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The literature on speed-accuracy trade-off (SAT) in motor control has evidenced individuality in how individuals trade moments (e.g.. mean and variance) of spatial and temporal errors. These individual tendencies could grasp tendencies of the system given previous experiences and constraints of the organism, a signature of the system control. Nonetheless, such tendency must be robust to small perturbations. Thirty participants performed nine conditions with different time and spatial criteria over 2 days (scanning). In between these scanning conditions, individuals performed a practice condition that required modifications of the individuals' preferred spatial and temporal tendency in the SAT. Our results demonstrated that there were no systematic effects of practice in SAT preferences. However, individual analyses demonstrated significant changes for 25 out of 30 individuals. The latter either attests against a consistent preference or to a more complex characterization of individual SAT tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive skills, such as innovative problem-solving, are hypothesized to aid animals in urban environments. However, the significance of innovation in wild populations, and its expression across individuals and socio-ecological conditions, is poorly understood. To identify how and when innovation arises in urban-dwelling species, we used advanced technologies and new testing and analytical methods to evaluate innovative problem-solving abilities of wild raccoons (Procyon lotor). We deployed multi-compartment puzzle boxes with either one or multiple solution types and identified raccoons using radio frequency identification. Raccoons solved these novel extractive foraging tasks, and their success was influenced by age and exploratory diversity. Successful raccoons always discovered multiple different solution types, highlighting flexible problem-solving. Using a unique, comparative sequence analysis approach, we found that variation in raccoon solving techniques was greater between individuals than within individuals, and this self-similarity intensified during times of competition. Finally, the inclusion of an easier solution in the multi-solution trials enabled previously unsuccessful raccoons to bootstrap their learning and successfully open multiple difficult solutions. Our study suggests that innovative problem-solving is probably influenced by many factors and has provided novel field and analytical methods, as well as new insights on the socio-ecological dynamics of urban populations.

Despite self-reported positive explicit attitudes toward mixed-sex couples with Down Syndrome (DS), impacts of socially desirable responding have been a concern for researchers. Thus, the current study investigated variations in implicit and explicit attitudes toward mixed-sex couples with and without DS, impacts of socially desirable responding, and how perceptions of personhood (i.e., the extent to which those with DS are just as 'human' as those without). accounted for variations in these attitudes. College students (N = 261) were instructed to complete an Implicit Association Test (IAT) and measures of explicit attitudes, socially desirable responding, and personhood perception Results revealed a slight implicit preference toward those without DS over those with DS (DIAT = -0.20), and implicit measures depicted more bias than did explicit measures. Perceptions of personhood were positively correlated with both implicit and explicit attitudes, however, social desirability did not significantly moderate this relationship. Results from this study have important implications for personhood-centered interventions that could potentially reduce stigma and promote increased autonomy for anyone with DS in romantic relationship engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Various forms of social relationships (e.g., family, romantic relationships, friendship) have been shown to predict health-related outcomes. Bridging social capital, referring to a less intimate social circle, is among those forms of social relationships associated with health. For the first time, the current study aims to examine whether the link between bridging social relationships and a health outcome (i.e., subjective health evaluations) would differ based on the cultural context defined in terms of the individualism-collectivism dimension. Methods and Measures: Data, including representative samples from 64 countries (N = 94,278), were analyzed using the last wave of the World Values Survey. Results: Findings indicated that the positive link between bridging social capital and subjective health was more salient when individualism scores were greater after controlling for the covariates (gender, age, education, income, marital status, and the number of children). However, the effect size was weak. Conclusion: Given that the predictor role of bridging social ties on health could vary based on the cultural context, findings suggested a more nuanced perspective regarding the influence of social relationships on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research in the Low Countries regularly uncovers medieval herring casks. They usually show a wide range of marks and symbols. Herring casks are the bearers of a sign system that had relationships with other forms of writing that played a role in the management of a growing fishing industry and the food supply of the urbanised population. The signs on the casks are prominent witnesses to the important fourteenth- and fifteenth-century historical developments in the production and consumption of sea fish in the county of Flanders and the neighbouring regions. For historical research into the system of signs on the herring casks, I venture into the fields of not only maritime and economic history but also palaeography and semiotics, arguing that signs on the casks played a role in the scaling up and individualisation of the marine fishing economy and the conflict management it required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the digital age, historians face a transformation in methodologies due to vast data availability. While quantitative techniques are considered essential for managing large datasets, their increased use demands heightened vigilance. Through a critique of the CONVICTS exhibition, viewed at the Hobart Penitentiary Chapel in 2019, this article illustrates why it is important to have a clear understanding of the purpose and limitations of