a significant decrease in the number of Tregs during the acute phase of COVID-19, which correlates with heightened inflammatory markers and increased disease severity. Specifically, we found a decrease in the relative numbers of "naïve" and an increase in EM Tregs, as well as a decrease in the absolute numbers of "naïve" and CM Tregs. During the early convalescent period, the absolute counts of all Treg populations tended to increase, accompanied by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Despite this, one year after recovery, the decreased subpopulations of regulatory T cells had not yet reached the levels observed in healthy donors. Finally, we observed the re-establishment of CD39 expression in all Treg subsets; however, there was no change in CD73 expression among Tregs. Understanding these immunological changes across different T regulatory subsets and adenosine signaling pathways offers important insights into the disease's pathogenesis and provides a broader view of immune system dynamics during recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White adipose tissue (WAT) and the gut are involved in the development of neuroinflammation when an organism detects any kind of injury, thereby triggering metainflammation. In fact, the autonomous nervous system innervates both tissues, although the complex role played by the integrated sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous system functions have not been fully elucidated. Our aims were to investigate the participation of inflamed WAT and the gut in neuroinflammation. Firstly, we conducted an analysis into how inflamed peripheral WAT plays a key role in the triggering of metainflammation. Indeed, this included the impact of the development of local insulin resistance and its metabolic consequences, a serious hypothalamic dysfunction that promotes neurodegeneration. Then, we analyzed the gut–brain axis dysfunction involved in neuroinflammation by examining cell interactions, soluble factors, the sensing of microbes, and the role of dysbiosis-related mechanisms (intestinal microbiota and mucosal barriers) affecting brain functions. Finally, we targeted the physiological crosstalk between cells of the brain–WAT–gut axis that restores normal tissue homeostasis after injury. We concluded the following: because any injury can result not only in overall insulin resistance and dysbiosis, which in turn can impact upon the brain, but that a high-risk of the development of neuroinflammation-induced neurodegenerative disorder can also be triggered. Thus, it is imperative to avoid early metainflammation by applying appropriate preventive (e.g., lifestyle and diet) or pharmacological treatments to cope with allostasis and thus promote health homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, natural polymers have attracted great interest for the development of release systems for vaccine formulations and drug delivery. Zein, a hydrophobic proline-rich protein mixture obtained from maize, is one of the most widely used polymers, very promising for applications in tissue engineering and the parenteral delivery of bioactive agents. Still, we have a limited understanding of the interaction between zein particles and the human immune system, in particular innate immunity/inflammation, which is the first line of defense of our body. Assessing the immune safety of nanoparticles is of central importance for ensuring that nano-formulations for medical use do not cause adverse effects on human health. Here, we evaluated the capacity of zein nanoparticles to induce/modulate the innate/inflammatory response, the development of innate memory, and the macrophage polarization by using reliable in vitro systems based on human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. We observed that zein nanoparticles do not influence any of these aspects of the innate immune/inflammatory response, suggesting its safety and its potential efficiency as a nanocarrier for drug or antigen delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME) promote immune evasion, cancer cell proliferation, and metastasis. Ongoing research is focused on finding ways to prevent tumor growth by inhibiting TAM polarization, which has shown a correlation with unfavorable prognosis in clinical studies. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma up-regulated factor (PAUF) is a protein secreted from pancreatic cancer (PC) and acts as a TME modulator that affects the TME by acting on not only cancer cells but also stromal cells and immune cells. Tumor cells can evade the immune system by PAUF binding to Toll-like receptor (TLR) in monocytes, as this research shows. In this study, the examination centered around the recruitment of human monocytes by PAUF and the subsequent differentiation into macrophages. In an in vitro chemotaxis assay, PAUF induced chemotactic migration of TLR2-mediated monocytes. In addition, PAUF induced differentiation of monocytes into M2 macrophages, which was verified based on expressing surface markers and cytokines and morphological analysis. The inhibition of T cell proliferation and function was observed in differentiated M2 macrophages. To conclude, these findings indicate that PAUF functions as a promoter of cancer progression by regulating the recruitment and differentiation of macrophages within TMEs, ultimately causing immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide; however, the underlying mechanisms of this disease are not fully understood. This review explores several animal models that provide insights into IgAN pathogenesis, emphasizing the roles of aberrant IgA1 glycosylation and immune complex formation. It discusses spontaneous, immunization, and transgenic models illustrating unique aspects of IgAN development and progression. The