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This paper aims to find out the relationship between Indonesian salt imports and exchange rate, population, salt production and GDP observed in the 2012-2020 period. This study used descriptive statistical analysis methods and correlation analysis. From the results of the study, the results were obtained, between the exchange rate variables and import values have a significant and negative relationship, the population variables and import volumes have a positive significant relationship, there is no relationship between the variables of production and import volume, and between the variables of production and import values are positively correlated but no significant evidence is found, the variables of GDP and import volume have a significant and positive relationship.

After sharply declining in the first half of 2015, world trade began to grow, albeit at a slow pace. Preliminary data indicate that merchandise import growth was 1.7 percent in 2015, down from 3 percent in 2014. Recent trade developments should be seen in the context of a deceleration in trade growth since the early 2000s, and particularly since the global financial crisis. These developments reflected a combination of old and new cyclical factors as well as enduring structural determinants, such as the maturation of global value chains and the slower pace of trade liberalization. In particular, trade developments in Latin America and Eastern Europe and Central Asia mostly reflected lower imports of recession hit commodity exporters such as Brazil and Russia. Latin America contributed 6 percent to the downward pull in global imports in 2015. Except for Japan, imports and exports of advanced economies did not show signs of a significant downturn, but were sluggish. Lower commodity prices have reduced real incomes in commodity producers and led to a contraction in their imports from all regions, including China. At the same time, the gradual shift from investment to consumption in China, and the more significant contraction in its industrial production seen in early 2015, have reduced its imports from other regions, including commodity producers.

The main message of this report is that if Kazakhstan wants to take advantage of global integration and diversification opportunities, the government needs to improve its trade policy framework, its management, and its regulations. It is also finalizing accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) while its trade strategy includes a number of free trade agreements to be negotiated. It is an active member of the Central Asia Region Economic Cooperation (CAREC). This report is composed of three policy notes that discuss how to improve the trade policy framework, management, and regulations: note one is on the trade policy framework and recommends joining the WTO on a tariff schedule that is more liberal than Russia’s; note two postulates that to benefit more fully from the WTO membership and future regional or bilateral agreements, the institutional framework for trade policy management will need a clearer strategic vision, better coordination within the government and with private sector, and enhanced human capacity; and note three suggests that for the private sector to benefit from global integration and diversification, the government should ease the burden of regulations that affect trade (non-tariff measures (NTMs)).

Classification JEL : C8; F13; F17; Q17; Many trade negotiations involve large cuts in high tariffs, while allowing smaller cuts for an agreed share of politically sensitive products. The effects of these flexibilities on market access opportunities are difficult to predict, creating particular problems for developing countries in assessing whether to support a proposed trade agreement. Some widely used ad hoc approaches for identifying likely sensitive products—such as the highest-bound-tariff rule—suggest that the impact of a limited number of such exceptions on average tariffs and market access is likely to be minor. Applying a rigorous specification based on the apparent objectives of policymakers in setting the prenegotiation tariff enables more accurate assessment of the implications of sensitive-product provisions for average agricultural tariffs, economic welfare, and market access under the Doha negotiations. The analysis concludes that highest-tariff rules are likely to seriously underestimate the impacts on average tariffs and that treating even 2 percent of tariff lines as sensitive is likely to have a sharply adverse impact on economic welfare. The impacts on market access are also adverse, but much smaller, perhaps reflecting the mercantilist focus of the negotiating process.; L’approche basée sur une formule de coupe tarifaire suivie dans de nombreuses négociations commerciales combine de fortes coupes pour les droits de douane élevés dans le cadre de la formule avec des flexibilités permettant des coupes moindres sur certains produits choisis. La difficulté à évaluer les conséquences de telles exceptions est à l’origine de problèmes importants. Les auteurs utilisent une approche d’économie politique du protectionnisme, appliquée sur une base de données détaillée, pour évaluer les implications de cette approche en termes de bien-être et d’accès au marché. Les auteurs trouvent que certaines évaluations simplifiées couramment utilisées sous-estiment grandement ces implications et que le fait de traiter comme « sensibles » un petit nombre de lignes tarifaires en les soumettant à des coupes réduites aurait un impact négatif substantiel sur le bien-être, mais un effet négatif nettement moindre sur l’accès au marché.

Despite reforms over the past quarter-century, world agricultural markets remain highly distorted by government policies. Traditional indicators of those price distortions such as the nominal rate of assistance and consumer tax equivalent provide measures of the degree of intervention, but they can be misleading as indicators of the true effects of those policies. By drawing on recent theoretical literature that provides indicators of the trade- and welfare-reducing effects of price and trade policies, this paper develops more-satisfactory indexes for capturing distortions to agricultural incentives. It then exploits the agricultural distortion database recently compiled by the World Bank to generate estimates of them for both developing and high-income countries over the past half century, based on a sample of 75 countries that together account for all but one-tenth of the world's population, gross domestic product (GDP) and agricultural production. While they are still only partial equilibrium measures, they provide a much better approximation of the true trade and welfare effects of sectoral policies without needing a formal model of global markets or even price elasticity estimates.

We study the factors influencing the sugar imports in China. A multivariate linear regression model for quantitative analysis in established and the model is researched with multicollinearity treatment, autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity test. Research result shows that the per capita income and price fluctuation are not the main factors affecting the sugar import in China, but the domestic sugar production and consumption are the key factors. The substitution effect of sugar substitute has been weakening relatively, exchange rate should be an important factor on sugar imports in the future. Finally, suggestions on how to improve the pattern of the import trade and to enhance the international competitiveness of Chinese sugar are put forward.