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The design and operation of modern dispatch control systems for pumping units involves comprehensive solution to separate engineering, technical, and scientific problems. The object of research is information processes enabling the operational modes of electrically driven pumping units at water pumping stations. This paper solves the scientific and technical task related to developing topology, hardware, and software tools, control algorithms, dispatch interface, and researching the modes of operation of pumping units in dispatch control systems at water pumping stations. Algorithms for controlling pumping units have been implemented, the advantage of which is the possibility of automated calculation of parameters for technological PID-controllers, taking into account the current electrical parameters of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units and operating conditions. The WEB-oriented dispatch interface of the SCADA-based pumping unit control system was designed and tested, which enables control process in real time. Features of the developed dispatch control system are improved topology, expanded functionality, energy-saving control modes, and the possibility of further modernization based on the principles of standardization and unification of hardware and software tools and design procedures. The developed dispatch control system for pumping units at water pumping stations has been implemented and is successfully operated at an industrial water supply enterprise. The results provided for an increase in technical and economic indicators during the operation of technological equipment due to the efficiency of control and management procedures, energy-saving operational modes of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, dams have been built to store water, control rivers, and irrigate agricultural land to meet human needs. By the end of the 19th century, hydroelectric power stations arose and extended the purposes of dams. Today, dams can be seen as part of the renewable energy supply infrastructure. The word dam comes from French and is defined in dictionaries using words like strange, dike, and obstacle. In other words, a dam is a structure that stores water and directs it to the desired location, with a dam being built in front of river valleys. Dams built on rivers serve various purposes such as the supply of drinking water, agricultural irrigation, flood control, the supply of industrial water, power generation, recreation, the movement control of solids, and fisheries. Dams can also be built in a catchment area to capture and store the rainwater in arid and semi-arid areas. Dams can be built from concrete or natural materials such as earth and rock. There are various types of dams: embankment dams (earth-fill dams, rock-fill dams, and rock-fill dams with concrete faces) and rigid dams (gravity dams, rolled compacted concrete dams, arch dams, and buttress dams). A gravity dam is a straight wall of stone masonry or earthen material that can withstand the full force of the water pressure. In other words, the pressure of the water transfers the vertical compressive forces and horizontal shear forces to the foundations beneath the dam. The strength of a gravity dam ultimately depends on its weight and the strength of its foundations. Most dams built in ancient times were constructed as gravity dams. An arch dam, on the other hand, has a convex curved surface that faces the water. The forces generated by the water pressure are transferred to the sides of the structure by horizontal lines. The horizontal, normal, and shear forces resist the weight at the edges. When viewed in a horizontal section, an arch dam has a curved shape. This type of dam can also resist water pressure due to its particular shape that allows the transfer of the forces generated by the stored water to the rock foundations. This article takes a detailed look at hydraulic engineering in dams over the millennia. Lessons should be learned from the successful and unsuccessful applications and operations of dams. Water resource managers, policymakers, and stakeholders can use these lessons to achieve sustainable development goals in times of climate change and water crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pump station engineering is a water conservancy project used for long-distance water transfer, irrigation and drainage, and urban living and industrial water supply. Centrifugal pumps are one of the main pump types commonly used in pumping stations, and their operation is of considerable importance for the safety, stability, and efficient operation of pumping stations. This paper takes a large pumping station with seven centrifugal pump units as the research object and combines experimental research and numerical simulation. The axial flow velocity uniformity, average cross-sectional deviation angle, and hydraulic loss of the pump inlet section are evaluated, and the internal flow characteristics of the pump under different startup combination conditions are analyzed based on entropy generation and vorticity. This study also explores the operational performance of the pump station under different startup combination conditions, revealing the mutual influence mechanism between different startup combinations of pump stations and the internal and external characteristics of centrifugal pumps and introducing the optimal startup combination scheme for the pump station system. Research results indicate that the difference in energy loss of centrifugal pumps under different startup combinations is mainly manifested in the impeller and guide vane flow channels. For the two existing inlet flow channel structures in the pump station, the unit effectively operates when the inlet flow channel is tilted to the left. The optimal startup combination method of the pump station under different startup combinations is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and its development over the past 30 years. IWRM emerged in 1992 at the Dublin International Conference on Water and the Environment as a way to address the growing pressures on water resources by integrating environmental, economic, and social dimensions. However, early criticisms of IWRM pointed out its lack of clear definitions and practical implementation. To address this, the International Network of Basin Organizations (INBO) was established in 1994, proposing a definition and key actions for successful implementation. These actions include managing surface water and groundwater together, documenting water resource status, developing management plans, investing in measures, implementing sustainable financing mechanisms, and involving users and stakeholders. The article emphasizes the cyclical and iterative nature