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The redshift of the charge transfer band (CTB) edge of phosphor induced by temperature rise is pervasively accompanied by antithermal quenching. Accordingly, exploring the mechanism of the CTB redshift is thus not only propitious for optimizing the sensitivity of optical thermometry but also tenders a new idea for the design of antithermal quenching phosphors. Herein, a family of YP 1-x V x O 4 :Eu3+ phosphors were designed via the V5+/P5+ ion substitution strategy. With the increase of the V5+ ratio, the relative integral intensity of the 5D 0 →7F 2 transition multiplies from 1.25 to 28.67 times under CTB edge excitation. Moreover, by Gaussian fitting, the reduction degree of vanadate band gap energy 1E (1T 1)→1B 2 (1T 2), 1A 2 (1T 1)→1B 2 (1T 2) increased from 0.122 eV and 0.065 eV to0.162 eV and 0.083 eV, respectively, in the range of 303–523 K. Both reveal an enhance in redshift of the excitation spectra. The decrease of charge transfer state (CTS) energy level and the alteration of photoelectron thermal population are two mechanisms that induce CTB redshift. Specifically, the decrease of the CTS level is dominant in the YPO 4 :Eu3+ sample, and the thermal population of the higher vibrational levels of the VO 4 3−ground state is dominant in the presence of a tiny amount of V5+ doping. In addition, according to the experimental phenomenon, a dual-mode temperature sensing scheme based on excitation intensity ratio (EIR) and single band ratiometric (SBR) is proposed. Y 0.9 P 0.1 V 0.9 O 4 :0.1Eu3+ achieves a maximum sensitivity of S r-max = 4.040 % K−1 and a minimum temperature determination uncertainty of δT = 0.124 K at 323 K, which excellent performance indicates that this is a promising non-contact optical thermometer. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development of phosphors with excellent luminescent thermal stability for various applications has become a research hotspot. Therefore, the Dy3+/Sm3+ co-activated multifunctional NaYTiO4 phosphors with excellent comprehensive performance in the field of non-contact optical measurement and white LED solid-state lighting were reported in this paper, and their crystal structure, elemental composition, optical bandgap and photoluminescence properties were systematically studied. Remarkably, the reason why NaYTiO4:Dy3+,Sm3+ phosphors achieved color-controlled emission from yellow to orange-red and even to white at the excitation wavelength of 363 nm was not based on the energy transfer process from Dy3+ to Sm3+ but on co-excitation. When the temperature reached 475 K, the luminescence intensity of the phosphor still maintained 96.75% of the initial intensity, demonstrating excellent thermal quenching property. Furthermore, the temperature sensing performance was evaluated by FIR technique according to the differential decreasing trend of Dy3+ and Sm3+ emission intensity with increasing temperature. Finally, we also certified the applicability of NaYTiO4:Dy3+,Sm3+ phosphors in white LEDs for indoor health lighting. These results indicate that NaYTiO4:Dy3+,Sm3+ multifunctional phosphors are promising dual functional luminescent platforms that can be used for non-contact optical thermometers and white LED device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The skin microclimate can be defined as the relationship between temperature and moisture of the skin surface, being considered a risk factor for the development of pressure injuries. The objective was to evaluate the effect of pressure loading on skin temperature and moisture in the heel region of healthy adults. The study was performed at the University of Passo Fundo, Brazil, in October 2022. Ten individuals were evaluated. The pressure loading leads to a decrease in temperature and changes the skin moisture of the heels of healthy individuals. Recent studies emphasize the significance of skin microclimate in the prevention of pressure injuries (PI). The objective was to evaluate the effect of pressure loading on skin temperature and moisture in the heels of healthy adults. This is a before-and-after study performed at Brazil, in October 2022. Skin temperature (°C) was measured by an infrared digital thermometer, and skin moisture (%) using electrical bioimpedance. Ten individuals/twenty heels were evaluated. The average temperature of the right and left heel was the same at baseline (27.2 °C). It was recognized that after 30 min of pressure loading on the heels, there was a decrease in temperature, and after 15 min of pressure offloading, the temperature decreased again. It was found that at t0, the moisture of the right heel (12.6%) was lower than the left heel (15.6%). The median moisture in the right heel increased from t0 to t1 and decreased in t2, while in the left heel, there was a small variation of the median from t0 to t1, as well as to t2. The pressure loading leads to a decrease in temperature and changes