animal models, represented by the grouped ddY (gddY) mouse, have provided guidance concerning the multi-hit pathogenesis of IgAN. In this paradigm, genetic and environmental factors, including the dysregulation of the mucosal immune system, lead to increased levels of aberrantly glycosylated IgA, nephritogenic immune complex formation, and subsequent glomerular deposition, followed by mesangial cell activation and injury. Additionally, this review considers the implications of clinical trials targeting molecular pathways influenced by IgAN (e.g., a proliferation-inducing ligand [APRIL]). Collectively, these animal models have expanded the understanding of IgAN pathogenesis while facilitating the development of therapeutic strategies that are currently under clinical investigation. Animal-model-based studies have the potential to facilitate the development of targeted therapies with reduced side effects for IgAN patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between cancer and the immune system has captivated researchers for a long time. Recent developments in cancer immunotherapy have substantiated this interest with a significant benefit to cancer patients. Tumor and immune cells are regulated via a wide range of molecular mechanisms involving intricate transcriptional and epigenetic networks. Epigenetic processes influence chromatin structure and accessibility, thus governing gene expression, replication, and DNA damage repair. However, aberrations within epigenetic signatures are frequently observed in cancer. One of the key epigenetic marks is the trimethylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me3), confined mainly within constitutive heterochromatin to suppress DNA accessibility. It is deposited at repetitive elements, centromeric and telomeric loci, as well as at the promoters of various genes. Dysregulated H3K9me3 deposition disrupts multiple pathways, including immune signaling. Consequently, altered H3K9me3 dynamics may modify the efficacy of immunotherapy. Indeed, growing evidence highlights the pivotal roles of various proteins mediating H3K9me3 deposition (SETDB1/2, SUV39H1/2), erasure (KDM3, KDM4 families, KDM7B, LSD1) and interpretation (HP1 proteins, KAP1, CHD4, CDYL, UHRF1) in modulating immunotherapy effectiveness. Here, we review the existing literature to synthesize the available information on the influence of these H3K9me3 writers, erasers, and readers on the response to immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioblastoma is the most fatal and common malignant brain tumor, excluding metastasis and with a median survival of approximately one year. While solid tumors benefit from newly approved drugs, immunotherapy, and prevention, none of these scenarios are opening for glioblastoma. The key to unlocking the peculiar features of glioblastoma is observing its molecular and anatomical features tightly entangled with the host's central nervous system (CNS). In June 2024, we searched the PUBMED electronic database. Data collection and analysis were conducted independently by two reviewers. Results: A total of 215 articles were identified, and 192 were excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The remaining 23 were used for collecting divergent molecular pathways and anatomical features of glioblastoma. The analysis of the selected papers revealed a multifaced tumor with extreme variability and cellular reprogramming that are observable within the same patient. All the variability of glioblastoma could be clustered into three pillars to dissect the physiology of the tumor: 1. necrotic core; 2. vascular proliferation; 3. CNS infiltration. These three pillars support glioblastoma survival, with a pivotal role of the neurovascular unit, as supported by the most recent paper published by experts in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The threat of immune escape and the discovery of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as the failure of certain conventional drugs that are already in use for the symptomatic treatment of diseases, have prompted a re-evaluation of ancient therapeutic remedies such as phytotherapy, and aromatherapy. In this context, the present study aims to shed light on some medicinal plants mostly used by the population of the Daraa Tafilalet region to strengthen their immune systems, and to provide an up-to-date literature review on this subject. Materials and Methods: A survey study was conducted using pre-prepared questionnaires addressed to the population of the Daraa Tafilalet region. MS Windows Excel and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis and results presentation. In addition, for the literature review, searches were conducted across several databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, using medicinal plants, date products, enhance immunity, and essential oils as keywords. Results: Among 142 participants interviewed, 108 used medicinal plants to improve their immune systems. However, 34 interviewers prefer conventional medicine. Date palm fruits and oregano were the most commonly used medicinal plants by the Daraa Tafilalet population to enhance the immune system, followed by anise, lavender, rosemary, thyme, and pennyroyal. These results are supported by literature data. Conclusion: These results reflect the interesting traditional medical knowledge of this population, which merits being documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men, and its progression is strongly influenced by the surrounding environment, known as the tumor microenvironment. This is comprised of a variety of cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), that modulate tumor initiation and progression and may affect treatment strategies. This review focuses on the interactions between fibroblasts