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The factor required for estimating greenhouse gas emission, i.e. the fossil carbon fraction, excludes the biomass fraction of incinerated waste and can be applied as a major factor in estimating greenhouse gas emissions. In Korea, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from waste incineration facilities is calculated by using a solid waste incinerated amount default values (biomass fraction, content of dry matter, etc.) provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Chang (IPCC). However, this method cannot reflect the characteristics of Korea. This method is likely to overestimate or underestimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to investigate the difference in emissions between the actual values of the biomass content based on the exhaust gas standard and the IPCC defaults applied in the calculation of the national emissions. The comparative result indicates that the amount of greenhouse gas emissions calculated using the solid waste composition method is 70.71 tons CO2/day and using the flue gas analysis is 56.92 tons CO2/day. This verifies that the former method overestimates the amount of greenhouse gas emissions compared with the latter method. The difference is caused by applying both factors in estimating greenhouse gas emissions and the basic values provided in the IPCC guideline. In addition, although the IPCC reported 10% of biomass content, it is 41.06% as a result of actual analysis, and hence, it is considered that there will be a difference depending on the biomass content. Thus, to increase the reliability of the calculated greenhouse gas emissions, these should be estimated by considering national characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal gangue has become one of the largest industrial solid waste in China, but it is also a kind of reserve resources. Representative coal gangue samples from different coal mines (mainly in Permo-Carboniferous and Jurassic) in Weibei area in Shaanxi Province are collected, and potentially useful elements (Al, Fe, Ga, Ge, U) in coal gangue are analyzed. The results show that the reserves of Al and Fe in Chinese coal gangue are 262 million tons and 196 million tons, respectively, based on the geometric mean values of Al2O3 (15.18%, weight percent) and Fe2O3 (6.24%, weight percent). Meanwhile, the crude reserves estimation of Ga, Ge, and U are 55,282, 6867, and 32,981 tons, respectively, based on the weighted mean contents of Ga, Ge, and U in coal gangue at 17.55, 2.18, and 10.47 mg/kg, respectively. Furthermore, Ga and Al contents in quite a large number of coal gangue mines exceed the cutoff value, which has a prospect of development and utilization from coal gangue. The policy implications from this study may include that (1) recycling of useful elements in Chinese coal gangue should be treated as an integral part of sustainable development with professional legislations and (2) establishing a basic database of coal gangue and authoritative system with relevant departments for solid waste management may effectively improve comprehensive utilization of coal gangue in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the different wastes generated by steel industry, there is the shredder residue (SR). SR is a highly heterogeneous mixture, which is most commonly destined to a landfill of industrial waste by the Brazilian steel industry. Considering the high variation of its composition, the use of statistical tools is recommended to obtain consistent data. Pyrolysis can be considered a solution to dispose of this residue. This work aimed at evaluating the SR pyrolysis process using a 2k factorial design. The following variables were investigated: temperature, heating rate, inert gas (N2) flow rate, and CaO/SR ratio. Lower heating rate resulted in higher non-condensable gas yields (>50% w/w). CaO was efficient for C02 capture in non-condensable gas, thus increasing calorific value. Higher heating rate resulted in higher condensable vapor yields, and the main compound found in this stream was styrene. The thermochemical conversion process, through pyrolysis, presented high potential for SR reuse rather than the disposal in landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduced work aims to systematic optimize detailed short-term scheduling for industrial waste incineration to support daily decision-making processes. The overall objective is to reduce the utilization of auxiliary fuel used to overcome waste related energy in the incineration process. The reduction is achieved through adequate mixing and scheduling of waste streams with different energy content and improved logistic strategies. With it, regulatory and technical constraints are fulfilled and holdups in production processes derived from bottlenecks in the waste treatment are avoided. The considered system consists of storage tanks, a piping network, tank wagons for waste transportation, unloading pumps and incineration lances. The optimization model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem with a discrete time representation based on a single uniform grid. It consists of two blocks: i) waste transfer and mixing, and ii) the incineration process itself including energy calculations and constraints. The industrial case study of this work shows a saving potential of auxiliary fuel of up to 90%, leading to a reduction of CO 2 emissions of up to 13%. Hence, the systematic scheduling of industrial waste incineration leads to an important reduction of auxiliary fuel consumption, resulting in economic and environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A life cycle impact assessment was applied in an industrial waste incineration plant to evaluate the direct and indirect environmental impacts based on toxicity and non-toxicity categories. The detailed life cycle inventory of material and energy inputs and emission outputs was compiled based on the realistic data collected from a local industrial waste incineration plant, and the Korean life cycle inventory and ecoinvent database. The functional unit was the treatment of 1 tonne of industrial waste by incineration and the system boundary included the incineration plant and landfilling of ash. The result on the variation of the impact by the unit processes showed that the direct impact was decreased by 79.3, 71.6, and 90.1% for the processes in a semi dry reactor, bag filter, and wet scrubber, respectively. Considering the final impact produced from stack, the toxicity categories comprised 91.7% of the total impact. Among the toxicity impact categories, the impact in the eco-toxicity category was most significant. A separate estimation of the impact due to direct and indirect emissions showed that the direct impact was 97.7% of the total impact. The steam recovered from the waste heat of the incineration plant resulted in a negative environmental burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate factors influencing the destruction efficiency (DE) of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in end-of-life extruded polystyrene (XPS) insulation foams, we conducted co-incineration tests at nine commercial-scale industrial waste incineration plants in Japan with various furnace types and with capacities ranging from 70 to 350 t/day. Source materials consisting of 0.34–3.3 wt% of XPS insulation foam (HBCD content, 3.4–5.0 wt%) mixed with baseline industrial wastes were co-incinerated at temperatures of 880–1,210 °C, depending on the plant. HBCD DEs exceeded 99.999% at all the plants (at five plants, the DEs exceeded 99.9999%), with negligible discharge of brominated dioxins and furans. The type of furnace, the incineration temperature, the air pollution control system, and the XPS/waste mixing ratio had no obvious effect on DE. Except at two plants, more than approximately 80% of the total HBCD output was found in the bottom ash, implying that undecomposed HBCDs are