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The article focuses on the high-quality glass enclosures, supplied by VANTA, in the architectural project at Casa de Campo Premier Suites and Spa. It is reported that these glass enclosures are described as innovative and functional, offering benefits like natural light, external views, heat reduction, and noise isolation. It further discusses the importance of a collaborative relationship between designers and contractors in ensuring the project's success.

The need for sustainability and a smaller ecological footprint lead to the construction of more airtight building envelopes with better thermal insulation to increase energy efficiency according to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD 2010/31/EU). However, specific fire risks can be encountered by the occupants since they can be blocked for a long period due to the fire-induced pressure increase and the inward door opening. In a previous experimental campaign, wood crib fire tests were carried out for measuring fire-induced pressure in a 70m³ airtight building. High pressure inside the rooms was observed highlighting the problems for the evacuation of the occupants. Moreover, these experimental results were also used to validate the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Satisfactory predictive capability of FDS was obtained for fire-induced pressure and mechanical ventilation considering the influence of the pressure on the area of the leakages but the heat release rate (HRR) was fixed as input data for the simulations. Computational Fluid Mechanics CFD modeling is regularly used in fire safety engineering but generally, a significant limitation comes from the HRR which has to be imposed as input data. This paper presents an evaluation of FDS v6.7.6 capability to predict fire-induced pressure without setting the HRR as input data. Fire tests were carried out with a simple fuel load such as heptane pool fire. At first, heptane pool fires were performed in an open atmosphere for preventing complex interactions between the compartment and fuel vaporization rates and evaluating the ability of FDS to predict liquid pool fire fuel mass-loss rates. Secondly, twenty-one heptane pool fires were performed in a 70 m³ setup for evaluating the capability of FDS to predict heptane mass-loss rates, fire-induced pressure, and temperature field in the fire room in several enclosure configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: Atacama was a peripheral region of the Spanish Empire, but the independence of Bolivia gave it a certain centrality in 1825 since it forced the activation of a port and an altitude route through the only territory with sovereign access to the sea. We study this process through the agrarian reconfiguration of the oases in Atacama, with special attention to interactions between central and local authorities, private agents, and indigenous populations regarding the expansion of forage cultivation. Originality: We seek to broaden the understanding of processes that, although dialoguing with a broader framework related to the configuration of transoceanic and interregional trade in the context of the nascent Republic, had specific repercussions in local spaces through the dissemination of new actors, scarcely studied by anthropology and regional history. Methodology: We analyze primary and secondary sources, to examine this process through the articulation of discourses, expectations, reactions, and conflicts between different agents involved. Conclusions: The transformations produced during this period are basic to the understanding of future reconversion processes of the territory's agricultural-mining landscapes. A characteristic feature of the Bolivian republican plan was the agricultural intensification of the desert through the dissemination of animals and alfalfa seeds in oases and other spaces adjacent to roads. Decades later, after the War of the Pacific, the Atacama Desert would be appropriated by Chile and the subsequent mining cycles would occur on previously reconverted agricultural landscapes, with an indigenous population especially qualified in cattle herding, knowledge of animal trails, and forage supply to the regional mining market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of glass enclosures and window systems in the construction of Torre Bolero 21, an apartment building in Santo Domingo. It is reported that VANTA was responsible for the manufacturing and installation of all the external enclosures, including doors, windows, and glass railings. It highlights the importance of achieving an efficient architectural solution, both aesthetically and functionally, to meet the architect's expectations.

This article examines the circumstances surrounding William Combe's attempted enclosure of open fields at Welcombe, Stratford-upon-Avon. Whilst there are many references to this episode, due largely to William Shakespeare's involvement in its early stages, its place in the wider study of pre-Parliamentary enclosure has not been discussed in any detail. This can be attributed to certain features not shared by other early seventeenth-century enclosure disputes. It was not, for instance, accompanied by serious public order disturbances. Furthermore, the opposition was led not by a loose alliance of the disaffected but by a legally constituted body, the Stratford-upon-Avon Corporation, which was able to put together a strong case to persuade, first, the justices of assize, and then the Privy Council, to call a halt to Combe's efforts despite the fact that the government was becoming increasingly reluctant to enforce anti-enclosure measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the post-Civil War expansion of capitalism in the U.S., particularly industrial enclosures in the South and West, by using the example of New York City businessman William E. Dodge and his company Phelps, Dodge, & Co. The company bought three hundred thousand acres of Georgia's pine barrens in 1868, land which had previously been used as commons by yeoman farmers. The company also was responsible for the dispossession of Apache Indians in Arizona to make way for its industrial mining endeavors, while being part of the beginning of focus of wage laborers efforts to regain power over repressive and unfair labor practices. The relationship between businessmen and the majority Republican Party are explored.