and epithelial cancer cells and how these interactions contribute to cancer progression. This knowledge may unveil novel therapeutic approaches that could mitigate aggressiveness and/or render prostate cancer more responsive to current treatments, thus improving patient outcomes. Prostate cancer progression is significantly affected by its tumor microenvironment, in which mesenchymal cells play a crucial role. Stromal cells are modified by cancer mutations, response to androgens, and lineage plasticity, and in turn, engage with epithelial tumor cells via a complex array of signaling pathways and ligand–receptor interactions, ultimately affecting tumor growth, immune interaction, and response to therapy. The metabolic rewiring and interplay in the microenvironment play an additional role in affecting the growth and progression of prostate cancer. Finally, therapeutic strategies and novel clinical trials with agents that target the stromal microenvironment or disrupt the interaction between cellular compartments are described. This review underscores cancer-associated fibroblasts as essential contributors to prostate cancer biology, emphasizing their potential as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In the last decade, significant advances have been made in the development of cell-based models of disease, including for culturing and expanding cells derived from patient biopsy tissue. These advances have led to the development of intestinal organoids, 3D cellular models of the colon, that more accurately represent the disease state and hold the potential to improve our understanding of disease processes. Furthermore, increasing the complexity of these models to include important components, such as the gut microbiome and the stromal compartment with immune cells and vasculature, will provide deeper insight into individual drug responses and lead to better patient outcomes in the future. Despite improvements in participation in population-based screening programme, colorectal cancer remains a major cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Targeted interventions are desirable to reduce the health and economic burden of this disease. Two-dimensional monolayers of colorectal cancer cell lines represent the traditional in vitro models for disease and are often used for diverse purposes, including the delineation of molecular pathways associated with disease aetiology or the gauging of drug efficacy. The lack of complexity in such models, chiefly the limited epithelial cell diversity and differentiation, attenuated mucus production, lack of microbial interactions and mechanical stresses, has driven interest in the development of more holistic and physiologically relevant in vitro model systems. In particular, established ex vivo patient-derived explant and patient-derived tumour xenograft models have been supplemented by progress in organoid and microfluidic organ-on-a-chip cultures. Here, we discuss the applicability of advanced culturing technologies, such as organoid systems, as models for colorectal cancer and for testing chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and efficacy. We highlight current challenges associated with organoid technologies and discuss their future for more accurate disease modelling and personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer treatments like radiotherapy can sometimes cause tumors to shrink not only in the treated area but also in other parts of the body. This phenomenon, called the abscopal effect, happens when the immune system is triggered to attack tumors at distant sites. This review explores how heating the body (hyperthermia) alongside radiotherapy may improve the likelihood of this effect. Both treatments work by sending "danger" signals to the immune system, helping it recognize and attack cancer cells. Radiotherapy and hyperthermia together increase immune activity by releasing specific proteins and improving blood flow to the tumor, making it easier for immune cells to reach and attack cancer cells. This combination may offer a promising way to boost the body's natural defenses against cancer, helping more people experience widespread tumor shrinkage and potentially improving cancer treatment outcomes. Introduction: The abscopal effect is a systemic immune response characterized by metastases regression at sites distant from the irradiated lesion. This systematic review aims to explore the immunological mechanisms of action underlying the abscopal effect and to investigate how hyperthermia (HT) can increase the chances of radiotherapy (RT) triggering systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Methods: This review is created in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Results and Conclusion: HT and RT have both complementary and synergistic immunological effects. Both methods trigger danger signal release, promoting cytokine and chemokine secretion, which increases T-cell infiltration and facilitates cell death. Both treatments upregulate extracellular tumor HSP70, which could amplify DAMP recognition by macrophages and DCs, leading to stronger tumor antigen presentation and CTL-mediated immune responses. Additionally, the combined increase in cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, L-selectin) could enhance leukocyte adhesion to tumors, improving lymphocyte trafficking and boosting systemic anti-tumor effects. Lastly, HT causes vasodilation and improves blood flow, which might exacerbate those distant effects. We suggest the combination of local radiotherapy with fever-range whole-body hyperthermia to optimally enhance the chances of triggering the abscopal effect mediated by the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) have changed how we treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), a B cell malignancy. These inhibitors are known for blocking signals in B cells that help cancers derived from these immune cells grow, but they also have important effects on the non-malignant immune system. This work explains how BTK inhibitors influence different components of the immune system, such as B cells, T cells, and macrophages. It also reviews their impact on the generation of immune-signaling molecules or their effect on the tumor microenvironment. We also explored how these effects might be useful in treating autoimmune diseases and infections. By understanding how BTK inhibitors can impact cancer cells and the immune system, this paper highlights the potential for these drugs to be used in a wider range of medical conditions. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, plays a pivotal role in B cell biology and function. As an essential component of the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway, BTK is expressed not only in B cells but also in myeloid cells, including monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and mast cells. BTK inhibitors (BTKis) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and other B cell malignancies. Besides their well-characterized role in inhibiting BCR signaling, BTKis also exert significant immunological influences outside the tumor cell that extend their therapeutic potential and impact on the immune system in different ways. This work elucidates the immunomodulatory mechanisms associated with BTK inhibition, focusing on CLL and other clinical contexts. We discuss how BTK inhibition affects various immune cells, including B cells, T cells, and macrophages. The effects of BTKis on the profiles of cytokines, also fundamental parts of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are summarized here as well. This review also appraises the implications of these immunomodulatory actions in the management of autoimmune diseases and infections. Summarizing the dual role of BTK inhibition in modulating malignant lymphocyte and immune cell functions, this paper highlights the broader potential clinical use of compounds targeting BTK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate‐late preterm‐born infants experience more frequent and severe respiratory tract infections and wheezing compared to term‐born infants. Decreasing the risk on respiratory tract infections and wheezing in this group is vital to improve quality of life and reduce medical consumption during infancy, but also to reduce the risk on asthma and COPD later in life. Until now, moderate‐late preterm infants are underrepresented in research and mechanisms underlying their morbidity are largely unknown, although they represent 80% of all preterm‐born infants. In order to protect these infants effectively, it is essential to understand the role of the immune system in early life respiratory health and to identify strategies to optimize immune development and respiratory health. This review elaborates on risk factors and preventative measures concerning respiratory tract infections and wheezing in preterm‐born infants, exploring their impact on the immune system and microbiome. Factors discussed are early life antibiotic use, birth mode, feeding type and living environment. Further, differences in adaptive and innate immune maturation between term and preterm infants are discussed, as well as differences in local immune reactions in the lungs. Finally, preventative strategies are being explored, including microbiota transplantation, immune modulation (through pre‐, pro‐, syn‐ and postbiotics, bacterial lysates, vaccinations, and monoclonal antibodies) and antibiotic prophylaxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NSP14 protein of SARS-CoV-2 not only facilitates viral replication but also plays a pivotal role in activating the host immune system by enhancing cytokine production. In this study, we found that NSP14 markedly activated the activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of ERK (p-ERK), which enters the nucleus and promotes AP-1 transcription. The screening of the main proteins of the ERK pathway revealed that NSP14 could interact with MEK, a kinase of ERK, and increase the level of phosphorylated MEK. The addition of the MEK inhibitor U0126 suppressed the level of p-ERK induced by NSP14 and partly blocked cytokine production, suggesting that NSP14 activates MEK to enhance AP-1 signaling. Further investigation demonstrated that the ExoN domain of NSP14 might be crucial for the interaction and activation of MEK. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which NSP14 of SARS-CoV-2 induces a proinflammatory response in the host. [Display omitted] • SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 induces AP-1 transcriptional activity. • SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 induces a pro-inflammatory response by increasing the phosphorylation of ERK. • SARS-CoV-2 NSP14 could interact with MEK via its ExoN domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite immunotherapy's promise in cancer treatment, patient responses vary substantially because of the individual nature of the immune system and the lack of reliable biomarkers. To address this issue, we developed a precision ex vivo platform that integrates patient-specific tumor and immune cells to study the mechanisms of antitumor immune response, predict immunotherapy outcomes, and identify effective treatments. This platform revealed unique single-cell immune response mechanisms and sensitivities to standard-of-care immunotherapies. Furthermore, we were able to identify a synergistic combination of anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) together with a Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b inhibitor that overcame anti-PD-1 