discharged unburned into the bottom ash owing to their fire retardancy. HBCD concentrations in bottom ash (<0.01–40 ng/g-dry) and DE (99.9992–99.999998%) were negatively correlated, suggesting that at XPS/waste mixing ratios of up to approximately 3 wt%, HBCD residue concentrations in bottom ash may be a useful indicator that DE exceeds 99.999%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This works aims to demonstrate that hierarchical integration of planning and scheduling of industrial waste incineration improves the energy efficiency of the process, compared to available scheduling approaches. Through the integration with planning models, scheduling models can rely on more far-sighted information; therefore, energy deficits and excesses can be better compensated in the long run. Subsequently, the auxiliary fuel consumption of the incineration process can be further reduced, which leads to an overall increase of the energy efficiency. Planning and scheduling models are formulated as mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problems with discrete time representation, based on single, uniform grids. The considered waste incineration system consists of storage tanks, a complex piping network, tank wagons for waste transport, unloading stations, and firing lances of incineration units. The conducted industrial case studies reveal substantial improvement potential of daily empirically based waste incineration routines and show that systematic integration of planning and scheduling outperforms consecutive stand-alone scheduling of industrial waste incineration both economically and environmentally by reducing auxiliary fuel usage and CO2 emissions per ton of waste treated, by 16% and 1%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide an up-to-date contemporary bibliometric view of the waste-to-energy incineration literature and a correlative analysis of this field. Based on the bibliometric method, a statistical analysis was undertaken on papers published from 1999 to 2015 in Science Citation Index (SCI) and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI). There were 4348 publications in the field of waste-to-energy incineration. The number of publications per year has increased steadily since 2009. China produced 15.71% of all pertinent articles followed by Japan with 11.37% and USA with 7.97%. China has played a key role in the collaboration network of 30 most productive countries and regions. In addition, the cooperation within the European countries was notable. However, China ranked first in all aspects except h-index. This means China's impact (number of citations) in this field could be further strengthened though its quantity (number of publications) was the highest. Five clusters were identified from keywords networks, i.e. Central Cluster node (“combustion”), Cluster(I) (central nodes were “fly ash”,” heavy metal(s)” and “bottom ash”), Cluster(II) (central nodes were dioxin-related substances), Clusters(III) (central nodes focused on waste management), and Cluster(IV) “chemistry methods”. These findings are useful for the future endeavor of waste-to-energy incineration academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important sources of dioxins are waste incineration, industrial (dioxins are by-products), volcanic eruptions, fire, etc. The Romanian law 278/2013 provides the air emissions limit of 0.1 ng/Nm³ gases for dioxins and furans emitted by the incineration and co-incineration plants. Some aspects regarding the control of these substances in the gases from a cement factory in Romania are presented in this paper. In incineration plant were used various fuels. However, the substances level mentioned above was within the allowed limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, numerical investigation has been performed to predict ash particles impaction and distribution tendencies in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of an industrial refining and chemical wastewater incineration plant. A two-dimensional mathematical model with a six-row staggered arrangement has been built in order to study gas-particle two-phase flow in the HRSG, and the effects of ash particle size, flue gas velocity, longitudinal tube pitch and spanwise tube pitch on ash particle impaction efficiency were investigated. Overall, all parameters played important roles in ash particle impaction performance except longitudinal tube pitch. The results showed that large particles mainly impacted on the windward side of the first two rows of tubes, while small particles impacted on both windward and leeward sides forming a uniform distribution. Enhancing the particle size and flue gas velocity contributed more ash particles to impact on the heat transfer surfaces, moreover, 20 μm particles were much more sensitive to fluid velocity compared with 0.2 μm particles. As for spanwise tube pitch, the results indicated that it had an obvious effect on decreasing the impaction efficiency with an increase of spanwise tube pitch, while with the increase of longitudinal tube pitch, the impaction efficiency declined slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrations and congener profiles of polychlorinated benzenes, phenols, dibenzo- p -dioxin and dibenzofurans, measured in raw flue gases of a real MSWI plant, are discussed in this paper. The data covers steady-state and transient operation conditions, including the memory effect period close to two shutdowns. The highest levels of concentrations of the pollutants were observed the first day after the shutdown with subsequent gradual decrease towards steady-state values. The conditions of the steady-state period prior to shutdown are decisive for the increase of start-up values, memory effect values and memory effect length. We found that the above-mentioned pollutants had a different length of the memory effect period. It can be concluded that under plant transient operation the formation of pollutants by the de novo synthesis is higher than under steady-state conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paperwork are presented the SOLIDWORKS analysis steps to be taken in order to study sustainability of a designed part. There are presented the software capabilities and the settings that have to be done for such analysis and the results shown by software. The elements that are taken into account are ore extraction, material processing, part manufacturing, assembly and transportation needed, product usage and end of life disposal mode (landfill, recycling or incineration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many environmental practitioners consider the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act in the 1970s and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act in the 1980s as the dawn of modern environmental law, New York State has a robust body of antipollution law that predates those federal statutes by decades. By the turn of the twentieth century, New York State statutes, embracing well-established common law principles, contained limitations on the disposal of harmful industrial waste into the waters of the state. The New York State Public Health Law required permits for certain discharges of industrial waste, and the common law provided injunctions and monetary damages for those injured by environmental pollution. This body of law should not be overlooked during coverage disputes over historical environmental contamination because it documents an awareness by the state legislature of the impact of pollution on both surface and groundwaters of the state, and because it demonstrates that harmful unpermitted discharges were prohibited by law since the beginning of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power generation from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is in widespread use as a technology for solid waste treatment and energy recovery. One of the main environmental issues posed by MSWI plants is the continuous