of the IWRM process and highlights the adaptability of the French water management model. The INBO has published manuals providing guidance and case studies for implementing IWRM in different contexts. The article also discusses the increasing role of IWRM at the basin level, highlighting governance and on-the-ground indicators that can be used to assess progress and challenges. The European region has been instrumental in promoting IWRM, with the adoption of the Water Framework Directive in 2000. International law, such as the Helsinki Water Convention, has also played a significant role in establishing a legal framework for cooperation on transboundary watercourses. The document stresses the importance of political and financial support for IWRM at the basin level [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Water supply for industrial use and social consumption decreases due to droughts, overexploitation of groundwater and pollution from agricultural and industrial chemicals. Objective: To evaluate the quality of water for industrial use and social consumption from the supply source belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Materials and Methods: The quality of water for industrial use and social consumption was evaluated through the application of testing techniques and methods, in the determination of physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Results and Discussion: The water quality parameters for industrial use and social consumption evaluated were odor, taste and color of odorless, tasteless and colorless respectively. Total dissolved solids were 553 mg L-1, pH 7,33 pH units, calcium 75 mg L-1, magnesium 45 mg L-1, chloride 45 mg L-1, sulfate of 21 mg L-1, nitrite of 0,03 mg L-1, nitrates of 20,2 mg L-1, total coliforms of 1 222 most probable number per 100 mL and thermotolerant coliforms of 584 most probable number probable per 100 mL. Conclusions: These water quality values are suitable for industrial use, while for social consumption they are not suitable due to microbiological contamination and non-compliance with health protection requirements. Although the physical and chemical values analyzed in water for social consumption are within maximum limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water, soil, and heat are strategic supporting elements for human survival and social development. The degree of matching between human-land-water-heat elements directly influences the sustainable development of a region. However, the current evaluation of the matching of human-land-water-heat elements overlooks the influence of elevation factors on the matching results, especially evident in mountainous areas. Taking the Yunnan Plateau with distinctive mountainous features as the research subject, divided into 11 elevation ranges, the Lorenz Gini coefficient, asymmetry coefficient, matching distance, and imbalance index are used to assess the spatial matching and balance of human-land-water-heat elements. A projection tracing model is employed to analyze its water resource carrying capacity. Analyses revealed that the Gini coefficient of monthly precipitation from the 1950s to 2022 on the Yunnan Plateau increases with increasing latitude, whereas the correlation with elevation is notably lower. The asymmetry coefficient increases gradually from west to east with change in longitude. The mismatch of the human–land–water–heat system in regions at different elevations is in the order 1800–2000 m > 2000–2200 m > 1400–1600 m > 800 m > other areas. The matching of the human–land–water–heat system in different wet–dry years and seasons also fluctuates with elevation, resulting in serious seasonal drought and water shortage problems in mountainous areas with elevations of 1200–1600, 1800–2000 m, and >2600 m. The spatial equilibrium of temperature and precipitation in regions of different elevations is best, followed by that of cultivated land, while that of the population is the worst. The Gini coefficients for different water cycle processes of precipitation, surface runoff, and regulating storage capacity for water supply continue to increase. Specifically, the Gini coefficient of industrial water supply is the highest, reaching 0.576, and that of agricultural irrigation is the lowest (0.424). Through artificial regulation of lake and reservoir water, seasonal changes in the demand for agricultural irrigation water are offset to achieve a demand–supply balance and matching of land and water resources. The water resource capacity of different elevation ranges is evenly underloaded. However, the potential of the water resource capacity varies obviously with elevation in the order 2000–2200 m < 1800–2000 m < 1600–8000 m < 1400–1600 m < other areas. It appears that the greater the human–land–water–heat system mismatch, the smaller the regional potential of the water resource capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is one of the most important resources found on Earth, essential for all forms of life. Both the quantity and quality of water resources are crucial for the health of the population and for economic sectors, making water a factor in determining a society's standard of living. Mine water serves as an appealing source of both drinking and technological water. Regardless of the exploitation method, it must be pumped to the surface and, usually, treated to meet environmental standards. In most cases, it is discharged to rivers. In this article, we present a model of the use of mine water from three pumping stations of decommissioned coal mines in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin—Jan Kanty, Saturn, and Boże Dary. Water from these pumping stations is characterized by good qualitative and quantitative parameters. The results of the physico-chemical composition analyses carried out in the years 2012–2022 did not reveal any excessive amounts of toxic components or treatment difficulties. Given the long operational lifespan of these pumping stations and their existing water extraction infrastructure, they emerge as promising sources of both potable and industrial water supply, demanding minimal treatment efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that the modification of commercial activated carbon grades F400 and AS-CS with ferric oxide obtained from alumina production waste "red mud" allows increasing the sorption capacity of activated carbon grade F400 to 60.241 mg/g (2 times). At the same time, the maximum sorption capacity of activated carbon AS-CS increases almost 7 times. The content of Fe2O3 fixed in the structure of activated carbon reaches 9.14%. It has been established that the modification forms an additional number of phenolic groups on the surface of the material, which contributes to an increase in the anion exchange capacity of