The article discusses the impact of the Big Die-Up of 1886-1887, a rise in the stranding and dying of cattle caused by a drought-blizzard cycle, on large-scale ranching in the Western U.S. through an examination of the operations of the Diamond F Ranch in northwestern Texas. It is argued that the border disputes between British-owned ranches and cattlemen and the poor financial management caused by such disasters led to the increased enclosure of the American open range and, in this case, the bankruptcy of the Francklyn Land and Cattle Company, which owned Diamond F. Also examined is the relationship between the Big Die-Up and the increase in settlement in Texas based on the land reform brought about by the disaster.

The article discusses developments in agricultural practices in Texas during the late-19th and early-20th centuries, with particular focus given to cattle ranching, the enclosure of land with barbed wire, and the growth of cattle feed crops. The author specifically examines the practices of Texas' XIT Ranch. The impact of agricultural industrialization on the ranch is also explained.

In this paper, I deploy the framework of commons as social systems which I have developed in my last book Omnia Sunt Communia to interpret the debate developed in this issue, enquire on the relationship between commons and citizenship, and ground the question of migrants' inhabiting on the theory of commoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in the mid 2000s, a financial asset management company and institutional investors began to invest in timberlands in British Columbia, Canada's most western province. In a period of political economic crisis, investors looked to real assets—"dirt and trees" in the words of one research participant—as a means of accumulating capital through securing access to huge parcels of the most productive and valuable forestland in North America. This article analyses these investments as a socioecological fix for finance capital suggesting that investments in land represent a means for capital and the state to negotiate moments of crisis. The article complicates existing accounts of fixes by demonstrating how the survival of capital in a settler context is fully dependent on an ongoing settler‐colonial project of separating Indigenous people from their land base. The article focuses on the explicitly "private" nature of the land under examination and how this is central to the strategies of investors, the state's deregulation of forest policies, and the marginalization of First Nations' claims to land. The article demonstrates that in settler contexts, discussions of fixes need to be much more attentive to the historic and enduring colonial threads woven through investments in land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Contrary to the requirement to integrate local people in REDD+, private forest developers have displaced many farmers. • Plantation-style carbon forestry is increasingly prioritized at the expense of smallholder agriculture. • Integration of local livelihoods under the 'admitted farms' provision, favours native farmers to the neglect of migrants. • The resources of displaced farmers are further appropriated through back-door land deals and unfair labour relations. • Migrant farmers who seek refuge in the relatively fertile forest belt end up in new webs of poverty and food insecurity. Abstract Drawing on theoretical insights from agrarian political economy, and based on empirical research in the High Forest Zone of Ghana using in-depth interviews and participant observation, this paper examined the context-specific but often less highlighted impacts of REDD+-based carbon forest development activities on local agrarian livelihoods. We find that although REDD+ intends to align local communities to benefit financially for contributions to carbon forestry, its uptake in the Ghanaian context has created entry points for the displacement of smallholder farmers through unregulated profit-driven and restrictive plantation-style carbon forest activities. This yields landless smallholder farmers whose labour is craftily integrated into a capitalist carbon forestry regime as tree planters, with many others striving to reproduce themselves through exploitative sharecropping arrangements and corrupt 'backdoor' land deals. We emphasize that, 'more than carbon' accumulation engendered by REDD+ is fast moving beyond land grabs to a more complex dimension in which the labour and financial resources of marginalized groups are further appropriated by forest investors, and their relatively powerful counterparts in what we term intimate exploitation. Given the ongoing plight of smallholder farmers, particularly the multitude of 'hungry' migrant farmers who seek 'salvation' in the High Forest Zone, it is obvious that REDD+ is pushed at the expense of ensuring food security. To sustainably address current land-related agricultural production bottlenecks and empower local communities to directly benefit from REDD+, we recommend that rather than centralizing both carbon rights and land rights in the hands of the state and a few private investors, community forestlands should be returned to local people under community-led forest management approaches. Local control of both land and carbon stocks will promote sustainable coexistence of smallholder agriculture and carbon forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Agraria is the property of Historia Agraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the European Landscape Convention landscape means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. The meaning of landscape depends on how people perceive and, in turn, interpret a landscape, which, in a circular way, effects again how people perceive the landscape. Perception thereby involves both the sensing of landscape and the constituting of the landscape that