emission of pollutants into the atmosphere. Among flue gas components, acid gases are of particular concern due to their high potential impact on the environment. The two-stage dry treatment is among the Best Available Technologies for an enhanced removal efficiency of acid gases. In the first stage the removal process is based on the reaction of acid gases with solid calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), while in the second stage removal is obtained by reaction with sodium bicarbonate. In the present study, design and process data from an existing Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator, where a flue gas two-stage treatment is adopted, were used to test a previously developed operational model The model was implemented in a simulation software to describe both design and process conditions, taking also into account the recycle rate of solid products and unreacted calcium hydroxide in the first stage. Simulations were carried out with the aim of optimizing both reactant feed rates and amounts of solid wastes formed in the acid gas removal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The decontamination and disposal of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash has great significance in the world. In this work, MSWI fly ash was successfully used as a raw material in sintering and preparing calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement in the laboratory. Compressive strength, durability and microstructure of the prepared CSA cement-based materials were studied. The results show that compressive strength of the CSA cement has a developing trend similar to that of the Control Cement I which develops strength quickly at an early curing age, but after 7d, strength increases more slowly. The prepared CSA cement-based materials perform well with respect to resistance to drying shrinkage, carbonation, and water permeation. The CSA cement mortar immersed in sulfate solution has a more compact microstructure and has the potential to be used in engineering constructions which require high resistance to sulfate corrosion. Parts of the chloride ion from the MSWI fly ash could be sintered within the cement clinker and subsequently stabilized in hydration products. The leaching values of heavy metals from these systems are all within the current threshold limits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sulphate minerals of various chemical compositions form subtle mixtures of small aggregated crystals on some burning coal-mining dumps in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, Poland. They include Na and Mg sulphates — blödite and konyaite. Magnesium sulphates belong to the second group and hexahydrite is its most common representative. Aluminium sulphates include tamarugite, pickeringite, and alunogen. Iron sulphates are copiapite-group minerals, metavoltine, butlerite, and voltaite-group minerals. Calcium sulphates are almost exclusively represented by gypsum. EDS proved to be, in general, a better tool than WDS for the chemical analysis of the sulphates. Both the Rietveld and Pawley methods were found to be useful in the calculation of unit cell parameters. The analysed sulphates contain some rare and interesting elements, the most important being Tl, Ga, In, Cd, Se, and As. The sulphates formed as a result of the mutual action of various supergene processes, including the oxidation of S-rich coal-fire gases, metal leaching from waste-rocks by H2SO4 solutions and evaporation. The complexity of the sulphate efflorescence composition is explained by the chaotic nature of settings involving a variety of waste rocks, hydration–dehydration reactions, and access of both ground and rain water- and atmospheric oxygen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, we evaluate the sustainability of absorption/desorption technology for CO2 capture from a targeted unit specialized in industrial waste incineration. The purpose of our study is to fill in this shortage by using a pilot set-up to investigate chemical interactions between synthetic flue gas and solvents and their impacts on process performance. At the same time, we complete our prospection by laboratory experiments to study the influence of specific degradation products on process performance. In this paper, we choose to focus on gas absorption. First, we provide our feedback on experimental methods for overall mass transfer coefficient (KGaW) measurements for CO2 absorption. Second, absorption of acidic pollutants, leading to heat stable salts formation, was investigated. Therefore, we used laboratory tools to study the influence of these salts on process performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Properties of three types of AKP granular activated cokes (Gryfskand/Poland) used for flue gas treatment in industrial waste incineration plants were analyzed. As a reference material activated coke FAK-5 (CarboTech/Germany) was used, commonly applied in BF technologies. Mechanical and physico-chemical properties of the analyzed materials, as well as their porous structure were determined. It was proven that intensive activation contributed to the increase of specific surface area from 218 to 386m2/g and greater volume of micropores. Moreover, significant weakening of mechanical properties and increased chemical use of carbon material were observed. Methodology for testing adsorptive capacity of SO2 and Hg, and catalytic activity of NO reduction — under conditions similar to industrial ones — was developed. It was shown that the adsorptive activity of activated cokes for SO2 and Hg was a linear function of a specific surface area. Catalytic properties with relation to nitric oxides depend on the content of ash and elementary carbon. It was proven that the intensity of activation should be a compromise between good sorptive properties and appropriate mechanical and catalytic properties. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, a large-scale field study was performed in order to distinguish between the contribution of the municipal solid waste incinerator and small clustered industrial waste incinerators in Fuchu city. The dioxin concentrations when only the municipal solid waste incinerator was being operated were found to range from 0.047 to 0.090 pg TEQ/m. The dioxin concentrations when only the clustered small industrial waste incinerators were being operated ranged from 0.085 to 0.25 pg TEQ/m. The concentrations in ambient air were more strongly affected by the clustered industrial waste incinerators than the municipal solid waste incinerator. Furthermore, the predicted concentrations by an atmospheric dispersion simulation model were consistent with the measured concentrations. From these results, the dioxin concentrations in ambient air were attributed primarily to the clustered small industrial waste incinerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This contribution describes the processing and the quality assurance of solid recovered fuel (SRF) that is increasingly used in a wide range of co-incineration plants. As an example, the preparation of municipal, commercial and industrial wastes for recovering of two different specifications of waste fuels (i.e. primary burner fuel and hot disc fuel used in cement industry) is reported and the multiple stage processing scheme used in SRF production is presented as well as the quality of SRF obtained. It will be shown, that removing of metals and sorting out of unwanted inert materials like stones, glass and concrete only after disintegration of the waste matrix during several crushing and separation steps can be carried out efficiently. In the following chapters, the quality assurance of SRF is demonstrated and described by using two different scenarios (i.e. different sizes of waste streams with different particle sizes, delivered to a cement plant by walking floor trucks). Based on CEN/TS-guidelines for SRF as well as national norms (ÖNORM), two sampling procedures and sample preparation schemes are elaborated for the scenarios and own practical experiences in quality assessment of heterogeneous waste fuels are reported. Finally, references are given on new, innovative laboratory equipment like cutting mills with attached cyclones and a mobile, hand-sized XRF-instrument for fast identification of extraneous materials removed from the laboratory sample prior to chemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial hazardous waste from the fluorine chemical industry sometimes has a high content of fluorine, and incinerating it could be very poisonous if the flue gas is not properly disposed. In this study fluoroborate residue is used to represent a typical waste from the fluorine chemical industry . Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared analysis (TG-FTIR analysis) was used to study the evolution characteristics of gaseous products during the pyrolysis of fluoroborate residue. The pyrolysis process of fluoroborate residue could be divided into three stages according to the TG analysis: moisture loss, fast decomposition, and charring. SiF4, BF3, and HF are found as fluorine gas species evolved in the pyrolysis process. The evolution of SiF4 finishes at 600 °C. The evolution of BF3 has two peaks and most of the emission happens before 600 °C. The release of HF could be divided into two stages due to the different existence of F-. In addition, the reforming condition of different fluorine-containing gaseous substances is verified in a thermodynamic equilibrium model and the results could explain the experiment phenomenon well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Industrial waste incineration bottom ash and quarry dust are waste materials which, if reused, will contribute to sustainability. One of the potential uses of these materials in bulk quantities is in controlled low-strength material (CLSM). This paper evaluates the properties of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) made using industrial waste incineration bottom ash and quarry dust. Various mix proportions of CLSM containing bottom ash and quarry dust were developed and the properties evaluated. Tests were performed on the CLSM in fresh and hardened states involving flowability, stability, setting time, segregation resistance, California bearing ratio (CBR), and corrosivity and the results discussed. Results indicated that the setting time of the CLSM mixtures tested ranged from 3.7 to 8h, the fresh density from 1539 to 2100kg/m3, strength values from 0.22 to 11.42MPa, mixtures were stable and no corrosivity. It is shown that addition of quarry dust enhanced the performance of CLSM made using bottom ash with regard to stability, strength, and CBR and hence both the industrial waste incineration bottom ash and quarry dust are potential materials for use in CLSM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The thermal utilization of waste for energy production is gaining importance in European countries. Nevertheless, the combustion of waste leads to significant CO2 emissions in the atmosphere which, depending on the fraction of biogenic and fossil materials, have to be only partially accounted for the national greenhouse gas inventory. For this reason the development of proper methodologies for the measurement of the biogenic fraction in the combusted waste is an active research field. In fact the determination of the radiocarbon concentration in the carbon dioxide stack emissions allows to have a direct indication of the biogenic component in the burned fuel. We present the results of the AMS radiocarbon analyses carried out on carbon dioxide sampled at the stack of three power plants located in Northern Italy burning natural gas, landfill biogas and SRF (Solid Recovered Fuel) derived from MSW (Municipal Solid Waste). The sampling apparatus and the applied processing protocols are described together with the calculation procedures used to determine, from the measured radiocarbon concentrations, the proportion of biogenic and fossil component in the flue gas and in the combusted fuel. The results confirm the high potentialities of this approach in the analysis of industrial CO2 emissions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gas samples and total suspended particle during work and off work time were investigated on-site and off-site electronic waste dismantling workshop (I- and O-EWDW), then compared with plastic recycling workshop (PRW) and waste incineration plant (WIP). TSP concentrations and total PBDE were 0.36–2.21 mg/m3 and 27–2975 ng/m3 at different workshops, respectively. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were major ∑PBDE congeners at I-EWDW and WIP, while BDE-209 was only dominant congener in PRW and control sites during work time and all sites during off work time. The gas-particle partitioning result was well correlated with the subcooled liquid vapor pressure for all samples, except for WIP and I-EDWD, at park during work time, and residential area during off work time. The predicted urban curve fitted well with measured φ values at O-DEWD during work time, whereas it was slightly overestimated or underestimated for others. Exposure assessment revealed the highest exposure site was I-EDWD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Paper mill sludge is often incinerated for heat recovery and volume reduction. In Italy, about 600,000 t of paper mill sludge is produced yearly. About 6 kg of sludge is produced per ton of paper produced. The paper mill sludge is recovered from a primary mechanical separation process. When it is combusted as a single fuel source, it produces paper mill sludge ash (PA). In this project, PA was studied to evaluate its use as a supplementary cementitious material in mortars and concrete manufacturing. On the basis of the data collected, it was concluded that PA, if used to replace up to 10% of the portland cement, shows a positive effect on the mechanical performance of mortars. On the other hand, because of its high fineness and consequently high water absorption, it required a higher amount of water. It was concluded that the use of PA should not be higher than 10% by weight of the cement replaced, unless mortar mixtures are judiciously proportioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mercury sphygmomanometer was introduced over 100 years ago. Mercury, however, is a potent human neurotoxin. An international effort has developed to eliminate health-care sources of mercury - the thermometer and sphygmomanometer - and replace them with less toxic alternatives. There is concern regarding the accuracy of these alternative devices. We conducted a literature review of articles published between 1995 and 2009 evaluating the accuracy of mercury, aneroid, and oscillometric blood pressure devices. Mercury sphygmomanometers fared the best although they do not always perform as expected, failing calibration tests between 1 and 28 per cent of the time. Up to 61 per cent of aneroid sphygmomanometers failed. Recently calibrated aneroid devices performed well. Oscillometric devices were less studied and their performance was variable. All three devices showed variable performance. They should be validated before purchase and calibrated on a regular basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Based on available technology and emission data seven selected management options for air-pollution-control (APC) residues from waste incineration were evaluated by life-cycle assessment (LCA) using the EASEWASTE model. Scenarios were evaluated with respect to both non-toxicity impact categories (e.g. global warming) and toxicity related impact categories (e.g. ecotoxicity and human toxicity). The assessment addressed treatment and final placement of 1tonne of APC residue in seven scenarios: 1) direct landfilling without treatment (baseline), 2) backfilling in salt mines, 3) neutralization of waste acid, 4) filler material in