the skin moisture of the heels of healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a Bi3+ and Eu3+ co-doped borate oxide LiY 6 (BO 3) 3 O 5 (LYBO) phosphor was prepared using high temperature solid-state method. Eu3+ can be well sensitized by Bi3+ in the LYBO matrix under 305 nm excitation and produce well-separated emission bands with high intensity. The energy transfer from Bi3+ to Eu3+ results in the tunable multicolor emission from LYBO. The maximum energy transfer efficiency can reach 95.93 %. The Bi3+ and Eu3+ emissions exhibit the differentiated responses to thermal quenching. The fluorescence intensity ratios between 615 nm and 421 nm show a favorable linear relationship in the range of 123–483 K. It indicates the outstanding optical thermometry performance of LYBO: Bi3+, Eu3+. The maximum absolute sensitivity (S a) and relative sensitivity (S r) are determined to be 0.0087 K-1 and 3.84 % K−1, respectively. The results exhibit that LYBO: Bi3+, Eu3+ phosphor has a promising application as an optical thermometer in non-contact temperature measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body temperature is one of the most important physiological parameters of a human being used to assess his basic vital functions. In medical practice, various types of measuring instruments are used to measure temperature, such as liquid thermometers, electronic thermometers, non-contact ear thermometers, and non-contact forehead thermometers. Such body temperature measurement techniques require the connection of appropriate sensors to a person, and non-contact thermometers operate over short distances and force a specific position of the person during the measurement. As a result, using the above methods, it is practically impossible to perform body temperature measurements of a moving human being. A thermal imaging camera can be used effectively for the purpose of the temperature measurement of moving objects, but the remote measurement of a human body temperature using a thermal imaging camera is affected by many factors that are difficult to control. Accurate remote measurement of human body temperature requires a measurement system that implements a specialized temperature determination algorithm. This article presents a model of a measurement system that facilitates the development of a highly accurate temperature measurement method. For the model, its parameters were determined on the calibration stand. The correct operation of the developed method and the effectiveness of temperature measurement have been confirmed by tests on a test stand using reference radiation sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body temperature is a crucial indicator in assessing human physiological activity and health, particularly in pediatric and critically ill patients. This study aimed to compare temperature recordings obtained from digital calibrated thermometers with calibrated infrared thermometers and non‑calibrated infrared thermometers against calibrated ones. An observational prospective study was conducted at AIIMS Bhopal, involving volunteers and febrile patients who consented to participate. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Human Ethics Committee, and 200 participants meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria were included. Data were collected and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Mean and variance values were computed for both volunteer and febrile patient groups. The P values in both groups were less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between non‑calibrated handheld infrared thermometers (T1), calibrated digital thermometers (T2), and their individual comparison with calibrated infrared thermometers (T3). Variance was higher in non‑calibrated infrared thermometers (T1) compared to calibrated ones (T2) in both healthy volunteers and febrile patients. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis within the febrile patient group demonstrated a robust positive correlation among all three thermometers compared to the healthy volunteers group. The study highlights variations in temperature readings when using different thermometers, irrespective of whether the assessment is conducted on healthy volunteers or febrile patients. Notably, the strength of association is lower in healthy volunteers than in febrile patients, suggesting that the interchangeability of thermometers may be more reliable and sufficient when assessing individuals with fever. These findings underscore the importance of careful consideration and validation of thermometer choices, especially in clinical settings where accurate temperature measurement is critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth doped luminescent sensing materials as non-contact thermometers have attracted extensive research interests due to their wide applications in areas like military, medical care, aerospace, etc. How to expand the working temperature