one senses. This article counterpoises the perception of landscape as a body of land generated by the enclosure of common land and the perception generated through the use of unenclosed common land by a body of people, and the concomitantly differing perceptions of the nature of the relation between the natural and the human. It will make the distinction drawing upon the case of England’s ‘Lake District’ as perceived in the context of a suggested North Atlantic archipelago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening tests have been carried out to quantify the significance of binaural auralization over monaural auralization in accordance with the acoustic properties of the enclosure. To this end, acoustic rendering of three different rooms were generated based on synthesized monaural (two channels with the same audio material) and binaural room impulse responses. The auralizations were evaluated by means of subjective tests using headphones with non-individualized equalization. Parameters, such as localization, spatial impression and realism, were taken into consideration to determine the relevance of providing binaural information for the auralization of a given room. The analysis of the data has been conducted following a statistical approach based on ANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results indicate that spatial perception is strongly dependent on the acoustic characteristics of the rooms and on the listening condition of the audio material. Furthermore, as expected, advantages of binaural rendering in terms of source localization was also confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive noise reduction means are commonly used to reduce noise in the industry but, unfortunately, their effectiveness is poor in the low frequency range. By applying active structural acoustic control to the enclosure walls significant improvement of the insulating properties in this frequency range can be achieved. In this paper a model of double panel structure with ASAC is presented. The structure consists of two aluminium plates separated by an air gap. Two inertial magnetoelectric actuators and two piezoceramic MFC sensors were used for controlling the structure. A multichannel FxLMS algorithm with virtual error microphone technique is used as a control algorithm. The signal of a virtual error microphone is extrapolated basing on signals from MFC sensors. Performance of this actively controlled structure for tonal signals at selected frequencies is presented in the article. During the study, a double panel structure was mounted on one wall of sound insulating enclosure located in an acoustic chamber. During the measurements local and global reduction of noise test signal was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the changes made in the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a closed enclosure in the presence of sidewalls with symmetrical linear heating. The flow inside the enclosure is primarily driven by a centrally placed discrete heater with thermal radiation included at all surfaces involved. Finite volume method-based computational results corresponding to the resulting steady-state were obtained. The factors causing augmentation and suppression of heat transfer are discussed for two types of sidewall heating. Moreover, it is found that the role of radiation is well stronger than convection in determining the total heat transfer rate when the sidewall heating is decreasing with height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liminal space between the land and the sea has become a space which facilitates society's understanding regarding the notion of the commons. By commons in this case we refer to the cultural and natural resources which are held or produced in common and are accessible to all members of a society. They have no official legal status particularly in the Western societies as physical space is defined as either public or private property. The commons are enclosed during times of crisis, and transformed into private property. The first wave of enclosures intensified in England around the 17th century and in the rest of Western Europe around the 19th century – a process which social historians and commons theorists attribute to the changes in the relations between society, land and property. In this paper the proposition that the seashore is analogous to the common lands of the past is put forward, and current attempts for privatization and commercial exploitation of the seashore can be understood as a modern wave of enclosure. By referring to theories and existing literature linked with the commons, enclosures and Lefebvre's understanding of space, this paper explores the links and the analogies between the first wave of enclosures (common lands) and the more recent second wave focusing on the seashore in three Mediterranean countries, namely Lebanon, Greece and the Republic of Cyprus. With regards to the second enclosure in particular, attention is given to the policy tools which are being put forward so that the seashore's enhanced economic potential can be fully exploited. The first enclosures in the studied countries created a large pool of small land-owners and thus a specific conception of land and private property as an important feature of land. Nevertheless, there is still societal opposition to the enclosure of the seashore, something which can be linked to society's experiences and the conception of the seashore as a commons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the recent geographical debates on the connection between dispossession and informality. Existing scholarship recognises that informality is an integral part of capitalism. Arguments reinforcing the formal–informal dichotomy dominate research on processes of dispossession. Drawing on analyses of the struggle of waste recyclers in Beijing, this paper