the sorption material by 2.55 times. The sorption material is effective for removing phosphorus compounds from water at the level of 88.1% and can be recommended for use in the treatment of industrial water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir engineering plays a critical role in achieving rational water resource allocation, providing ecological services, and promoting regional development. However, in the formulation of water allocation plans, there is often a tendency to prioritize meeting regional water demand while overlooking ecological benefits. This study develops a multi-objective water allocation model based on evaluating ecosystem services value supply and demand, integrating indicators such as ecosystem service fulfillment ability, water resources fulfillment ability, and equilibrium operation degree. Different development scenarios are also established using a forecasting model to formulate water allocation plans and apply a case study of the Datun Reservoir, a key hub on the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. This study demonstrates that (1) by optimizing the allocation of domestic and industrial water supply and reservoir storage, the overall ecosystem service value of the Datun Reservoir can be enhanced by 5.15% to 11.36% and (2) in scenarios of high economic growth, there is potential to achieve coordination between water supply and ecosystem service value. (3) However, lower-than-expected economic growth may lead to a trade-off between ecosystem services and water supply capacity in the reservoir, which could be maintained at a lower level. The methods proposed in this paper are of significant practical importance for guiding rational reservoir water allocation and achieving coordination between ecological services and water supply capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xinjiang, located in the arid region of the northwest, is one of the areas most sensitive to global changes. The Kaidu River Basin, situated in the heart of Xinjiang, is one of the sources of China's largest inland river—the Tarim River. The Kaidu River not only bears the responsibility for supplying water for industrial use and agricultural production and people's daily life in the basin, but also plays a crucial role in ecological water supply to the Tarim River. Studying and analyzing the characteristics and trends of meteorological condition in the future under climate change can provide important references and a basis for a deeper understanding of changes in the hydrological process and water resources in the basin. Therefore, this paper selects seven precipitation bias correction methods and four temperature bias correction methods to adjust the precipitation and temperature output data of eight general circulation models of the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) within the Kaidu River Basin. The applicability of different bias correction methods in the study area is evaluated, and based on the corrected future meteorological data and calculated extreme meteorological index, the trends of meteorological data (precipitation, temperature) in the future period (2025–2050) under four SSP scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) in the Kaidu River Basin are analyzed. The results show that: (1) Different types of bias correction methods have different correction focus and effects; their reflections on evaluation indicators are also different. (2) In the future period (2025–2050), the annual precipitation and average temperature in the Kaidu River Basin are higher than those in the historical period (1975–2014). The average annual temperature shows an upward trend in the future, but the annual precipitation shows a downward trend in the future except for the SSP2-4.5 scenario. (3) Compared with the historical period, the extreme precipitation in the future period under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios is higher than that in the historical period, and the number of rainless days decreases. In the future, under the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, the probability of meteorological drought events occurring due to high temperatures in the basin may further increase, while under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, the situation of high temperatures and heavy rain in the basin may continue to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The destruction of the Kakhovka dam that held back the Kakhovske reservoir terminated the operation of irrigation canals, industrial and drinking water supplies across southern Ukraine. We consider the consequences of the emptying of the reservoir, and its future; and argue that it should be restored with minor changes. Taking account of the adjustments of water abstraction and the changes of water regime caused by climate change, the normal retention level and the forced level of the reservoir can be lowered. Some improvements are needed to the hydropower plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir operation rule curves are crucial for managing water supply and power generation in reservoirs. As the number of objectives and management requirements increase, there is a growing demand for optimized operation rule curves. The objective of this study is to explore the most effective forms of reservoir operation rule curves, focusing on the case of the Nierji Reservoir and considering the dual objectives of water supply and power generation. The parameter–simulation–optimization framework, specifically employing the NSGA-II algorithm, was used to analyze and compare two basic forms of operation rule curves: the shared type and independent type. The impact of these curves on water supply potential and multi-objective optimization results with various water demand scenarios was assessed. The analysis revealed that the choice of operation rule curve form can influence the maximum water supply potential of the reservoir to some extent. The independent type operation rule curve was significantly more effective in enhancing the water supply potential for industrial and domestic users, resulting in a notable increase of 3.5 × 108 m3. Additionally, it also proved beneficial for environmental users, with an increase of 1 × 108 m3. Conversely, the shared type operation rule curve demonstrated similar functionality to the independent type curve with fewer decision variables, particularly when the water demand was relatively low. In scenarios with high water demand, the independent type curve outperformed the shared type curve by generating 6549 superior, non-dominated solutions for multi-objective optimization, specifically focused on maximizing reservoir operation benefits. In conclusion, selecting the appropriate form of reservoir operation rule curve is crucial