the methodologies we engage. CONVICTS remakes Francis Galton's 'pictorial statistics', using contemporary methods to create composite portraits of nineteenth and twenty-first-century convicts. While Galton sought to identify the defining features of the 'ideal criminal', the creators of CONVICTS draw attention to the commonality and likeness of these portraits to our experience of the average person. However, presenting averaged faces as familiar and relatable can inadvertently reinforce biased judgments based on appearances. Moreover, the process of averaging faces erases individuality and fails to represent any actual convict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used data from the U.S. state of Michigan schools participating in the Reading First program to examine the stability of students' disability status in Grades 1 to 3. Reading First aimed to improve at-risk students' reading comprehension through research-based instruction. We analyzed how changes in students' disability status were related to reading comprehension growth. The sample consisted of n = 10,196 students from 191 schools who took the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) Reading Comprehension subtest. Data were collected from 2003 through 2008. We observed considerable changes in disability status for students with speech–language disorders or a specific learning disability (n = 1,193). These students had lower achievement levels and made less progress than students without disabilities. Overall, achievement gains did not differ between students with different stability and change patterns in their disability status. However, students changing from speech–language disorders to a specific learning disability demonstrated the smallest achievement gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0 concepts have enabled significant advancements in manufacturing performance, yet they lack a central component: the systematic recognition and analysis of individual human worker situations, motivations, physiologies, and capabilities. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for future human-technology symbiosis in smart manufacturing processes, inspired by the movie "Iron Man" and his assistant "J.A.R.V.I.S.," representing a fully integrated AI-based robotic and digital support system for individual workers. The core element is the notion of worker individuality, moving beyond traditional distinctions of workers in groups and according to dichotomous scales (e.g., experienced-inexperienced, deaf-not deaf, female-male). A crucial vision for future performance enhancements, both cognitive and physical, is that the technology support system can continuously identify and characterize individual workers' abilities across a continuous range of relevant profile criteria. This system would automatically adapt the provided technological support, including robotics and AI, to meet the individual needs of each worker. For example, the support system may autonomously adjust a collaborative robot's actions and strength based on the worker's physical fitness, or tailor augmented reality guides to their intent, expertise, cognitive abilities, and concurrent attention in real time. As this conceptual paper presents a predominantly futuristic outlook, the core contribution lies in defining the intermediate research questions about realizing such a vision to help the future worker-technology symbiosis become a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated acoustic variation responsible for the individuality of alarm calls produced by 50 Brandt's voles Lasiopodomys brandtii derived from 50 different wild-living colonies. For the first time, we described the calling pattern of Brandt's voles, producing a long series of short alarm calls with short inter-call intervals. The alarm calls displayed four different contours of fundamental frequency but were nevertheless strongly individually distinct within a series of 50 successive alarm calls per caller (2500 analyzed alarm calls). The average value of correct assignment of alarm calls to individuals with discriminant function analysis was 15 times higher than the value expected by chance and was robust, not decreasing with cross-validation. We discuss that the highly individualistic alarm calls provide a basis for individual recognition of callers by colony members. At the same time, heterogeneity of call contours makes the long call series less monotonous, potentially preventing habituation and promoting alertness of conspecific call recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevailing socio-legal structures create a state of personhood limbo for undocumented workers, where broader society undermines various aspects of their personhood in a way that prevents them from fully representing and embracing all dimensions of their selves in and around the workplace. But how do undocumented workers cope with personhood limbo? Drawing on interviews with undocumented workers and civil society workers in Italy, we identify specific forms of what we call "personhood anchoring work" that undocumented workers engage in to claim aspects of personhood that are meaningful to them. Our theorization suggests that workers' experiences of personhood are influenced not only by socio-legal structures, but also by their own agentic acts in response to external conditions, as well as their aspirations, past experiences, and future plans. A key finding of our study is that these practices do not aim to create or disrupt social orders, even in subtle or hidden forms of resistance. Instead, they enable undocumented workers to temporarily position themselves within the social order. In doing so, we also introduce a new way of conceptualizing the integration of undocumented workers that can account for the possibilities and limits of retaining rather than redefining personhood in the face of prevailing constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2024 marks the 25th anniversary of the publication of evoloops, an evolutionary variant of Chris Langton's self-reproducing loops, which proved constructively that Darwinian evolution of self-reproducing organisms by variation and natural selection is possible within deterministic cellular automata. Over the last few decades, this line of Artificial Life research has since undergone several important developments. Although it experienced a relative dormancy of activity for a while, the recent rise of interest in open-ended evolution and the success of continuous cellular automata