conceptualises informal activities in relation to circuits of capital. It contends that theories of dispossession need to be extended in order to analyse processes of enclosure in the informal economy. The conclusion discusses the potential of reconceptualising dispossession as a variegated process operating both outside and within the capitalist space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archetypal case of a hot and wet plate surrounded by a cold and wet square enclosure is studied. Turbulent natural convection, the water evaporation/condensation, the heat exchange between the air and the enclosing solid bodies are simulated. The large-eddy simulation methodology is adopted in conjunction with a dynamic Lagrangian model for sub-grid scale viscosity and thermal-vapour diffusivities. Two statistical steady state simulations (maximum Ra = 5 × 10 8 ) and three transitory drying-process simulations are carried out by deactivating and activating the air-solid heat transfer, respectively. The present work extends the companion study of Cintolesi et al. (2016), where first order statistics of the above mentioned cases were presented. Here, second order statistics are shown: first, the turbulent structures of the thermally uncoupled cases are analysed, along with the velocity root-mean square, the turbulent scalar fluxes and the turbulent kinetic energy budget. A few zones of negative production of turbulent kinetic energy are identified and discussed. The presence of splat and anti-splat events on the enclosure surface is detected and discussed. Subsequently, the evolution of the drying-process simulations is reported: the physical properties of the plate materials lead to different decays of the surface thermal fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the declining fortunes of the mushaa', a once-prominent Levantine culture of common land. Palestinians managed to resist attempts by the Ottoman Empire and the British Mandate to break up the mushaa'. Under Israeli colonization, the remaining commons are now subject to another type of appropriation: individual Palestinian contractors seize hold of mushaa' land and build on it. This article introduces the concept of 'enclosures from below', whilst looking at the dynamics of seizure of the commons by Palestinian refugees, who once were peasants practising mushaa' on their lands and are now landless, some having become expert contractors. I show that the contractors consider their actions to be a form of resistance against the settler colonial project, manifested in the advancing of the Wall and settlement expansion. This is described through a case study of the Shu'faat area in Jerusalem. Changing uses of mushaa' land reflect wider tendencies in the Palestinian national project that has become increasingly individualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of rectangular and circular enclosures in southwest Kazakhstan, originally thought to be prehistoric or early historical, has turned out to date from the 1950s and 1960s. They were built as livestock pens (kora) to protect rice paddies from free-grazing cattle. Rice cultivation had been introduced to the region east of the Aral Sea by deported ethnic Koreans from the Soviet Far East after the native pastoral nomadism had been destroyed by forced collectivisation in the early 1930s. This had resulted in the Great Famine of 1931-33, evidence for which is provided by refugees’ burials found on archaeological sites in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The case study illustrates an approach to the study of twentieth century contested landscapes using evidence from archaeology, ethnography, and oral history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose is to focus on the assessment of an ignition risk due to a large amount of unburnt fuel gases accumulated in the extraction duct connected to a confined and mechanically ventilated enclosure fire combining numeric and experiment. The current numerical study includes the initial well ventilated fire, spreading of flame in the enclosure, subsequent decay during under-ventilated conditions and exhaust of unburnt gas ignition in an extraction duct. Globally, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combined with an Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model shows the feasibility for simulations of the air vitiation effect on transient combustion events occurring in a closed environment. A particular effort is undertaken to properly predict the pressure level inside a confined facility, and consequently, air inflow supply rate by using a HVAC system. Overall, the numerical results are in fair agreement with the experimental data for the minor species production (CO, H 2 ), and good agreement for pressure pulse, temperature peak, the major species and heat release rate. In spite of results for minor species that could be improved, the current work confirms the feasibility of a numerical treatment of under-ventilated fire phenomena. The possibility of simulating an ignition risk in an extraction duct connected to a very under-ventilated enclosure fire, has been demonstrated with success in medium-scale facility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REMAINS OF AN 11th–13th-century farmstead were revealed during excavations within part of ‘The Hayworth’, an early enclosure on the ‘lost’ manor of Trubwick, (West Sussex).2Historical, landscape and toponymic evidence has been utilised to set the archaeological activity in context. It seems probable that the excavated site, and the Hayworth enclosure more broadly, relate to a specialised cattle rearing or vaccary farm. The site represents the most completely excavated vaccary complex yet known, and is the first recognisable example from the Wealden region in south-east England.The discovery has important implications for our current understanding of