to balance different reservoir functional objectives and achieve optimal results. Further research could focus on quantifying the specific benefits and trade-offs associated with each type of curve in order to provide more robust evidence for the advantages of a complex reservoir system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviewed the impacts of climate change on the management of the water sector in Malaysia discussing the current status of water resources, water service, and water-related disasters. The implementation of engineering practices was discussed to provide the detailed assessment of climate change impacts, risks, and adaptation for sustainable development. The narrative methods of reviewing the literatures were used to get an understanding on the engineering practices of water infrastructures, implication of the government policies, and several models as the main motivation behind the concept of integrated water resource management to contribute as part of the sustainable development goals to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all. The findings of this review highlighted the impacts of climate change on the rivers, sea, lakes, dams, and groundwater affecting the availability of water for domestic and industrial water supplies, irrigation, hydropower, and fisheries. The impacts of climate change on the water-related disasters have been indicated affecting drought-flood abrupt alternation and water pollution. Challenges of water management practices facing climate change should be aware of the updated intensity–duration–frequency curves, alternative sources of water, effective water demand management, efficiency of irrigation water, inter-basin water transfer, and nonrevenue water. The transferability of this review findings contribute to an engagement with the society and policy makers to mobilize for climate change adaptation in the water sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The municipal water supply, related mainly to the cities of Albania, began to develop in the second half of the 19th century and very intensively after 1945. Today, the reported mean water production for the cities, on average, is about 300 l/capita/d, including drinking and industrial water supplies. The territory of Albania has an uneven distribution of very heterogeneous aquifers conditioning often the difficulty of municipal water supply solutions. In this article, are analyzed and classified the hydrogeological aspects of the water supply sources of the settlements, which are summarized in five groups: (a) wells in alluvial intergranular aquifers; (b) karst springs; (c) wells in karst aquifers; (d) springs in fissured rocks; and (e) mixed water sources. For each group of the water supply sources, the main concerns regarding the quantity and quality problems are analyzed, facilitated by the description of a variety of representative examples of different situations. Based on the gained experience, important recommendations are given for the better understanding of hydrogeological aspects of water supply systems, related to the river water recharge areas, the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, and the high vulnerability of karst aquifers, as well as transboundary aquifers. However, the main problem of public water supply of Albania remains the poor management of water supply systems, which is reflected in the significant water losses, as well as the low public awareness of requests for sustainable use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiaolangdi Dam is a key project for the control and development of the Yellow River. It bears the functions of flood control, controlling water and sediment in the lower reaches, ice prevention, industrial and agricultural water supply, power generation, and so on. Its safety is related to people's life and property safety and local economic and social development. It is of great significance to carry out comprehensive and regular deformation monitoring for dams since the deformation is an important evaluation index for dam safety. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology has been a rapidly evolving technology in the field of space geodesy in recent years. It offers advantages such as high monitoring precision, extensive coverage, and high monitoring point density, making it a powerful tool for monitoring deformations in hydraulic engineering projects. Based on Sentinel-1 data covering the Xiaolangdi Dam from September 2020 to November 2022, the PS-InSAR technique was used to obtain the surface deformation of the Xiaolangdi Dam, and reservoir water level data on image acquisition dates were obtained for joint analysis. The results show that there is a large deformation in the center of the dam crest of the Xiaolangdi Dam, while both sides of the slope and downstream dam foot are relatively stable. The time series deformation of the dam body is closely related to the reservoir water level change. When the water level increases, the dam body tends to deform downstream; when the water level decreases, the dam body tends to deform upstream. The deformation and water level of the Xiaolangdi Dam exhibit a clear negative correlation. There is no significant cumulative deformation on the dam slopes or at the base of the dam. However, cumulative deformation occurs over time in the central area of the dam's crest. The deformation process at the central area of the dam's crest follows a continuous and non-disruptive pattern, which is consistent with the typical deformation behavior of the Xiaolangdi earth–rock dam structure. Therefore, it is judged that the current deformation of the Xiaolangdi Dam does not impact the safe operation of the dam. InSAR technology enables the rapid acquisition of high-precision, high-density deformation information on the surfaces of reservoir dams. With an increasing number of radar satellites in various frequency bands, such as Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X, there is now an ample supply of available data sources for InSAR applications. Consequently, InSAR technology can be extended to routine monitoring applications for reservoir dam deformations, especially for small and medium-sized reservoirs that may not be equipped with ground measurement tools like GNSS. This holds significant importance and potential for enhancing the safety monitoring of such reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are the main source of domestic and industrial water supplies in Kenya. In this study, water sampling was done at eight upstream sites in the Kuja River catchment, Kenya, between October 2016 and April 2017, specifically to test for residue levels of the organochlorine pesticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), and its degradation products, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p′-DDD). The analysis was performed with gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture detection in an autosampler. Concentrations of these residues in the surface water samples ranged from below detection limit (BDL) to 1.1113 μg l-1 in the wet season, and from BDL to 2.007 μg l-1 in the dry season. Overall, the highest mean residue concentration was for p,p′-DDT (0.9669 ± 0.2994 μg l-1). The lowest mean concentration in the dry season was that of p,p′-DDE (0.1824 ± 0.0964 μg l-1), and in the wet season it was p,p′-DDD (0.0610 ± 0.0038 μg l-1). From our results it is evident that DDT is still in use and detectable in the study area, though the mean levels detected were below the acceptable thresholds for natural water as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). Except for a slightly higher mean spatial distribution of the metabolite p,p′-DDT, the resides were recorded as below the maximum admissible concentrations of pesticide residues in drinking water, as set out in WHO guidelines and by Kenya's National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Monitoring organochlorine pesticide contamination levels in Kenya's water resources should be scaled up to leverage potential for a sustainable blue economy and in safeguarding human and environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of global climate change, sustainable water supply management is becoming increasingly difficult. Dams and reservoirs are key tools for controlling and managing water resources; they have benefited human cultures in a variety of ways, including enhanced human health, increased food production, water supply for domestic and industrial use, economic growth, irrigation, hydro-power generation, and flood control. This study aims to compare the application of deep learning and conventional machine learning algorithms for predicting daily reservoir inflow. Long short-term memory (LSTM) has been applied as a deep learning algorithm and boosted regression tree (BRT) has been implemented as a machine learning algorithm. Five statistical indices have been selected to evaluate the performance of the proposed models. The selected statistical measurements are mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE), Nash Sutcliffe Model Efficiency Coefficient (NSE), and the RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR). The findings showed that LSTM outperformed BRT with a significant difference in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radon (222Rn), an inert gas, is considered a silent killer due to its carcinogenic characteristics. Dhaka city is situated on the banks of the Buriganga River, which is regarded as the lifeline of Dhaka city because it serves as a significant source of the city's water supply for domestic and industrial purposes. Thirty water samples (10 tap water from Dhaka city and 20 surface samples from the Buriganga River) were collected and analyzed using a RAD H2O accessory for 222Rn concentration. The average 222Rn concentration in tap and river water was 1.54 ± 0.38 Bq/L and 0.68 ± 0.29 Bq/L, respectively. All the values were found below the maximum contamination limit (MCL) of 11.1 Bq/L set by the USEPA, the WHO-recommended safe limit of 100 Bq/L, and the UNSCEAR suggested range of 4–40 Bq/L. The mean values of the total annual effective doses due to inhalation and ingestion were calculated to be 9.77 μSv/y and 4.29 μSv/y for tap water and river water, respectively. Although all these values were well below the permissible limit of 100 μSv/y proposed by WHO, they cannot be neglected because of the hazardous nature of 222Rn, especially considering their entry to the human body via inhalation and ingestion pathways. The obtained data may serve as a reference for future 222Rn-related works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a two-tier structure method is proposed for the coupling of multiple water sources allocation at the "plane" level with the optimal operation of the reservoir group at the "line-point" level for the river basins. Taking Yongding River basin for example, the rules of multi-sources-based water allocation and operation, including the rules for water supply and water diversion, multi-source water supply strategy and common water supply task allocation strategy are formulated, the model for multiple water sources allocation and optimal operation of reservoir group is established, and the operation schemes under the various scenarios of multi-source water supply and water demand in the basin as well as the water supply benefits from the optimal scheme are analyzed. The results show that: ① In the Yongding River basin, the scenario of combining multi-source water supply system consisting of the local water, water diverted from Yellow River, water from the South- to- North Water Diversion Project and the reclaimed water, with the water conservation is the optimal scheme. ② The guarantee rate of domestic water supply, industrial water supply and ecological water in Sanjiadian Section is greater than 99%, 97% and 96% respectively, with the guarantee rate of water supply in irrigation zones ranging between 76. 7%-90. 2% ( except the upper reaches of Sanggan River). ③ The adoption of multi-source water supply and water conservation strategy can lead to significant improvement of the water supply efficiency for water users and abundance of the ecological water volume of Sanjiadian Section. The method described herein can serve as references for the study on the allocation of multiple water sources and the optimal operation of reservoir groups in a given river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the discharge waters in the Nerodime River and the impact of the seasons on the quality of the surface waters in the Nerodime River. Research data were collected at six locations along the Nerodime River in three seasons of 2021. During this research, 14 physico-chemical parameters and total coliform bacteria were analyzed. Based on the study results, most of the tested parameters are above the maximum values allowed in conformity with the legislation in Kosova (Administrative Instruction (MMPH) No. 30/2014 and Administrative Instruction (MMPH) No. 16/2012). CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) indicates that Total coliform bacteria were in positive correlation with turbidity, color, chlorides, sulphates, and total coliform bacteria. This Poor quality is a consequence of anthropogenic activities including industrial water use and sewage discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very low concentration of manganese (Mn) in water is a critical issue for municipal and industrial water supply systems. Mn removal technology is based on the use of manganese oxides (MnOx), especially