models have brought researchers' attention back to how to make spatiotemporal patterns self-reproduce and evolve within spatially distributed computational media. This article provides a review of the relevant literature on this topic over the past 25 years and highlights the major accomplishments made so far, the challenges being faced, and promising future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender identity, or people's deeply felt, internal sense of their gender, plays an important role in aggression perpetration and victimization. In this article, I review and organize the psychological research literatures on gender identity–based aggression. I first discuss the need to move beyond binary, cisgender understandings of gender by embracing expansive definitions that more fully capture people's experiences and identities. Next, I summarize relevant research indicating two paths from gender identity to aggression. In one path, individuals with a more masculine (i.e., dominant, agentic) gender identity use aggression proactively, motivated by pursuit of social dominance. In another path, individuals with a more uncertain (i.e., insecure, precarious) gender identity use aggression defensively—and often toward vulnerable, gender nonconforming targets—as a means of protecting their gender identity against threats. I end by identifying important areas for future research and considering how interventions might best mitigate gender identity–based aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review provides a critical overview of current evidence on psychological health behavior determinants and its value in informing intervention and future determinants research. The review begins with work labeling and classifying the myriad of determinants available in the extant research to arrive at core groups of determinants. Next, the conceptual bases of these determinant groups are identified, and the weight of the evidence for their purported effects on health behavior, including belief-based determinants (e.g., outcome expectancies, capacity beliefs), determinants representing self-regulatory capacity (e.g., planning, action control) and nonconscious processes (e.g., habit, implicit cognition), and dispositional determinants (e.g., personality, regulatory control), is critically evaluated. The review also focuses on the theory-based mechanisms underpinning determinant effects and moderating conditions that magnify or diminish them. Finally, the review recommends a shift away from research on determinants as correlates, outlines how determinants can inform intervention development and mechanisms of action tests, suggests alternatives to predominant individualist approaches, and proposes future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voice, as an expression of individuality, serves as a powerful political tool, embodying identity and agency in communication with the surrounding environment. However, it is also vulnerable to suppression by dominant forces. Drawing on Adriana Cavarero's political philosophy of voice and Jacques Rancière's concept of the distribution of the sensible, this article explores the erosion of territorial voice as a precursor to the dispossession inherent in extractivist projects. These projects target lands inhabited by deeply rooted communities whose existence is intertwined with their autopoietic relationship to their territories. This study is based on participant observation and in-depth interviews conducted between 2023 and 2024 with members of communities affected by coal mining in La Guajira. These include the displaced peoples of Roche, Chancleta, Patilla, and Tabaco, as well as the community of Cañaverales, which inhabits land designated for a new coal mine. The expansion of coal extractivism in southern La Guajira demonstrates how the dispossession of territorial voice is a defining feature of totalitarian extractivist regimes. Such regimes suppress individuality expressed through voice, imposing homogenization, obscurity, and impoverishment on human experience. Extractivism systematically ignores territorial voices, enforcing its dominance by silencing them. Genuine engagement with the unique voices of rooted communities requires a sensitive openness--a readiness to be affected by and resonate with their sounds, stories, and singular expressions of historical becoming. This article offers an original contribution by framing voice as a metaphysical category that captures the intimate bond between a people and their territory. It also sheds light on the metaphysical struggles waged against the relentless advance of extractivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on qualitative focus groups and interviews, this paper draws on participatory and relational approaches to explore how prospective and very new workers in their early teens in Canada talk about and navigate workplace safety. We foreground our young participants' discussions and safety management strategies to discuss their shared and sometimes narrow understanding of unsafe work; their mixed, and often limited, experiences of safety training; and the individualized avenues they prioritize to deal with potential and concrete safety issues. Countering our participants' inclination towards individualized solutions, we focus on how these young workers are embedded in relationships with others as well as the material world, including workplace cultures; networks and hierarchies of people; specific materials, time and time pressures; and safety‐related policies. Such a relational lens can in turn guide how we think about fostering workplace safety in ways that challenge more individualized approaches, specifically through recognizing interdependencies that shape how young people think about workplace safety; expanding beyond unidirectional, individualized educational strategies; and favouring shared self‐advocacy, especially with older workers, including through unionization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between family poverty and children's psychological distress is well-established, often assessed through income-based measures. However, a child-centric perspective is lacking, particularly regarding the roles of teacher neglect and peer bullying as potential mediators, and the impact of cultural differences. This study explores how familial poverty affects psychological distress, examines teacher neglect and peer bullying as mediators, and assesses the moderating role of culture. Analyzing a global sample of 16,860 ten-year-olds