medieval Wealden economy and environment, as well as patterns of settlement evolution. Evidence suggests this site can be linked with the traditions of Anglo-Saxon outpasture and transhumance. This article explores the evidence from this site for the transition from a seasonal pasture to a permanent 12th-century manorial establishment held in severalty. The likely form of a vaccary complex is established and the potential for the existence of these specialised cattle ‘ranches’ and dairies is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Past research in spatial psychology has demonstrated that some environmental properties can positively influence human emotions. While architectural designers have adopted these findings to argue for the positive psychological impact of specific spatial dimensions, there is limited evidence that people can intuitively assess the most basic properties of an interior. Furthermore, the computational–mathematical methods used to examine interior spatio-visual properties have only rarely been compared to human perceptions. Indeed, there is no evidence that two of the most basic spatial feelings – enclosure and exposure – correlate to any of the metric or isovist-based properties of space. In response, this paper presents the results of a study involving 159 participants who assessed 24 perspective views of virtual interiors for feelings of enclosure and exposure. These results are compared with the metric properties and isovist measures of these interiors to examine if human perceptions of a simple space are accurate and possess any direct correlation with isovist measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discuss the framing of the urban public garden from the Renaissance through the early 21st century, including the conception of gardens as enclosed spaces. The development of the use of concave spaces in urban garden design, including the use of artificial horizons, is discussed.

The paper problematizes public housing privatization. It compares the trajectory of tenure change in two garden communities – Garbatella, Rome and Sunnyside Gardens, New York City – which privileged public and private ownership, respectively. The cases are currently dealing with tenure change. Sunnyside experienced the enclosure of gardens and citizens’ attempt to reclaim what was held in common in order to bring back the communal spaces. Garbatella is a place where growth over time of rights, powers, immunities, and privileges is manifested in long-lasting processes of appropriation of public housing goods. Despite their different stories, Sunnyside helps to problematize the process of public housing privatization in Garbatella which is further complicated by tenure complexity, State-induced rent gap and institutional displacement. The analysis of tenure change, done by using the ‘incidents of ownership’ notion developed by Marcuse, contributes to the understanding of what public housing privatization means in social and spatial terms. Housing privatization leads to an erosion of the in-between space where individual and collective aspiration meet as a precondition for the reproduction of what is held in common: spatial goods such as open spaces and housing – a fundamental aspect of our citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present work deals the heat and mass transfer generated in horizontal partially porous enclosure. The vertical walls are subjected to of uniform conditions of temperature and concentration whereas the horizontal walls are assumed to be adiabatic and impermeable. The set of equations describing the double diffusive convection are solved numerically using the numerical control volume approach. The numerical results are presented and analyzed in terms of streamlines, isotherms, isoconcentrations lines and for the average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of different developed acoustic enclosures on the noise emission of a small generator set fuelled by natural gas. The sound signals of generator without enclosure and covered by developed enclosures were measured in front of the generator exhaust at five electric loading conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% load). The sound signal was measured according to SAE J1074 test procedure. The recorded digital sound signals were converted to frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. The results revealed that the simple enclosure (SE) and modified enclosures were effective to attenuate the generator noise at frequencies greater than 800 Hz and 250 Hz, respectively. The acoustic performance in attenuating the generator noise for the semi-covered modified enclosure (SME) and fully covered modified enclosure (FME) was better than for the SE enclosure. The acoustic performance of all enclosures was reduced with increasing the generator load especially at full load condition. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the generator loading condition, the enclosure setup mode and their interaction had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the generator A-weighted overall sound. The results of Duncan's multiple range tests showed that covering the generator with different types of enclosures reduced significantly (P<0.01) the generator sound level (93.2 dB(A)) to 88.4 dB(A) for SE, 87.2 dB(A) for SME and 86.1 dB(A) for FME. They also revealed that the generator sound increased significantly (P<0.01) with increasing the generator electric load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon remains found at Dew lane in Eastleigh, Hampshire. Discussed is the archaeological works which is done by Wessex Archaeology in December 2012 and January 2013 in behalf of the Bellway Homes for the housing and land development in the area. Also discussed are the archaeological features which comprised of Iron Age remains, post-built enclosure and post-holes.