manganese dioxide (MnO2) polymorphs, under different conditions of pH and ionic strength (water salinity). The statistical significance of the impact of polymorph type (akhtenskite ε-MnO2, birnessite δ-MnO2, cryptomelane α-MnO2 and pyrolusite β-MnO2), pH (2–9) and ionic strength (1–50 mmol/L) of solution on the adsorption level of Mn was investigated. The analysis of variance and the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis H test were applied. Before and after Mn adsorption, the tested polymorphs were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope techniques and gas porosimetry analysis. Here we demonstrated the significant differences in adsorption level between MnO2 polymorphs' type and pH; however, the statistical analysis proves that the type of MnO2 has a four times stronger influence. There was no statistical significance for the ionic strength parameter. We showed that the high adsorption of Mn on the poorly crystalline polymorphs leads to the blockage of micropores in akhtenskite and, contrary, causes the development of the surface structure of birnessite. At the same time, no changes in the surfaces of cryptomelane and pyrolusite, the highly crystalline polymorphs, were found due to the very small loading by the adsorbate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and implementation of circulating water supply systems at industrial companies makes it possible to create the maximum closed cycle with a minimum amount of waste, which is appropriate from an economic and environmental point of view. Corrosion and scale inhibitors must be used to comprehensively address the problem of biofouling, deposits of insoluble compounds and corrosion products. The possibility of using gipan for water stabilization with different levels of mineralization at increased temperatures has been evaluated. Gipan provides effective stabilization water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The good management and safe operation of the urban water supply network are of great significance to residents' lives and industrial production. In view of the difficulties in supervision and leakage location of the urban water supply network, based on the technology of Internet of things and artificial intelligence algorithm, a leakage detection method of the urban water supply network is proposed. First of all, low-power, low-cost terminal detection equipment and gateway monitoring equipment are developed for remote data transmission through WiFi or cellular data networks. The data organization, storage, release and control are realized by using the data center software platform. Second, the leakage location model of the water supply network is established by using remote pressure monitoring data, and the accurate location of pipe network leakage is realized. Based on ALO and PSO optimization algorithms, the water supply network in an industrial area of a city in China is solved. Finally, the performance of the two optimization algorithms is compared and analyzed. The results show that the designed intelligent monitoring system of the water supply network can monitor the pipe network well. In addition, on the problem of leakage detection, the ALO algorithm is superior to the PSO algorithm in terms of optimization ability and search efficiency. The leakage monitoring method of water supply networks proposed in this study can provide a reference for the design and management of urban water supply networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumping systems, especially those used in the water supply sector and in industrial and hydroelectric facilities, are commonly infested by the golden mussel. This causes an increase in maintenance operations (e.g., system shutdowns for cleaning) that can generate an increased energy cost. The geographical expansion of the golden mussel in Latin America presents an economic risk, not only to the ecosystem in general, but also to the energy sector. The imminence of its spread in the Amazon region, one of the main river basins in South America, is cause for concern with regard to the problems that bioinvasion of this species can cause. Given the absence of studies on the loss of energy efficiency in pumping systems impacted by the golden mussel, this study proposes a methodology to estimate the increase in energy consumption and costs of pumping under such bioinfestation. For the standardization of the methodology and development of mathematical calculations (both novel and improved equations), data from the literature (the growth of the golden mussel as a function of infestation time) and an analysis of the dimensions (length and height) of a sample of mussels available in the laboratory were considered. These data were used to calculate the roughness generated by the mussel infestation in the pumping suction and discharger pipe, which was necessary to determine the loss of energy efficiency (load loss, power consumption, and cost of pumping) resulting from the increase in energy consumption for pumping. This methodology was applied to a pumping station representative of the Brazilian Amazon as a case study. The results show an average increase in economic indicators (consumption and cost of pumping) after the system undergoes bioinfestation. This total increase corresponded to 19% and 44% in the first and second years, respectively, achieving a stabilization of the increase in the cost of pumping at 46%, in the 30 months of operation. Our results demonstrate the pioneering nature of the proposal, since these are the first quantitative data on the energy efficiency of pumping systems associated with bioinfestation by the golden mussel. These results can also be used to estimate the increase in costs caused by golden mussel bioinfestation in the raw water pumping systems of other facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of borehole cores and the geological insights which they provide are often underappreciated. Here the problems of seeking a water supply for an industrial town in Northern England have resulted in a very rare opportunity to view a core in the public domain. As we need to raise the profile of the geosciences and ensure a public understanding of the importance of geology in underpinning our society we should seek other opportunities to highlight history and importance of borehole drilling and the cores recovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a stepwise synthesis method was used to synthesize a glycine acid Schiff base copper complex catalyst to catalyze carbonyl hydrazine removal of DO in feedwater. The effects of reaction temperature, pH, mass concentration of catalyst, and carbonyl hydrazine dosage on the catalytic deoxygenation performance were investigated and the optimum conditions were determined. When the reaction temperature is 45 ℃, the dosage of carbonyl hydrazine is 2 times the theoretical amount, the initial pH of the solution is 8, and mass concentration of catalyst is 0.01 g/L, the removal rate of DO reaches 94.8% after 5 minutes of reaction. At the same time, the structure of the catalyst was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and UV spectrometry. Cu and glycine Schiff base ligand are coordinated, and —C=N—, —COO—, Ar—O— participate in the coordination with Cu. The complex can react with DO quickly at low and room temperatures for removing DO in water.