from the International Survey of Children's Well-Being, the findings reveal a positive correlation between poverty and psychological distress. Teacher neglect and peer bullying partially mediate this link. Moreover, the association between teacher neglect and psychological distress is stronger for children in collectivist cultures, while the association between peer bullying and psychological distress is stronger for children in individualistic cultures. This research provides new insights and practical implications for addressing children's psychological distress worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses one of the central issues of Buddhist thought, the status of selfhood and individuality, as they are discussed in the work of the Japanese Zen thinker Dōgen (1200–1253). It discusses critically and rejects the widespread assumption that Dōgen postulates two levels of selfhood, that of the deluded individual and a transcendent True Self to the attainment of which one should aspire. On the basis of rigorous methodological principles, formulated at the outset, the article analyzes in detail the terminology Dōgen uses for selfhood and individuality and provides a comprehensive, coherent interpretational framework for the reading of a number of key passages that have usually been presented in support of the True Self theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While traditional interpretations of War and Peace have snubbed its philosophical elements, and only a handful of scholars have taken seriously Tolstoy's philosophical ideas, this paper claims that a sophisticated critique of the Enlightenment is the leitmotiv of his book. By means of a close reading of Tolstoy's descriptions of some of the most controversial effects associated to the Enlightenment (i.e., the disenchantment of the world, concept fetishism, the decline of the individual, bureaucratization, the erosion of traditional solidarity, and the reduction of reason to its instrumental dimension), and by comparing Tolstoy's ideas with some of the most accomplished analysis of the Enlightenment and its effects, this paper offers a novel reading of War and Peace: Tolstoy's book should not be read exclusively as a chauvinist and aristocratic depiction of the nineteenth-century Russian society. Above all, War and Peace is an insightful assessment of one of the most momentous transformations of human societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many animal species are known to show individuality in their acoustic communication. This variation in individual male signatures can be decisive for female choice. Within the damselfishes, Dascyllus species are known for prolific sound production during the realization of movements associated with courtship (i.e., the signal jump) and spawning (mating sounds). However, the ability to distinguish the individuality of male Dascyllus sound signatures is unknown. We investigated the variability in the courtship and mating sounds of 17 males of Dascyllus albisella at Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean, to determine whether it was possible to distinguish them from one another and thus have information on their ability to convey individual information. Acoustic analyses confirmed that courtship sounds differed from mating sounds. Comparative analyses suggest that acoustic signals cannot serve as distinctive traits unless the individuals are of different sizes. Males of D. albisella do not use individual signatures in a reproductive behavioral context. However, it cannot be ruled out that variations in the sound production rate may serve as a discriminative feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study examined the influence of national cultural predispositions on training medical professionals and doctor–patient dynamics using a dialogical approach, guided by Hofstede's framework. This framework provided valuable insights into how cultural tendencies shape the learning and application of clinical reasoning skills in different cultural contexts. We found that dimensions such as power distance and individualism versus collectivism significantly influenced clinical reasoning, while other dimensions had more nuanced effects. Junior doctors in Southern nations, despite initially lagging behind, developed advanced clinical reasoning skills with experience, eventually matching their Northern counterparts. The study highlighted the link between cultural norms and educational practices, variations in family involvement during reasoning, adherence to clinical guidelines and doctors' emotional engagement in clinical care between Southern and Northern contexts. Additionally, we recognised that effective clinical reasoning extends beyond technical knowledge, involving an understanding and integration of cultural dynamics into patient care. This highlights the pressing need to prioritise this topic. Scholars working in 3 countries engage in dialogue about how cultural norms shape clinical reasoning and doctor‐patient dynamics, suggesting ways in which clinical reasoning must integrate cultural insights for better care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article problematizes the concept of freedom rooted in liberalism, examining the detention of historian Ilan Pappe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at Detroit Airport in the United States as an emblematic case study. Design/methodology/approach: The research adopts a methodological triangulation approach, based on an analysis that combines data about the event and theories about the concept of freedom, problematizing authors who focused on the relationship between the individual and society in a liberal context, where individualism serves as the basis for specific conceptions of social relations. Findings: Through the use of authors such as John Stuart Mill and John Locke, as well as the contributions of authors like Norbert Elias, it is argued that true freedom is relational, rooted in social interdependencies and the social construction of an individuality that is not individualistic but intrinsically linked to collective aspects. Social implications: Pappe's case illustrates the tensions between individual freedom and collective interests, highlighting the need to reassess freedom of expression in complex political and social contexts. Originality/value: This article proposes a more inclusive and interconnected view of human freedom, where individual and collective interests are negotiated within a dynamic web of