range and improve the sensitivity has become the focus. In this work, we synthesized a series of apatite-structured luminescent temperature sensors M 2 La 7.9 Ce 0.1 (SiO 4) 6 O 2 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) via isomorphic substitution. By monitoring the differential changes of emission intensities from Ce3+ at the 7-coordinate and 9-coordinate site respectively when temperature varies, the real-time temperature can be determined. These materials were proven to possess the maximum absolute sensitivity up to 0.825 × 10−3 K−1, 2.63 × 10−3 K−1 and 4.33 × 10−3 K−1, respectively. Meanwhile interesting regular patterns were observed for their temperature sensitivities with the substitution of Ca, Sr and Ba. Furthermore, through studying the temperature sensitivity of Ba 2 La 8 (SiO 4) 6 O 2 : x Ce3+ samples with different concentrations, it was found that when the Ce3+ content was at the optimal doping concentration of 0.7, the absolute sensitivity of the sample reached 14.64 × 10−3 K−1 at 573 K. This finding has opened up a new avenue for designing fluorescent temperature sensors. Synopsis: In this work, Ce3+ were doped into a series of phosphor-structured matrices containing two cationic sites (7-coordinated Ce1 and 9-coordinated Ce2 sites) via the solid-state high-temperature method. Due to the different temperature dependencies of luminescence intensities between the two Ce3+ sites, their intensity ratio could be used for temperature calibration. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To assessthe repeatability of infrared thermometertemperature readings and evaluate the correlation between digitai rectal temperature and infrared thermometer temperatures taken at different locations in healthy afebrile horses. ANIMALS 101 afebrile horses ≥ 1 year old. METHODS Digital rectal temperatures and infrared temperatures from the eye, gingiva, neck, axilla, and perineum were obtained in a climate-controlled environment and at 2 outdoor ambient temperatures (study period, November 1, 2021, to April 30,2023). RESULTS Infrared temperature measurements were well tolerated by horses, including those resistant to rectal temperature. There was significant correlation between rectal temperature and infrared temperature taken at the perineum (R = 0.57; P < .001) and eye (R = 0.37; P < .001). Infrared temperature measurements were highly repeatable, allowing for calculation of reference ranges for the perineum (36.0 to 37.8 °C) and eye (35.7 to 37.1 °C) in climate-controlled conditions. There was increased variance in outside temperatures compared to climate-controlled conditions for the eye (P = .002), gingiva (P = .047), and perineum (P = .005). CLINICAL RELEVANCE While infrared thermometer temperatures were not numerically the same as rectal temperature using a digital thermometer, measurements at the perineum and eye were correlated with rectal temperature readings. Further, the repeatability of infrared readings allows for computation of reference ranges that make the infrared thermometer a viable alternative for the practicing veterinarian when obtaining a temperature in uncooperative horses. The infrared thermometer was reliable outdoors for the eye, but not the perineum. Additional validation of infrared temperature reference ranges in febrile horses and warmer ambient temperatures is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the cooling performance of three different surgical methods for bone splitting during implant dentistry procedures. Methods: An in vitro study was conducted on bovine ribs to test the cooling performance of three osteotomy methods: conventional osteotomy with standard cooling irrigation, template-assisted osteotomy with standard cooling irrigation, and modified template-assisted osteotomy with additional cooling fluid through internal irrigation channels in the surgical guide. A negative control group without cooling was also included. Temperature measurements were taken during the procedures using a contactless infrared thermometer. Results: The results showed that the conventional osteotomy without cooling resulted in the highest mean of the peak temperatures (114.7 °C ± 45.4), while the modified template-assisted osteotomy with additional cooling achieved the lowest mean of the peak temperatures (29.4 °C ± 7). Statistically significant differences in temperature were observed among the groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study rejected the null hypothesis and demonstrated that the cooling method used during bone splitting procedures significantly affected the temperature development at the surgical site. The modified template-assisted osteotomy with additional cooling provided the best cooling performance. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results due to the limitations of the in vitro study. Further research with stronger external validity is needed to confirm these findings and explore their applicability in clinical settings to benefit patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the pulsed laser cladding process, complex thermal accumulation occurs between powder and beam due to the pulsed laser periodic change. The selection of process parameters affects the cladding layer quality, and the correlation between the parameters is high. It is of great significance to obtain high quality cladding layer to determine the influence of the powder-carrying gas nitrogen velocity, powder feeding port diameter, and powder feeding angle on the powder flow, as well as the optimal powder shading rate and the mechanism of powder interaction with pulsed laser beam. In this paper, a gas–solid coupling model during the pulsed laser cladding process of three-beam coaxial powder feeder was established, and the rotating Gaussian heat source function of pulsed laser was written to calculate the temperature, flow velocity, and concentration distribution considering the interaction between laser and powder. The orthogonal test method was used to optimize the process parameters in order to reduce the shading rate of powder and improve the laser energy utilization. On this basis, a full cycle three-dimensional multi-field coupling numerical model for pulsed laser cladding process was established, and the temperature, flow, stress fields, and multi-component heat and mass transfer behaviors were calculated under different powder shading rates. The flow temperature of powder was collected by infrared thermometer and compared with the numerical results, the reliability of the model was verified. This study provides a significant theoretical basis for the full-cycle optimization of process parameters and the improvement of cladding layer quality during pulsed laser cladding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is concern that the values provided by devices using infrared thermometry in emergency departments (EDs) do not reflect body core temperature accurately. Evaluation of three thermometers commonly used in the ED. Two infrared ear thermometers and an infrared forehead thermometer were evaluated using 1) the Voltcraft IRS-350 calibration device, 2) comparing temperature values to a rectal end-exercise temperature (T-RECT) of 38.1°C in 12 participants, and 3) comparing temperature values to rectal temperature in 133 ED patients. Calibration across the human core temperature range revealed that the ear thermometers underestimated radiant temperature by 0.77 ± 0.39°C and 1.84 ± 0.26°C, respectively, whereas the forehead thermometer overestimated radiant temperature by 0.90 ± 0.51°C. After cycling exercise, all thermometers underestimated T-RECT (0.54 ± 0.27°C and 1.03 ± 0.48°C for the ear thermometers and 1.14 ± 0.38°C for the forehead thermometer). In the ED, the ear thermometers underestimated T-RECT by 0.31 ± 0.37°C and 0.46 ± 0.50°C, whereas the forehead thermometer exhibited a nonsignificant overestimation of 0.04 ± 0.46°C. If the threshold for fever in all systems had been set to 37.5°C instead of 38.0°C, the sensitivity and specificity of the systems for real fever (T-RECT ≥ 38°C) are, respectively, 71% and 96% (ear thermometer 1), 57% and 97% (ear thermometer 2), and 86% and 90% (forehead thermometer). We conclude that the investigated thermometers are not reliable as devices to measure radiant temperature, cannot be used to assess body core temperature during exercise, but may be used as a screening device, with 37.5°C as a threshold for fever in emergency care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landsat-9 Panchromatic (PAN) band images are 7 times finer than land surface temperature (LST) photos of the Thermal Infrared (TIR) band. PAN bands have superior image resolution, consistency, and less ambiguity than TIR bands due to their smaller pixel sizes. Image fusion enhances images by combining data from several sources to make them better. Image fusion methods cannot combine PAN and TIR bands. This research proposes Fourier Transformation-based fusion (FTBF) to merge PAN and TIR band data to spatially enhance Landsat-9 LST images from 100 m to 15 m resolution. Fourier transformation integrates frequency domain filtering and spatial matching in FTBF. In-situ infrared thermometers data loggers verified temperature and picture quality parameters for FTBF algorithm fused image thermal points. Comparing downscaled LST with ground truth points yielded an RMSE of 0.18 and a correlation of 0.93. Eight qualitative and quantitative characteristics reveal that FTBF fusion methods improve TIR picture spatial resolution and preserve original LST data thermal attributes. LST-Pan fusion can detect surface temperature change for land-use change, fire detection, forest fire, agricultural analysis, crop management, and flood mapping at finer scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photopolymerization kinetics affects the curing time, degree of conversion, polymerization