Abstract—This work is devoted to an assessment of the bacterial contamination of drainage systems in galvanic production. In the course of the study, two strains of microorganisms that cause microbial contamination and lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the process equipment were isolated from water and wash-sediment samples taken in the industrial water-supply system of the enterprise and identified. Our study of the morphological and cultural properties of the isolated strains of bacteria has allowed them to be attributed to the genus Bacillus. As a result of a metagenomic analysis of the composition of microbial communities for the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA variable regions) according to the GenBank database on an ABI Prism 3730 automatic sequencer, the homology of the first strain with typical strains of the subgroup B. velezensis and B. amyloliquefaciens was established within 99.4–99.9%. When identifying the second isolated strain, the homology with B. altitudinis was 99.7%. Our study of the properties of the isolated strains has shown that they are neither pathogenic nor toxigenic. To reduce the microbial load in the technical water-supply system, a series of experiments was carried out to select a biocide. Several variants of disinfectants of various groups were tested: oxidizing ones (chloramine (a chlorine derivative of ammonia), hydrogen peroxide) and nonoxidizing ones (polymeric derivatives of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) produced by JSC NPK Mediana-filter and polyazolidine ammonium ion-hydrate (PAAG-M) produced by LLC Constanta). The polymeric compounds were found to be more effective than the chlorine-based disinfectants. An aqueous solution of polyhexamethylene guanidine had the best bactericidal effect on the microorganisms; therefore, it was recommended to combat the existing bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water productivity (or efficiency) data informs water policy, zoning and planning along with water allocation decisions under water scarcity pressure. This paper demonstrates that different water productivity metrics lead to different conclusions about who is using water more effectively. In addition to supporting the population's drinking and sanitation needs, water generates many other public and private social, environmental, and economic values. For the group of municipalities comprising the Phoenix Metropolitan Area we compare several water productivity metrics by calculating the Water Value Intensity (WVI) of potable water delivered by the municipality to its residential and non-residential customers. Core cities with more industrial water uses are less productive by the conventional efficiency measure of water used per capita, but core cities generate more tax revenues, business revenues, and payroll revenues per unit of water delivered, achieving a higher water productivity by these measures. We argue that policymakers should consider a more diverse set of socio-economic water productivity measures to ensure that a broader set of values are represented in water allocation policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to beneficiate the clay deposits abundant in the Al Baha district to produce ceramic filters for "point-of-use" household water treatment technology to remove dissolved solids from water that is no longer valid for drinking purposes to meet the needs of the community through a safe household and industrial water supply after further treatment purposes. In addition, it helps to reduce the expenses of citizens earmarked to buy drinking water. A sample of laterite, clay, and kaolin from Al Baha district was thermally treated at 800 °C, acid treated with HCl, analyzed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM, and tested for treatment of household water. The temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured. In the application step for point-of-use water treatment of household water, the treated materials were introduced in calcined kaolin filters and commercial polypropylene filters. Based on the results of household water treatment with raw and treated clay materials, the raw clay materials, has poor adsorption capacity. The thermal treatment of clay samples dehydrates the clay minerals into sintered aluminosilicates and enhances the conversion of poorly crystallized iron oxide to α-Fe2O3 without improving the adsorption capacity of clay materials. However, the acid treatment of the clay samples removes iron-bearing minerals leaving behind amorphous aluminosilicate matter characterized with improved adsorption capacity. It was concluded that the acid treatment of clay material by concentrated HCl acid completely leaches iron oxide phases and broke down and disintegrated the clay minerals into the amorphous matter with enhanced the adsorption capacity. The combination of selected acid-treated laterite, clay, and charcoal for the household water treatment filter at the point of use in the calcined kaolin filter and the polypropylene filter reduced the TDS content by 40–42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positively charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes with high perm‐selectivity are highly desired to remove divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to ensure the safety of domestic and industrial water supply. In this work, a poly(piperazinamide) NF membrane with a positively charged surface is fabricated via the surfactant‐assembly regulated interfacial polymerization (SARIP) of piperazine (PIP) and 1,3,5‐trimesoyl chloride (TMC). The surfactant assembly can accelerate PIP monomer into the hexane to react with TMC monomer, thus reducing the difference in the trans‐interface diffusion of PIP and the diffusion of TMC in hexane, forming an interfacial polymerization with a stoichiometric characteristic. By tuning the concentration ratio of PIP and TMC, a positively charged poly(piperazinamide) NF membrane will be achieved. At the same time, utilizing the superior hydrophilicity of bacterial cellulose nanofibers nanofilm, a crumpled poly(piperazinamide) active layer is successfully constructed, resulting in a permeating flux up to 22 