social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management and organization studies have long been interested in the social contexts and enduring consequences of individual and collective action. Yet, empirically observing both the situated nature of actions and their ultimate consequences remains challenging. In this paper, we describe microhistory as a complementary approach to grounded and longitudinal studies that reconciles situated action in time with its broader consequences over time. Microhistorical research involves the reflexive use of dual temporal frames: a microtemporal frame suited to an empirically grounded study of individuals in time and a macrotemporal frame accounting for processes of continuity and change in social structures over time. We describe the epistemology, method, and form inherent in theorizing with microhistory and consider its potential for management researchers. Microhistory's approach, we recognize, is well-suited to several phenomena that remain elusive to contemporaneous and longitudinal studies, such as exceptional normal actions, unintended consequences, nonlinear and emergent processes, contingent processes, and unobserved or inconceivable processes. Finally, we consider how microhistory's reflexive temporality offers management scholars opportunities to situate ourselves and our own theorizing in time and to account for evolving consequences over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are known individual differences in both the ability to learn the layout of novel environments and the flexibility of strategies for navigating known environments. However, it is unclear how navigational abilities are impacted by high-stress scenarios. Here we used immersive virtual reality (VR) to develop a novel behavioral paradigm to examine navigation under dynamically changing situations. We recruited 48 participants (24 female; ages 17-32) to navigate a virtual maze (7.5 m × 7.5 m). Participants learned the maze by moving along a fixed path past the mazes landmarks (paintings). Subsequently, participants experienced either a non-stress condition, or a high-stress condition tasking them with navigating the maze. In the high-stress condition, their initial path was blocked, the environment was darkened, threatening music was played, fog obstructed more distal views of the environment, and participants were given a time limit of 20 s with a countdown timer displayed at the top of their screen. On trials where the path was blocked, we found self-reported stress levels and distance traveled increased while trial completion rate decreased (as compared to non-stressed control trials). On unblocked stress trials, participants were less likely to take a shortcut and consequently navigated less efficiently compared to control trials. Participants with more trait spatial anxiety reported more stress and navigated less efficiently. Overall, our results suggest that navigational abilities change considerably under high-stress conditions.

Although humans can recognize their body movements in point-light displays, self-recognition ability varies substantially across action types and participants. Are these variations primarily due to an awareness of visually distinct movement patterns, or to underlying factors related to motoric planning and/or individual differences? To address this question, we conducted a large-scale study in self-action recognition (N = 101). We motion captured whole-body movements of participants who performed 27 different actions across action goals and degree of motor planning. After a long delay period (~ 1 month), participants were tested in a self-recognition task: identifying their point-light action amongst three other point-light actors performing identical actions. We report a self-advantage effect from point-light actions, consistent with prior work in self-action recognition. Further, we found that self-recognition was modulated by the action complexity (associated with the degree of motor planning in performed actions) and individual differences linked to motor imagery and subclinical autism and schizotypy. Using dynamic time warping, we found sparse evidence in support of visual distinctiveness as a primary contributor to self-recognition, though speed distinctiveness negatively influenced self-recognition performance. Together, our results reveal that self-action recognition involves more than an awareness of visually distinct movements, with important implications for how the motor system may be involved.

The current communication between the architect and their addressee (the user of the environment) through architectural works, various creative spatial practices, utopias and manifestos is significantly hampered by the presence of a serious gap in the cultural tradition of architectural art perception. This is especially noticeable today in the situation of a growing variety of personal author’s approaches, social, technological, environmental and, of course, aesthetic turns. However, it will be incorrect to consider this acute problem, the communicative crisis, a ‘disaster’, an unambiguous decline of architecture, or the collapse of the culture of civilization. Some puzzling autonomy of the profession, or even more often, of its individual representatives, the birth of borderline architectural and artistic initiatives, ‘strange’ alternative trends, as well as the individual choice of the ‘spectator’ of this ‘performance’, determine the development of new patterns of thinking within the most contemporary architecture, on its borders and beyond. It would be more accurate to say that today’s civilizational stage is characterized by the coexistence of closed and open systems, unique ‘personal’ styles and complex ‘hybrids’ at the junction of functional, contextual, interactive, and artistic scenarios. The study suggests reflecting on the possibility of orienting oneself in the multidimensional present and looking a little into the future, collecting new thoughts, languages, and forms in a single wandering field, seeing some probable constants that will allow the productive encounter of the different and outline the ways for the emergence of new forms of the environmental consensus and the ways to overcome such frequent alienation of the new architecture. The article was prepared within the framework of the 2024 Program of Fundamental Scientific Research of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences and the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Utilities of the Russian Federation.