asphalt, 5) Ferrox stabilization, 6) vitrification, and 7) melting with automobile shredder residues (ASR). The management scenarios were selected as examples of the wide range of different technologies available worldwide while at the same time using realistic technology data. Results from the LCA were discussed with respect to importance of: energy consumption/substitution, material substitution, leaching, air emissions, time horizon aspects for the assessment, and transportation distances. The LCA modeling showed that thermal processes were associated with the highest loads in the non-toxicity categories (energy consumption), while differences between the remaining alternatives were small and generally considered insignificant. In the toxicity categories, all treatment/utilization options were significantly better than direct landfilling without treatment (lower leaching), although the thermal processes had somewhat higher impacts than the others options (air emissions). Transportation distances did not affect the overall ranking of the management alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study investigated the activities of prepared and commercial V2O5–WO3 catalysts for simultaneous removals of NO and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the influences of particulates, heavy metals, SO2, and HCl on the performances of catalysts. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory-scale waste incineration system equipped with a catalyst reactor. The DREs of PAHs by prepared and commercial V2O5–WO3 catalysts were 64% and 72%, respectively. Increasing the particulate concentrations in flue gas suppressed the DRE of PAHs, but increasing the carbon content on surface of catalysts promotes the NO conversions. The DRE of PAHs by the catalysts was significantly decreased by the increased concentrations of heavy metal Cd, but was promoted by high concentration of Pb. The influence level of SO2 was higher than HCl on the performances of V2O5–WO3 catalysts for PAHs removal, but was lower than HCl for NO removal. Prepared and commercial V2O5–WO3 catalysts have similar trends on the effects of particulates, heavy metals, SO2, and HCl. The results of ESCA analysis reveal that the presences of these pollutants on the surface of catalysts did not change the chemical state of V and W. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Nano-sized Fe3O4 particles that were covered with a porous layer of nano-sized TiO2 (TiO2-masked Fe3O4) were prepared by simply controlling pH of aqueous slurry solution containing the two particles that have different values of isoelectric point (IEP coating method). The prepared sample showed an effective masking of red-brown color of Fe3O4 particles into a pale yellow. XPS and TEM measurements confirmed an effective covering of TiO2 particles to the Fe3O4 surface. XANES analyses revealed the transformation of some Fe2+ ions into Fe3+ in the Fe3O4 structure (formation of Fe3O4+δ ) due to a close interaction between Fe3O4 and TiO2 during the IEP coating, which was not observed in physical mixture of dry powders of Fe3O4 and TiO2. Compared with pure Fe3O4 or the physical mixture, TiO2-masked Fe3O4 particles exhibited an activity enhancement for both catalytic oxidation of 1,2-dichloro benzene and thermal incineration of catalyst-embedded polyethylene and polystyrene. Temperature-programmed reduction of CO and temperature-programmed surface reaction of CO with O2 revealed that oxygen vacancy sites on Fe3O4+δ played roles for the adsorption and reaction of CO, and close TiO2 provided oxygen to the Fe3O4+δ sites. Compared with pure Fe3O4 particles, TiO2-masked Fe3O4 particles also provided a good color-masking effect when embedded in polymers and improved the thermal stability of base polymers for high temperature fabrication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A sludge pyrolytic kinetics model was established in this study. Two types of sewage sludge from different industrial wastewater treatment plant produced different DTG (Derivative Thermogravimetry) shapes with an overlapping pattern. The multi-heating rate method was conducted to evaluate the kinetics for obtaining reasonable pyrolysis mechanisms and DTG curves were divided into several peaks using the Lorentz fitting method based on the composition of the sludge and the desire for precision. The peaks formed corresponded to the pyrolysis reactions of volatile matter, microbe cells, proteins, inorganic substances and char respectively, which can be reasonably explained based on the results from the flue gas analyzer and the chemical analysis. Two types of sewage sludge were found to have similar pyrolysis mechanisms. Reasonable reasons were also given to explain the distortion and lag observed in the DTG curves and pyrolysis mechanism. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents an inclusive approach with focus on energy use and recovery in wastewater management, including wastewater treatment (WWT) and sludge handling. Process data from three Swedish mills and a mathematical model were used to evaluate seven sludge handling strategies. The results indicate that excess energy use in WWT processes counters the potential energy recovery in the sludge handling systems. Energy use in WWT processes is recommended to aim for sufficient effluent treatment, not for sludge reduction. Increased secondary sludge production is favourable from an energy point of view provided it is used as a substrate for heat, biogas or electricity production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Waste incineration fly ash was successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The crystallized hydrogel from incineration fly ash had a lower electric conductivity and a lower crystallinity than that from calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference in electric conductivity between these crystallized hydrogels decreases with temperature. This was due to the presence of potassium in the incineration fly ash. The fuel cell with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the calcium phosphate hydrogel membrane prepared from incineration fly ash was observed to generate electricity. The performance of this fuel cell was almost equal to that of a mixture of K2CO3 and CaCO3 reagents; further, the performance of the former was superior to the fuel cell with a perfluorosulfonic polymer membrane at temperatures greater than approximately 85 °C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The influences of oxygen, hydrogen chloride, and sodium modification on the activity of the Rh/Al2O3 catalyst for NO removal were investigated in simulated waste incineration conditions. The characterizations of the catalysts were analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, and ESCA. Experimental results indicated that the Rh/Al2O3 catalyst has high stability and activity for NO removal over a range of 0–20% O2. The addition of Na promoted the activity and N2 selectivity of the Rh/Al2O3 catalyst, but an increase in NO2 selectivity was observed when oxygen concentration and reaction time increased. The Rh/Al2O3 catalyst gradually deactivated on both NO and CO conversions when HCl concentration increased to 500ppm because of the formation of RhCl3. The Rh–Na/Al2O3 catalyst has a low activity for NO conversion, but 100% CO conversion still remained even though 500ppm HCl was contained in the feed gas. The Na added to the Rh/Al2O3 catalyst can react with HCl to form NaCl, resulting in a suppressed deactivation for Rh active sites. Low HCl concentrations do not affect NO2 selectivity of the Rh/Al2O3 catalyst but do decrease that of the Rh–Na/Al2O3 catalyst. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