resistance in selected patient samples. Activation of the interferon-1-stimulated cytokines predicted combination efficacy, while immunosuppressive cytokines were associated with poor response. Our findings underscore the platform's potential in tailoring immunotherapies and advancing drug development, offering avenues for personalized cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the competition between the pathogen infection and the host defense, infectious microorganisms may enter the host cells by evading host defense mechanisms and use the intracellular biomolecules as replication nutrient. Among them, intracellular Staphylococcus aureus relies on the host cells to protect itself from the attacks by antibiotics or immune system to achieve long-term colonization in the host, and the consequent clinical therapeutic failures and relapses after antibiotic treatment. Here, we demonstrate that intracellular S. aureus surviving well even in the presence of vancomycin can be effectively eliminated using an emerging cell-mimicking therapeutic strategy. These cell mimics with natural killer cell-like activity (NKMs) are composed of a redox-responsive degradable carrier, and perforin and granzyme B within the carrier. NKMs perform far more effectivly than clinical antibiotics in treating intracellular bacterial infections, providing a direct evidence of the NK cell-mimicking immune mechanism in the treatment of intracellular S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetic alterations play a pivotal role in conditions influenced by environmental factors such as overweight and obesity. Many of these changes are tissue-specific, which entails a problem in its study since obtaining human tissue is a complex and invasive practice. While blood is widely used as a surrogate biomarker, it cannot directly extrapolate the evidence found in blood to tissue. Moreover, the intricacies of metabolic diseases add a new layer of complexity, as obesity leads to significant alterations in adipose tissue, potentially causing associated pathologies that can disrupt existing correlations seen in healthy individuals. Here, our objective was to determine which epigenetic markers exhibit correlations between blood and adipose tissue, regardless of the metabolic status. We collected paired blood and adipose tissue samples from 64 patients with morbidity obesity and non-obese and employed the MethylationEPIC 850 K array for analysis. We found that only a small fraction, specifically 4.3% (corresponding to 34,825 CpG sites), of the sites showed statistically significant correlations (R ≥ 0.6) between blood and adipose tissue. Within this subset, 5327 CpG sites exhibited a strong correlation (R ≥ 0.8) between blood and adipose tissue. Our findings suggest that the majority of epigenetic markers in peripheral blood do not reliably reflect changes occurring in visceral adipose tissues. However, it is important to note that there exists a distinct set of epigenetic markers that can indeed mirror changes in adipose tissue within blood samples. Key messages: More than 8% of methylation sites exhibit similarity between blood and adipose tissues, regardless of BMI The correlation percentage between blood and adipose tissue is strongly influenced by gender The principal genes implicated in this correlation are related to metabolism or the immunological system [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication between the nervous system and the immune system has evolved to optimally respond to potentially dangerous stimuli both from within and outside the body. Tumors pose a severe threat to an organism and current therapies are insufficient for tumor regression in the majority of cases. Studies show that tumors are innervated by peripheral nerves from the sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Interactions between cancer cells, nerves and immune cells regulate overall tumor progression. Clinical studies have indicated the potential of targeting the peripheral nervous system for promoting anti‐tumor immune responses. This view point provides an opinion on the current evidence and therapeutic potential of manipulating neuro‐immune communications in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the relationship between molecular classification and HALP score in endometrial cancer (EC). Methods: Patients who were operated with the diagnosis of EC 2014 and 2024 were included in our study. 150 patients were included in the study. We divided the patients into three groups in terms of molecular classification; group 1 was the patients with POLE mutation, group 2 was the patients with MMRd and NSMP (intermediate prognosis), and group 3 was the patients with p53 mutation. Group 2 participants were divided into two groups, a low HALP score group and a high HALP score group, according to the HALP score cut‐off value. Results: Using the value with the highest Youden's index (0.306) as a basis, it was demonstrated that the HALP score with a cut‐off value of 33.735 has a sensitivity of 61.86% and a specificity of 68.75% in intermediate‐risk EC. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) was found to be 75.4% in intermediate‐risk EC patients with low HALP scores and 91.5% in intermediate‐risk EC patients with high HALP scores (p = 0.008). The 5‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was found to be 86% in intermediate‐risk EC patients with low HALP scores and 94.4% in intermediate‐risk EC patients with high HALP scores (p = 0.089). MMR deficiency and NSMP have been considered intermediate‐risk groups for endometrial cancer and are a heterogeneous group. Although the use of the HALP score to reduce this heterogeneity is successful in predicting OS, it is not sufficient for PFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune responses to parasitic infections differ between males and females as the result of distinct sex chromosomal complement and sex hormones – particularly testosterone has been shown to influence the immune response and modulate the outcome of parasitic diseases. Many tropical parasitic diseases, including Chagas' disease, leishmaniasis, amebiasis, malaria and certain helminth infections, exhibit a bias towards the male sex, whereas a female bias exists in tapeworm infection. Selected murine models accurately mirror the male predominance in human parasitosis, including the modulation by sex hormones, and can thus be used as tools for the study of sex differences in infection. Since comprehensive knowledge of these differences is still lacking for many diseases, the availability of these models is particularly valuable. The effect of sex on the prevalence and severity of parasitic diseases is an emerging area of research. Several factors underlie sex-based differences, including sociocultural influences that affect exposure to parasites, and physiological disparities linked to biological sex. Hence, human studies must be interpreted cautiously; however, studies conducted under controlled laboratory conditions are important to validate findings in humans. Such research can more effectively elucidate the role of sex-determining physiological factors (particularly their impact on immune responses), as well as the role of sex-specific differences in resistance to, or severity of, parasitic diseases. This review focuses on the overarching impact of biological sex variables on immunity. Both human and rodent experimental data are discussed, with a focus on selected protozoan and helminth infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We formulate a compartmental model of the murine lymphatic system with the transfer rate parameters derived from the data on the geometric characteristics of the lymphatic system (LS) graph structure and the Hagen–Poiseuille-based values of the lymph flows through the system components, i.e., vertices and edges. It is supplemented by the physics-based model of lymph node draining-related function which considers a paradigmatic view of its geometry with one- and three-afferent lymphatic vessels and one efferent vessel, and the lymph flow described by the Darcy–Starling equations. We discuss further modelling work needed to gain a predictive understanding of the LS function in response to various perturbations including infections and therapeutic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A high density of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) is positively correlated with the pathological complete response rate and favorable survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Heterogeneity in stromal lymphocyte distribution and limited tumor sampling may affect the accuracy of sTIL quantification in biopsy samples from patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy. Thus, identifying additional biomarkers to complement sTIL evaluation is essential. Aims: To identify biomarkers that could be used to complement sTILs evaluation. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: A total of 162 patients with invasive TNBC were enrolled in the study. The following data were gathered: sTIL density, Ki67, nuclear grades of cancer cells, lymphovascular invasion status, the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, axillary lymph node metastasis status, and ultrasonographic parameters of the tumor (size, shape, orientation, margin, internal echo pattern, posterior feature, and vascularity). The relationship between sTIL density and ultrasonographic or clinicopathological characteristics was investigated using both continuous and categorical analyses. Results: Posterior features of the primary tumors was associated with sTIL density (p = 0.038). Additionally, the Ki67 levels and nuclear grades were also associated with sTIL density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.024, respectively). When stratified according to a 20% cut-off of sTIL density, the posterior features of primary tumors, Ki67 levels, and nuclear grades significantly differed between the high and low sTIL density tumors. Tumors with high Ki67 levels were more likely to exhibit high sTIL density than low sTIL density [odds ratio (OR): 2.75, p = 0.021]. Furthermore, nuclear grade III tumors demonstrated significantly higher sTIL density than nuclear grade I-II tumors (OR: 2.49, p = 0.014). Additionally, tumors with posterior enhancement or no posterior features were more likely to exhibit high sTIL density than tumors with acoustic shadows (OR: 2.91, p = 0.028; OR: 2.74, p = 0.022, respectively). Conclusion: Low sTIL density is frequently observed in tumors exhibiting acoustic shadows on ultrasound. However, high sTIL density is more common in tumors with posterior enhancement or no posterior features. Furthermore, high Ki67 levels (> 40%) and high nuclear grades are positively correlated with high sTIL density. This study findings highlight the need for closer surveillance of these biomarkers to complement sTIL evaluation in TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This series of three articles will explore the fundamentals related to anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology in relation to three important topics: the cardiac system, the respiratory system and the endocrine system. The series is intended to provide an informative and evidence-based summary of each topic for both students and clinicians. This third and final paper explores the maternal endocrine system, outlining the key physiological adaptations in pregnancy and summarising the key pathophysiological conditions that may occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]