shrinkage, and mechanical properties of composites. The aim of this study was to compare three methods (temperature, heat flow, and polymerization shrinkage) for photopolymerization kinetics measurement of composites. The photopolymerization kinetics of four composites (2 packable and 2 flowable) were measured with an LED light for 20 s (radiant emittance: 2,100 mW/cm² ). For the two packable composites, photopolymerization kinetics was measured with varying the radiant emittance and exposure time. For each measurement method, peak times were determined as the time when maximum temperature rise, heat flow, and shrinkage rate occurred, respectively. The photopolymerization kinetics differed among the measurement methods. The photopolymerization kinetics of composites changed as the radiant emittance and composite type varied. In clinical practice and research on the composite restoration, the kinetics should be considered comprehensively with the complementary use of various measurement methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fluorinated binders can enhance the combustion properties of Al in energetic materials. The underlying mechanism is under investigation and a rational strategy in terms of application has yet to be fully developed. In this study, we have investigated the effect of using a fluorine‐modified hydroxy‐terminated polyether (HTPE) binder to cast aluminized propellants and explosives. We have focused on the combustion behavior and energy release characteristics of Al particles with and without the fluorinated binder during propellant combustion and explosive detonation. The propellants combustion process was recorded using a high‐speed camera and an infrared thermometer. The heat of detonation, detonation velocity and thermal stability of the explosives were investigated using a constant temperature calorimeter, an electrometric method and a small‐scale thermal cook‐off test, respectively. The fluorine‐modified HTPE propellant has exhibited a higher flame temperature and greater energy release efficiency than the HTPE propellant. Moreover, the fluorine‐modified HTPE propellant is characterized by smaller particle agglomerates, leading to a reduction in the mass percentage of agglomerates from 73 wt% to 42 wt%. The detonation heat of fluorine‐modified HTPE explosive increases from 75.2 % to 81 %, but the detonation velocity decreased from 7745 m/s to 7622 m/s. In addition, the fluorine‐modified HTPE binder maintained the thermal stability of explosives due to a milder decomposition before thermal runaway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction welding is a suitable and promising technique for assembling thermoplastic composite structural components. In this work, a magneto-thermal coupling model has been developed to simulate the induction welding process of carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composite L-shaped stringers. To verify the accuracy and applicability of this model, a series of experiments were conducted, and an infrared thermometer was utilized to calibrate the simulation temperature field. The accuracy and applicability of the model for the induction welding process were validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulated results. Specifically, the induced current density and the magnetic field distribution during induction heating were examined, and the temperature distribution of the carbon fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composite L-shaped stringers during heating was analyzed. It was found that the temperature field on the induction element was distributed in a semi-elliptical shape, extending from the boundary to the middle and intersecting in a butterfly shape at the center. Furthermore, the evolution of the temperature field under different process parameters was investigated, focusing on the influence of coil current and heating time. Based on the simulation results, the optimum process parameters were the coil current of 4 A and the heating time of 40 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Rectal thermometry is still standard practice in the measurement of body temperature in livestock because of its low cost. However, there are situations where this method is contraindicated or impractical, and a less invasive method is required. Non-contact devices have been used in livestock production; however, there are few studies about the variation and correlations in body temperature between rectal temperature and non-contact devices. The present work aims to compare rectal temperature with two types of non-contact devices (non-contact infrared thermometers and thermal imaging/infrared thermography) for the assessment of body temperature in healthy sheep. Except for the temperature taken by non-contact infrared thermometers at the muzzle, the correlation between rectal temperature vs. non-contact infrared thermometers or thermal imaging/infrared thermography