MSW slag materials derived from four pyrolysis melting plants in Japan were studied from the viewpoint of petrology in order to discriminate the glass and mineral phases and to propose a petrogenetic model for the formation process of molten slag. Slag material is composed of two major components: melt and refractory products. The melt products that formed during the melting process comprise silicate glass, and a suite of minerals as major constituents. The silicate glass is essentially composed of low and high silica glass members (typically 30% and 50% of SiO2, respectively), from which minerals such as spinels, melilite, pseudowollastonite, and metallic inclusions have been precipitated. The refractory products consist mainly of pieces of metals, minerals and lithic fragments that survived through the melting process. Investigations demonstrated that the low silica melts (higher Ca and Al contents) were produced at upper levels of high temperature combustion chamber HTCC, at narrower temperature ranges (1250–1350°C), while the high silica melts formed at broader temperature ranges (1250–1450°C), at the lower levels of HTCC. The recent temperature ranges were estimated by using CaO loc="post">2O3 f loc="post">2 (CAS) ternary liquidus diagram that are reasonably consistent with those reported for a typical combustor. It was also understood that the samples with a higher CaO/SiO2 ratio (>0.74–0.75) have undergone improved melting, incipient crystallization of minerals, and extensive homogenization. The combined mineralogical and geochemical examinations provided evidence to accept the concept of stepwise generation of different melt phases within the HTCC. The petrogenesis of the melt products may therefore be described as a two-phase melt system with immiscible characteristics that have been successively generated during the melting process of MSW. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effects of postcombustion zone temperatures and flue gas residence times on monochlorinated to octachlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) in a laboratory-scale reactor combusting municipal solid waste were investigated. Four different quench time profiles were investigated, falling from 400°C to 200°C, 300°C to 100°C, 450°C to 200°C and 460°C to 260°C, with corresponding residence times of 1.4 to 4.4 sec, 1.4 to 5.4 sec, 1.3 to 4.3 sec, and 1.3 to 4.0 sec, respectively. Flue gas samples were collected simultaneously at three fixed sampling points, with an additional sampling of flue gas entering the postcombustion zone (640°C). The quench time profiles resulted in different total PCDD/F yields, as well as differences in homologue profiles and congener patterns. Thus, the formation pathways seem to be dependent on sufficient residence time within a specific temperature region. Formation of PCDD/F was shown to be rapid and mainly located to the 640°C to 400°C temperature region, with non-detectable levels at 640°C and concentrations at 400°C that did not increase or decrease significantly downstream. Furthermore, a prolonged residence time at and above 450°C/ 460°C showed low yields even downstream the postcombustion zone compared to the 400°C to 200°C and 300°C to 100°C profiles. The 460°C to 260°C profile resulted in increased abundance at the last two sampling points of PCDD congeners known to correlate with 2,4,6-trichlorophenols, suggesting that chlorophenol condensation reactions were promoted by this quench time profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New European laws mean there is a pressing need for the UK to review its waste management and consult with the community about how changes could be made. The incineration of waste to generate power is set to become more commonplace in the UK as local authorities struggle to meet commitments of the Landfill Directive to divert waste from landfill disposal, thereby avoiding hefty fines. The incentive for local authorities is the steadily rising tax on landfill use. The UK has historically been heavily reliant on landfill; in 2001, of the 28.2 million tonnes of municipal waste produced, 79 per cent was landfilled, 12 per cent recycled and 8 per cent incinerated with energy recovery through 15 or so plants. There are now 22 facilities, including plant due to come on stream later this year, handling a little under five million tonnes of waste. Additional plants in the planning stage or under construction could add another two million tonnes of capacity, increasing the national grid contribution of electricity generated from waste incineration from a meagre 291 MW to 450 MW by 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The significance of technical data, as well as the significance of system boundary choices, when modelling the environmental impact from recycling and incineration of waste paper has been studied by a life cycle assessment focusing on global warming potentials. The consequence of choosing a specific set of data for the reprocessing technology, the virgin paper manufacturing technology and the incineration technology, as well as the importance of the recycling rate was studied. Furthermore, the system was expanded to include forestry and to include fossil fuel energy substitution from saved biomass, in order to study the importance of the system boundary choices. For recycling, the choice of virgin paper manufacturing data is most important, but the results show that also the impacts from the reprocessing technologies fluctuate greatly. For the overall results the choice of the technology data is of importance when comparing recycling including virgin paper substitution with incineration including energy substitution. Combining an environmentally high or low performing recycling technology with an environmentally high or low performing incineration technology can give quite different results. The modelling showed that recycling of paper, from a life cycle point of view, is environmentally equal or better than incineration with energy recovery only when the recycling technology is at a high environmental performance level. However, the modelling also showed that expanding the system to include substitution of fossil fuel energy by production of energy from the saved biomass associated with recycling will give a completely different result. In this case recycling is always more beneficial than incineration, thus increased recycling is desirable. Expanding the system to include forestry was shown to have a minor effect on the results. As assessments are often performed with a set choice of data and a set recycling rate, it is questionable how useful the results from this kind of LCA are for a policy maker. The high significance of the system boundary choices stresses the importance of scientific discussion on how to best address system analysis of recycling, for paper and other recyclable materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

HCl and some organic compounds are the precursors of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. In this work, a lab-scale fluidized bed incinerator is adopted to study the relationship between the organic and the inorganic chlorine contents of artificial wastes and the emissions of HCl and organic compounds. The lower threshold limit (LTL) of chlorine content below which HCl and organic compounds are not generated is studied. Experimental results showed that organic chlorides had a greater potential to release chlorine than inorganic chlorides. The generation of organic pollutants fell, but the emissions of HCl increased with the temperature. The concentrations of chlorophenols (CPs)/chlorobenzenes (CBs) increased with chlorine contents. No LTL existed for HCl regardless of whether CaO was added. The LTL for CPs was between 0.1 and 0.3wt% of inorganic chloride, but there was none for organic sources. For CBs, the LTL was between 0.5 and 1.0wt% for inorganics at 700 and 800°C, but 0.1–0.3 wt% at 700°C and 0.3–0.5 wt% at 800°C for organics. The production of PAHs and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) was related to the surplus hydrogen ions that were not reacted with the chlorine. Adding CaO inhibited the production of HCl, CBs and CPs, but did not seriously affect PAHs and BTEX. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A mathematical model was presented in this paper for the combustion of municipal solid waste in a novel two-stage reciprocating grate furnace. Numerical simulations were performed to predict the temperature, the flow and the species distributions in the furnace, with practical operational conditions taken into account. The calculated results agree well with the test data, and the burning behavior of municipal solid waste in the novel two-stage reciprocating incinerator can be demonstrated well. The thickness of waste bed, the initial moisture content, the excessive air coefficient and the secondary air are the major factors that influence the combustion process. If the initial moisture content of waste is high, both the heat value of waste and the temperature inside incinerator are low, and less oxygen is necessary for combustion. The air supply rate and the primary air distribution along the grate should be adjusted according to the initial moisture content of the waste. A reasonable bed thickness and an adequate excessive air coefficient can keep a higher temperature, promote the burnout of combustibles, and consequently reduce the emission of dioxin pollutants. When the total air supply is constant, reducing primary air and introducing secondary air properly can enhance turbulence and mixing, prolong the residence time of flue gas, and promote the complete combustion of combustibles. This study provides an important reference for optimizing the design and operation of municipal solid wastes furnace. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Co-landfilling of incineration ash and cellulose might facilitate the alkaline degradation of cellulose. A major degradation product is isosaccharinic acid (ISA), a complexing agent for metals. The impact of ISA on the mobility of Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu and Cd from a municipal solid waste incineration dry scrubber residue was studied at laboratory using a reduced 25−1 factorial design. Factors investigated were the amount of calcium isosaccharinate (Ca(ISA)2), L/S ratio, temperature, contact time and type of atmosphere (N2, air, O2). The effects of pH and Ca(ISA)2 as well as other factors on the leaching of metals were quantified and modelled using multiple linear regression (α =0.05). Cd was excluded from the study since the concentrations were below the detection limit. The presence of Ca(ISA)2 resulted in a higher leaching of Cu indicating complex formation. Ca(ISA)2 alone had no effect on the leaching of Pb, Zn and Cr. A secondary effect on the mobilization was predicted to occur since Ca(ISA)2 had a positive effect on the pH and the leaching of Pb, Zn and Cr increased with increasing pH. The leaching of Pb varied from 24 up to 66wt.% of the total Pb amount (1.74±0.02g(kgTS)−1) in the dry scrubber residue. The corresponding interval for Zn (7.29±0.07g(kgTS)−1) and Cu (0.50±0.02g(kgTS)−1) were 0.5–14wt.% of Zn and 0.8–70wt.% of Cu. Maximum leaching of Cr (0.23±0.03g(kgTS)−1) was 4.0wt.%. At conditions similar to a compacted and covered landfill (4°C, 7 days, 0vol.% O2) the presence of ISA can increase the leaching of Cu from 2 to 46wt.% if the amount of cellulose-based waste increases 20 times, from the ratio 1:100 to 1:5. As well, the leaching of Pb, Zn, and Cr can increase from 32 to 54wt.% (Pb), 0.8–8.0wt.% (Zn), and 0.5 to 4.0wt.% (Cr) depending on the amount of cellulose and L/S ratio and pH value. Therefore, a risk (α =0.05) exists that higher amounts of metals are leached from landfills where cellulose-containing waste and ash are co-disposed. This corresponds to an additional 29t of Pb and 17t of Cu leached annually from a compacted and covered landfill in the north of Sweden. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Heat recovery systems play an important role in waste to energy and biomass processing. An efficient approach that follows a recommended hierarchy in design, process as a whole (e.g., incineration) → subsystem of the process (e.g., heat recovery system) → equipment (e.g., air pre-heater), is shown. Important factors have to be taken into consideration in processes for incineration (combustion of biomass), especially available energy, specific features of hot process fluid (flue gas), type of waste/biomass, fouling, and environmental impact. A combination of intuitive design, know-how, and a sophisticated approach based on up-to-date computational tools is shown. Some novel types of heat exchangers (e.g., air preheaters for high- and low-temperature applications, heat recovery steam generators and/or heaters, and those for specific applications) that can be substituted for conventional ones are presented. An improved or even optimum design of heat exchangers requires computational support in the following areas: a simulation based on energy and mass balance, the thermal and hydraulic calculation of heat exchangers, a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) approach, optimization, and heat integration. Some examples are presented. An approach that ranges from an idea to an industrial application is demonstrated on the novel design of integrated compact equipment (combustion chamber installed inside heat exchanger) for the thermal treatment of waste gases, including heat recovery. This approach involves simulation for obtaining basic process parameters, thermal and hydraulic calculations, design of experimental facility, the manufacture of the equipment and building of this facility, operation and functionality testing, data acquisition for validating and improving the CFD model, and the utilization of feedback from industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we investigated both the decomposition and unintentional formation of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners during combustion experiments of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and automobile shredder residue (ASR) at several stages in thermal treatment plant equipment composed of a primary combustion chamber, a secondary combustion chamber, and other equipments for flue gas treatment. In both experiments, the unintentional formation of PCB occurred in the primary combustion chamber at the same time as the decomposition of PCB in input samples. By combusting RDF, non-ortho-PCB predominantly formed, whereas ortho-PCB and symmetric chlorinated biphenyls (e.g., #52/69, #87/108, and #151) tended to be decomposed. ASR formed the higher chlorinated biphenyls more than RDF. These by-products from ASR had no structural relation with ortho-chlorine. Lower chlorinated biphenyls appeared as predominant homologues at the final exit site, while all congeners from lower to higher chlorinated PCB were unintentionally formed as by-products in the primary combustion chamber. This result showed that the flue gas treatment equipments effectively removed higher chlorinated PCB. Input marker congeners of RDF were #11, #39, and #68, while those for ASR were #11, #101, #110/120, and #118. Otherwise, combustion marker congeners of RDF were #13/12, #35, #77, and #126, while those for ASR were #170, #194, #206, and #209. While the concentration of PCB increased significantly in the primary combustion chamber, the value of toxicity equivalency quantity for dioxin-like PCB decreased in the secondary combustion chamber and the flue gas treatment equipments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A numerical three-dimensional (3D) simulation was performed on the flow of a particle-laden steam jet impinging on the tubes of the superheating section of a waste-burning industrial boiler: the study was conducted to investigate the causes of excessive erosion systematically detected under otherwise normal operation. Prior experimental evidence had led to the identification of the slag particles as a possible agent for such an erosion: these particles are removed from the