In open-fit digital hearing aids (HAs), the processing delay influences comb-filter effects that arise from the interaction of the processed HA sound with the unprocessed direct sound. The current study investigated potential relations between preferred processing delay, spectral and temporal processing abilities, and self-reported listening habits. Ten listeners with normal hearing and 20 listeners with mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing impairments participated. Using a HA simulator, delay preference was assessed with a paired-comparison task, three types of stimuli, and five processing delays (0, 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 ms). Spectral processing was assessed with a spectral ripple discrimination (SRD) task. Temporal processing was assessed with a gap detection task. Self-reported listening habits were assessed using a shortened version of the 'sound preference and hearing habits' questionnaire. A linear mixed-effects model showed a strong effect of processing delay on preference scores (p <.001, η 2 = 0.30). Post-hoc comparisons revealed no differences between either the two shortest delays or the three longer delays (all p >.05) but a clear difference between the two sets of delays (p <.001). A multiple linear regression analysis showed SRD to be a significant predictor of delay preference (p <.01, η 2 = 0.29), with good spectral processing abilities being associated with a preference for short processing delay. Overall, these results indicate that assessing spectral processing abilities can guide the prescription of open-fit HAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-literal interpretations of implausible sentences such as The mother gave the candle the daughter have been taken as evidence for a rational error-correction mechanism that reconstructs the intended utterance from the ill-formed input (...gave the daughter the candle). However, the good-enough processing framework offers an alternative explanation: readers sometimes miss problematic aspects of sentences because they are only processing them superficially, which leads to acceptability illusions. As a synthesis of these accounts, I propose that conscious rational inferences about errors on the one hand and good-enough processing on the other are competing latent processes that simultaneously occur within the same comprehender. In support of this view, I present data from a two-dimensional grammaticality/interpretability judgment task with different types of subtly ill-formed sentences. Both conscious rational inference and good-enough processing predict positive interpretability judgments for such sentences, but only good-enough processing also predicts positive grammaticality judgments. By fitting a lognormal race model jointly to judgments and response latencies, I show that conscious rational inference and good-enough processing, as well as purely grammar-driven processing, actively trade off with each other during reading. Furthermore, individual differences measures reveal that participant traits such as linguistic pedantry, interpretational charity, and analytic/intuitive cognitive styles contribute to variability in the processing patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that attempts to investigate the features of students' environmental behavior. The peculiarity of this work is the inclusion of some indicators of the digital footprint of individuality (openness/closedness) of the profile and the color scheme of the profile) in the analysis of the results obtained using valid methods characterizing students' attitudes to environmental issues. The authors trace the relationship between the indicators characterizing environmental behavior and the studied indicators of the digital footprint of students' individuality. Also, in the process of analyzing the results obtained, a relationship was revealed between the age characteristics of students and the features of their profile in VK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that attempts to investigate the features of students' environmental behavior. The peculiarity of this work is the inclusion of some indicators of the digital trace of individuality (openness/closedness of the profile and the color scheme of the profile) in the analysis of the results obtained using valid methods characterizing students' attitudes to environmental issues. The authors trace the relationship between the indicators characterizing environmental behavior and the studied indicators of the digital trace of students' individuality. Also, in the process of analyzing the results obtained, a relationship was revealed between the age characteristics of students and the features of their profile in VK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative analysis of attitudes towards environmental issues in real life and in the digital environment. The authors attempted to evaluate 10,000 statements regarding environmental issues by VK users not only from the point of view of content analysis, but also from the point of view of the psychological characteristics of this digital trace of individuality. On the other hand, when analyzing attitudes towards environmental issues in real life, we applied traditional methods of psychological personality diagnostics, which were taken by 80 VK users. To compare the results obtained, we used data from the diagnostics of emotional attitudes - positive, negative and neutral. The results obtained in this study allow us to evaluate and compare attitudes towards environmental issues in real life and the digital environment, which contributes to understanding and identifying ways to solve problems of the ecosystem as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A young student in the 1940s, Annie Bentoiu, reconstructs retrospectively, fifty years later, the establishment of the communist regime in Romania, using a discourse that oscillates between the subjective experiences of her own history and the major events that took place in her country during the 20th century. This paper discusses how Timpul ce ni s-a dat [The time we were given], as a consequence, becomes a feminine writing with a hybrid character, revisiting the past according to internal and external events, thus being located at the intersection of personal memory and collective history. Moreover, the study highlights the sociological accents, the philosophical meditations, the political reflections and the historical realities that these memoirs encompass, openings favoured by the author’s triple intellectual formation – in the fields of law, history and literature. Through this hermeneutic exercise, I try to show how a woman’s testimony about an epoch is superimposed over the testimony of her own life, resulting a process in which subjective sources (memories, letters and diaries) are supplemented by a major documentary effort (historical