Two captive tiger attacks are presented that took place in Cologne and Münster zoos. Both attacks occurred when the handlers, intent on cleaning the enclosures, entered whilst the tigers accidently retained access to the location, and thus defended their territory against the perceived intruders. Both victims suffered fatal neck injuries from the bites. At Münster, colleagues managed to lure the tiger away from its victim to enable treatment, whilst the Cologne zoo tiger had to be shot in order to allow access to be gained. Whilst it was judged that human error led to the deaths of the experienced zookeepers, the investigation in Münster was closed as no third party was found to be at fault, whereas the Cologne zoo director was initially charged with being negligent. These charges were subsequently dismissed as safety regulations were found to be up to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enclosures divided by multiple vertical diffusive partitions have a high insulating quality and may provide tangible benefits as a construction material. The enclosure under investigation is differentially heated, with adiabatic bottom and top sides. The three coupled modes of heat transfer are investigated numerically. An analysis of the interaction of natural convection and surface radiation has been conducted by studying the influence of the partitions and walls surface emissivity. A parametric study is conducted to point out the influence on global heat transfer of some parameters such as partitions number, enclosure void fraction, and thermal conductivity ratio of partitions and side walls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of flow rate on phytoplankton dynamics and related environment variables, a set of enclosure experiments with different flow rates were conducted in an artificial lake. We monitored nutrients, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, turbidity, chlorophyll- a and phytoplankton levels. The lower biomass in all flowing enclosures showed that flow rate significantly inhibited the growth of phytoplankton. A critical flow rate occurred near 0.06 m/s, which was the lowest relative inhibitory rate. Changes in flow conditions affected algal competition for light, resulting in a dramatic shift in phytoplankton composition, from blue-green algae in still waters to green algae in flowing conditions. These findings indicate that critical flow rate can be useful in developing methods to reduce algal bloom occurrence. However, flow rate significantly enhanced the inter-relationships among environmental variables, in particular by inducing higher water turbidity and vegetative reproduction of periphyton ( Spirogyra). These changes were accompanied by a decrease in underwater light intensity, which consequently inhibited the photosynthetic intensity of phytoplankton. These results warn that a universal critical flow rate might not exist, because the effect of flow rate on phytoplankton is interlinked with many other environmental variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses riots associated with the process of enclosure in urban areas of England during the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Particular focus is given to urban conceptions of commons and citizenship. According to the author, conflicts over town commons became a symbol for larger political disputes over the role of the commonalty in town government. Topics discussed include urban freeman and the relationship between urban and rural enclosure riots.

In Dublin there are many needs and desires which are not met, or excluded, by the pattern of high rent, the commodification of social/cultural life, and the regulation of public space. Against this dynamic, Dublin has seen a number of experiments in urban commoning: people collectively finding ways of opening up space in order to do what they want. This might be as simple as wanting a space to work, to make food or to show films. Rather than trying to change this situation by appealing to existing institutions, these new urban commons are characterized by particular groups of people devising practical ways of escaping the forms of 'enclosure' which limit what can happen in the city. This article takes a 'militant research' approach to explore the potentials and limitations of these experiments in urban production and organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Enclosures, single large curvilinear structures, constitute ubiquitous relics of past human societies in marginal environments. Many enclosures suffer from severe scarcity of related artefactual and ecofactual remains, allowing only tentative assessments of their date and function. A case in point comes from the Judean Desert, Southern Levant, where several dozen enclosures were surveyed and described as Chalcolithic cult sites. Using new research strategies, incorporating critical evaluation of previous surveys, test excavations and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we were able to date enclosures to a much broader time span than previously suggested, and reject their proposed ritualistic function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses themes of dispossession, enclosure, and accumulation in 18th-century history. It responds to other articles in the issue such as "The Dispossessed Eighteenth Century" by scholars Chi-ming Yang and Jordana Rosenberg. Topics discussed include wage slavery, global capitalism, and anti-foundationalist critique.