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and simultaneously with a MgCl2 rejection >96%. The performance of this positively charged poly(piperazinamide) NF membrane is superior to most other positive NF membranes for the removal of divalent cations so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial water supply networks can use multiple water resources (i.e., municipal water, surface water, municipal treated wastewater, groundwater, and seawater) with their respective pre-treatment technologies to meet the industrial water demand. The water quality of each water resource varies, and the associated pre-treatment technologies provide different technical and economic efficiencies that directly impact the overall cost of the water supply network. This paper proposed a superstructure-based mathematical modeling optimization to design the multi-resources industrial water supply network with optimal pre-treatment technologies. The established model includes the relative equations among different pre-treatment units and water sinks, flow rate constraints, property constraints, logic constraints, and cost constraints. These constraints are used to describe water treatment technologies selection through general disjunctive programming (GDP) and transform them into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model for the problem solution. The minimum annualized cost of the water supply network is taken as an objective function. The optimization and comparison analysis of the coastal oil refinery water supply system is illustrated. The results show that an integrated water supply network of surface water and municipal treated wastewater has the lowest annualized cost of 12.3 million CNY/y. The cost is reduced by 7.44 million CNY/y compared to municipal water as the single water resource. This integrated water supply network saves freshwater resources, provides substantial economic gains, and encourages municipal treated wastewater reuse. • Industrial water supply network with multiple water resources is proposed. • General disjunctive programming is used for optimal selection of pretreatment techniques. • Total annualized cost reduction is achieved for coastal oil refinery. • Sustainable water supply system with non-conventional water resources is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to verify the operation of the NSDC company's industrial water treatment plant and to optimize the quality of the liquid discharges by coagulation and flocculation, we carried out the physico-chemical characterization of these liquid discharges and optimized the elimination of the organic matter. The results show that the abatement rate of the parameters SM, COD and BOD5 of the step are respectively 67%, 66% and 89% during November 79% 81% 89% during December and 69% 82% 89% during January. The treated wastewater showed that the WWTP is working properly, but in the coagulation flocculation treatment step instead of using a large amount of Dekfloc alone. We tried to optimize the dose of a plant powder as bio flocculant injected with Dekfloc as coagulant, which will increase the removal rate of organic matter. The tests of coagulation flocculation show that the application of the combination between Dekfloc and the powder of the cactus allows to increase the rate of abatement of COD to 54%, of BOD5 to 67%, of TSS to 80%, and therefore the reduction of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The analysis of the metropolitan's areas through different economic, performance, and sustainability indicators, such as productivity, and water consumption in the industrial sector, is a topic not quite explored in Mexico using applied research due to the lack of official databases available for this kind of study. The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the volume of water concession for the industrial subsector and other economic variables in the Bajío region in México. The work describes some indicators, such as specialization, productivity, and water consumption, among others. Fourteen metropolitan areas of the Bajío's region are considered to describe the region's characteristics through different variables. To mention some outstanding results, there is a polarization tendency in the Bajío, where metropolitan areas like León, San Luis Potosí, and San Juan del Río use of water for the industrial sector are the most productive as well as efficient. On the other hand, La Piedad, Morelia, and Zamora cities are in the last place ranking in economic performance and sustainability; this situation makes Bajío more vulnerable in the long term and risks losing its competitive advantage for the whole [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major sources of microplastic (MP) discharge into water bodies, leading to plastic pollution in the environment and negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Research is increasingly being focused on MP removal from wastewater, as their presence in freshwater environments, and associated risks, are matters of growing concern. Eliminating MPs from wastewater is a significant challenge for WWTPs, and mitigation actions are required to develop and improve removal treatments. Coagulation has been shown to have high removal efficiency for suspended particles, including MPs. This process involves the addition of coagulants, such as aluminum or iron salts that together with the MPs form larger flocs, facilitating their removal by settling or flotation. Our study evaluated the coagulation process, aiming to improve MP removal from wastewater generated from reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate, backwash microfiltration (MF), and cleaning chemicals for membranes operated by MF and RO processes in industrial water supply facilities. More than 1000 MP particles, predominantly polymers with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) were identified as being influenced by the current process. We used polyaluminum chloride (PAC) as chemical coagulant to evaluate MP removal during batch experiments (jar test). Our coagulation process achieved higher efficiencies for microplastic removal than conventional biological treatment processes at an optimal PAC dose and pH. Remarkable results were obtained, with more than 90% of MPs being removed. Our findings indicate that chemical coagulation is effective for removing MPs, and that the process could be optimized by selecting an appropriate coagulant and pH. • Polyaluminum chloride as a chemical coagulant to remove microplastics in RO wastewater. • Removal rate exceeds 90% using a coagulant dose of 150 mg/L and pH 9. • Several microplastic types removed completely from RO wastewater. • Effective for removing particles with densities lower than 1.4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]