studies and journals of the time). Two different types of history meet inside this sample of feminine literature, bringing together intimate stories and significant national transformations, as an example of the strong and irreversible way in which these histories affect each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endorsement of the employed student identity can provide social support for employed students or protection from negative intergroup comparisons. However, not much is known about what identity aspects or characteristics comprise the employed student identity and how they become important and central to that identity. Using data from 215 employed university students in the UK, we investigated two research questions (RQ's) in this mixed‐method study. RQ1. What are the identity aspects that participants ascribe to the employed student identity? RQ2. Are identity aspects that distinguish employed from non‐employed students, and are considered more suitable for employed versus non‐employed students, more central and more important to the employed students' self‐concept? A thematic analysis categorized the identity aspects that participants self‐generated into 14 distinct categories, with the most important categories being hard‐working, being organized, having motivation, and discipline. Multilevel analyses of identity aspects within individuals revealed that distinctiveness was negatively associated with the importance and centrality of aspects, whereas suitability for employed students was positively associated with the importance and centrality of aspects. We offer practical value through revealing important identity aspects which inoculate employed students against negative intergroup comparisons, and theoretical value through suggesting future avenues for employed students' identity construction. Public Significance Statement: Being an employed student carries a social cost but defining as one can help in obtaining social support or protecting from negative comparisons with non‐employed students. We identify fourteen categories of aspects that can define oneself as an employed student (e.g., motivation, hard work) with employed students experiencing those aspects which are more suitable to them as more identity‐defining, and those aspects which differentiate them from non‐employed students as less identity‐defining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggest a positive association between self-efficacy and subjective well-being. However, these investigations depend on the dichotomy between East Asian and Western cultures, often without directly examining the influence of cultural orientation. This raises questions: How do the psychological benefits of adolescent self-efficacy vary across countries, and to what extent does this variance relate to countries' cultural orientations? To address these questions, the current study analyzed a sample of 15-year-old students across 66 countries (N = 427,584) drawn from the 2018 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) data. As expected, we found that higher self-efficacy was related to better life satisfaction among adolescents in every country studied. Notably, the beneficial role of self-efficacy varies based on cultural context: The relationship between self-efficacy and adolescent life satisfaction is stronger in individualistic than collectivistic countries. These findings suggest that cultural environment is important for understanding adolescent social-psychological well-being and potentially offer broader implications for global mental health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research is aimed at revealing the theoretical and philosophical methodological basis of the art of performance interpretation from the perspective of the procedural triad composer-performer-listener. In the process of interpretation, the performer acts as an active carrier of internal needs and motivations, which have a physiological, psychological, moral, and aesthetic as well as volitional nature. This division is quite conditional as these processes occur simultaneously and interact with each other. Each person is more or less inclined to a certain meaningful aspect, which forms an individual approach to the interpretation of the work. Thus, the needs of the performer (during the conscious search for the sound embodiment of the interpretation at the stage of practical implementation) resolve the most important issue: the ratio of the author's and performer's concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School teachers are among workers most exposed to stress and burnout—a relevant occupational phenomenon leading to psychological and economic costs. The Environmental Sensitivity individual trait—as captured by the psychological marker of sensory processing sensitivity (SPS)—has been found to have a relevant role in stress and emotional exhaustion at work. Yet, little is still known about heightened SPS in the educational field and on underlying mechanisms occurring in the relationship between SPS, stress and burnout. The current work aimed to explore the association between SPS and burnout among teachers as well as the moderating role of perceived stress and school climate in this association. One hundred and ninety eight teachers (44.3 years; SD = 9.7, 94% F) reported on their levels of SPS, occupational burnout, perceived stress and school climate quality. In line with a vulnerability effect, we found heightened SPS largely associated with burnout. This was particularly evident in a context of high‐perceived stress, suggesting that teachers high on SPS may experience more challenges in the face of elevated stress with the need of more support. When exposed to positive and supportive school climate, highly sensitive teachers showed a decrease in burnout, suggesting high SPS as a valuable strength for benefiting from positive experiences. Findings have the potential to inform the customisation of support programs, assisting both schools and work agencies in increasing their awareness of the role of individual differences in responding to both work‐demand‐related stress and to positive work environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Established ecological theory has focused on unitary organisms, and thus its concepts have matured into a form that often hinders rather than facilitates the ecological study of modular organisms. Here, we use the example of filamentous fungi to develop concepts that enable integration of non‐unitary (modular) organisms into the established community ecology theory, with particular focus on its spatial aspects. In doing so, we provide a link between fungal community ecology and modern coexistence theory (MCT). We first show how community processes and predictions made by MCT can be used to define meaningful scales in fungal ecology. This leads to the novel concept of the unit