surface of the first row of the tubes by the steam jet ejected from the sootblower and may cause erosion if they impinge on the tubes of the following (upstream, in the direction of the gas path) rows. Three sootblower configurations were considered to analyze this presumed phenomenology of tube erosion. The (significant) effects of turbulence on the motion of the solid particles are taken into account by means of a stochastic flow model. The simulation generates a prediction of the particles trajectories, both in a geometrical sense (to locate the portions of the tube surfaces on which the individual particles may impinge) and in a statistical one (to identify the relative frequency of the impacts on each portion of surface): the erosion rate for each sootblower configuration has been calculated on the basis of the impact frequency indicated by the numerical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of the Environmental Protection Act in the UK, there are few reports of PAH emissions from clinical waste incinerators (CWIs) operating to improved performance standards. The main aim of this study is to determine PAH emissions from a state-of-the-art CWI focusing on the effects of reactive gases and operating variables on emissions. This was carried out by collection of stack samples over three phases of operation. At stack conditions, most PAHs are predicted to be in the vapour phase. Reactive losses of PAHs were closely correlated by rank with expected reactivities from laboratory studies. Estimates of emissions incorporating sampling losses were derived, although no correlation was found between PAH losses and the modest levels of reactive stack gases. PAH concentrations were one to two orders of magnitude lower than earlier reports from incinerators without effective air pollution control equipment (APCE). The low levels of carbon monoxide recorded were not correlated with any PAHs. This study demonstrates the impact of efficient combustion conditions and APCE on PAH emissions from a CWI. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To enhance the applicability of the nuclear analytical technique in the field of industry and the environment, the inorganic elemental content of the bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Bottom ash samples were monthly collected from an incinerator located at a metropolitan city in Korea, strained through a 5 mm sieve, dried by an oven and pulverized by an agate mortar. The samples were irradiated at the NAA #1 irradiation hole (thermal neutron flux: 2.92·1013 n·cm−2·s−1) in the HANARO research reactor of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and the irradiated samples were measured by a HP Ge gamma-ray spectrometer. Thirty-three elements including As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Sb and Zn were analyzed by an absolute method. The quality control was conducted by a simultaneous analysis with NIST standard reference materials. The average concentrations of the major elements such as Ca, Fe, Al, Na, Mg, K and Ti measured in the sample were 19.9%, 4.85%, 3.79%, 2.11%, 1.84%, 1.22% and 1.02%, respectively. In addition, the concentrations of the hazardous metals like Zn, Cu, Cr, Sb and As were 0.77%, 0.31%, 729 mg·kg−1, 116 mg·kg−1 and 22.2 mg·kg−1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether low environmental doses of dioxin affect the general population is the matter of intense debate and controversy. In a previous study, we found a 2.3-fold risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with residence in areas classified as highly exposed to dioxin emitted from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) (Besançon, France). The main limitation lay within the use of a first- generation Gaussian-type dispersion model as a proxy for dioxin exposure, since its accuracy had not been assessed before. The aim of this study was to validate this geographic- based exposure through PCOO/F measurements from soil samples. PCDDIF concentration, pH, organic carbon concentration, cation exchange capacity, and geomorphology and ecology features were assessed for 75 sampling points. In simple terrain (i.e. northeast of the MSWI), a significant association was highlighted between modeled dioxin ground-level air concentrations and log-transformed measured dioxin soil concentrations with a strong gradient across exposure categories. Conversely, in a complex topography situation (i.e. southwest of the MSWI), the model overpredicted ground-level air concentrations, particularly in the high exposure zone. First-generation modeling provided a reliable proxy for dioxin exposure in simple terrain, reinforcing the results of our case-control study. However, a more advanced atmospheric diffusion model should have been used for refined assessment in complex terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste is incinerated to reduce its volume, toxicity and reactivity. Several studies have shown that the resulting bottom ash has a high exothermic capacity. Temperature measurements in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash landfills have found temperatures up to 90 °C. Such high temperatures may affect the stability of the landfill’s flexible polymer membrane liner (FML) and may also lead to an accelerated desiccation of the clay barrier. The purpose of this study was to gain detailed knowledge of temperature development under several disposal conditions in relation to the rate of ash disposal, the variation of layer thickness, and the environmental conditions in a modern landfill. Based on this knowledge, a simulation was developed to predict temperature development. Temperature development was simulated using several storage periods prior to the deposition and several modes of emplacement. Both the storage time and the mode of emplacement have a significant influence on the temperature development at the sensitive base of the landfill. Without a preliminary storage of the fresh quenched bottom ash, high temperatures at the bottom of a landfill cannot be avoided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ash behaviour comprises one major obstacle towards the efficient utilization of municipal solid wastes, (MSW), in incineration plants. The presence of large amounts of inorganic constituents such as alkali and alkali earth metals, chlorine, sulfur and zinc increase significantly the ash reactivity and lead to severe ash-related problems such as fouling, slagging, corrosion and erosion during their thermal treatment. In this paper, the melting behaviour of various ash fractions originating from the incineration of MSW is studied using simultaneous, (DSC/TG), thermal analysis methods. The produced results provide the basis for improved modelling of the ash behaviour during the incineration of MSW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at assessing the feasibility of concrete production using stabilized m.s.w. (municipal solid waste) incineration fly ashes in addition to natural aggregates. The tested fly ashes were washed and milled, then stabilized by a cement-lime process and finally were reused as a “recycled aggregate” for cement mixture production, in substitution of a natural aggregate (with dosage of 200–400 kg m−3). These mixtures, after curing, were characterized with conventional physical-mechanical tests (compression, traction, flexure, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage). In samples containing 200 kg(waste) m−3(concrete), a good compressive strength was achieved after 28 days of curing. Furthermore, concrete leaching behavior was evaluated by means of different leaching tests, both on milled and on monolithic samples. Experimental results showed a remarkable reduction of metal leaching in comparison with raw waste. In some cases, similar behavior was observed in “natural” concrete (produced with natural aggregates) and in “waste containing” concrete. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]