of community interactions (UCI), a promising conceptual tool for applying MCT to communities of modular organisms with indeterminate clonal growth and hierarchical individuality. We outline plausible coexistence mechanisms structuring fungal communities, and show at what spatial scales and in what habitats they are most likely to act. We end by describing challenges and opportunities for empirical and theoretical research in fungal competitive coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitness has taken center stage in debates concerning how best to identify evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETIs). An influential framework proposes that an ETI occurs only when fitness is exported from constituent particles to a collective. We reformulate the conceptual structure of this framework as involving three steps. The culminating step compares "counterfactual" fitnesses against a long-run measure of fitness. This comparison assumes that collective-level fitness mereologically supervenes on particle fitness. However, if this assumption is rigorously enforced, the proposed conditions for identifying ETIs prove to be too weak. We here suggest an alternative model of ETIs centered around traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a novel account of evolutionary transitions in individuality as life cycle closure : that is, the emergence of a new embedding life cycle. To characterize this process, we show how the life trajectory of lower-level entities (e.g., cells) can be coarse-grained into classes of a higher-level entity. We argue that only higher-level entities displaying two necessary conditions for the existence of a life cycle (e.g., multicellular organisms) have achieved life cycle closure. Throughout, we illustrate our point with stage-structured demographic models that yield a rigorous characterization of the conditions for life cycle closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article explores Dasan Jeong Yakyong's conceptualization of humaneness (仁) within his philosophical framework, focusing on the multilayered structure of the concept as revealed in his commentaries in Noneo gogeumju. While previous scholarship has highlighted Dasan's departure from Neo-Confucian views by interpreting humaneness as relational rather than internal or individualistic, limited attention has been given to its specific role in elucidating his philosophy. Despite the consensus on the importance of Dasan's reinterpretation of humaneness in contrasting with Neo-Confucianism, its function as a key term in his thought remains understudied. Dasan's emphasis on the relatedness of humaneness aims not only to refute internality but also to encourage individual moral self-cultivation within the constraints of human existence. Moreover, this conception of humaneness is intricately linked to his holistic understanding of humanity. Thus, this paper elucidates the emphasis on situational uncertainty and plurality within Dasan's reinterpretation of humaneness, alongside a comprehensive discussion of these themes within the conceptual framework of actual practice (行事) and situation (勢) that he later developed in his philosophical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of complex life forms, exemplified by multicellular organisms, can be traced through a series of evolutionary transitions in individuality, beginning with the origin of life, followed by the emergence of the eukaryotic cell, and, among other transitions, culminating in the shift from unicellularity to multicellularity. Several attempts have been made to explain the origins of such transitions, many of which have been internalist (i.e., based largely on internal properties of ancestral entities). Here, we show how externalist perspectives can shed new light on questions pertaining to evolutionary transitions in individuality. We do this by presenting the ecological scaffolding framework in which properties of complex life forms arise from an external scaffold. Ultimately, we anticipate that progress will come from recognition of the importance of both the internalist and externalist modes of explanation. We illustrate this by considering an extension of the ecological scaffolding model in which cells modify the environment that later becomes the scaffold giving rise to multicellular individuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article scrutinizes the unorthodox turn in Charles Lamb’s autobiographical writing through the figure of Elia with its potential to test the limits of alterity and one’s representation of oneself while challenging at the same time the immunity of self as the origin of knowledge and truth. In so doing, this study also maintains that Elia as the autonomous entity calls into question the authority of the writer as well as any claim on teleology and coherence in the act of writing one’s own life specifically. To this end, explication of some of the key passages in the essays is informed by Jacques Derrida’s theoretical stance towards autobiography in his seminal work The Ear of the Other. In this vein, the article suggests that Elia’s individuality and self-consciousness in the essays manifest in unorthodox ways the simultaneous interpretative potential of the figure as the reader of Lamb’s life in making [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper addresses both semantic issues of countability in linguistics, and philosophical issues arising from the problem of the many. I argue (i) that the problem of the many is orthogonal to vagueness and we should look to the semantics of count nouns and numerals for its solution; (ii) that the problem of the many is a challenge for contemporary mereological analyses of count nouns in semantics; but (iii) that the count criterion in these theories can be weakened to avoid the problem. Specifically, weak quantization is proposed as the criterion: a sum, x, counts as nPs if and only if x has n disjoint parts, each of which is in the extension of P, but where the sum of no two of them is also in the extension of P. I show how importing this idea into the semantics of numerals provides a semantic means of dissolving the paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High impact practices for assessment are a priority. Understanding a family's cultural beliefs, values, communication needs, and priorities are vital to best serve each child. Communicating with families about the results of authentic assessment can directly link to goals and strategies. Families need useful authentic assessment results that answer their pressing questions and empower them to engage professionals with trust, clarity, and collaboration. This article will examine the high-impact practices of ecological/contextual assessment by discussing characteristics, features, and how to honor individuality and create a sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]