showed a low significance or was difficult to use for practical flock management purposes. In addition, the variability between devices was high, which implies that measurements should be interpreted with caution in warm climates and open pens, such as most sheep farms in the Spanish Mediterranean area. Non-contact devices have been used in the measurement of body temperature in livestock production as a tool for testing disease in different species. However, there are few studies about the variation and correlations in body temperature between rectal temperature (RT) and non-contact devices such as non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) and thermal imaging/infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of non-contact devices to measure the body temperature in sheep, considering six body regions and the possibility of implementing these systems in herd management. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Catholic University of Valencia, located in the municipality of Massanassa in July of 2021, with 72 dry manchega ewes, and we compared the rectal temperature with two types of non-contact infrared devices for the assessment of body temperature in healthy sheep. Except for the temperature taken by NCIT at the muzzle, the correlation between RT vs. NCIT or IRT showed a low significance or was difficult to use for practical flock management purposes. In addition, the variability between devices was high, which implies that measurements should be interpreted with caution in warm climates and open pens, such as most sheep farms in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The use of infrared cameras devices to assess body temperature may have a promising future, but in order to be widely applied as a routine management method on farms, the system needs to become cheaper, simpler in terms of measurements and quicker in terms of analyzing results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared radiation thermometers (IRTs) overcome many of the limitations of thermocouples, particularly responsiveness and calibration drift. The main challenge with radiation thermometry is the fast and reliable measurement of temperatures close to room temperature. A new IRT which is sensitive to wavelengths between 3 μm and 11 μm was developed and tested in a laboratory setting. It is based on an uncooled indium arsenide antimony (InAsSb) photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a silver halogenide fibre optic cable transmissive in the mid- to long-wave infrared region. The prototype IRT was capable of measuring temperatures between 35 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 5 ms and a temperature range between 40 °C and 100 °C at an integration time of 1 ms, with a root mean square (RMS) noise level of less than 0.5 °C. The thermometer was calibrated against Planck's law using a five-point calibration, leading to a measurement uncertainty within ±1.5 °C over the aforementioned temperature range. The thermometer was tested against a thermocouple during drilling operations of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) plastic to measure the temperature of the drill bit during the material removal process. Future versions of the thermometer are intended to be used as a thermocouple replacement in high-speed, near-ambient temperature measurement applications, such as electric motor condition monitoring; battery protection; and machining of polymers and composite materials, such as carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Body temperature is a vital sign that determines physical status. Infrared thermography (IRT) is more frequently used for assessing horses’ temperature because of its ease of use and less contact with the horses, making it a safer measurement method. However, the accuracy of IRT remains unclear; therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential use of IRT as an alternative method for measuring horse body temperature. Materials and Methods: Temperatures were measured in 14 horses. A digital thermometer was used to collect rectal temperature (RT), whereas a thermographic camera was used for IRT at three different positions to obtain the center of body temperature (CBT), head temperature (HT), and eye temperature (ET). The protocol was performed over 30 days, repeated thrice daily: morning (6:00–8:00), afternoon (14:00–15:00), and evening (17:00–19:00). Environmental factors, including humidity, ambient temperature, wind flow, and light intensity, were recorded indirectly according to the time of day and cooling device use. Results: Mean RT, CBT, HT, and ET were 37.33°C, 34.08°C, 35.02°C, and 35.14°C, respectively. Center of body temperature was lower than RT by an average of 3.24°C (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4°C–1.09°C). HT was lower than RT by an average of 2.3°C (95% CI, 4.33–0.28). The eye position showed the least difference between RT and infrared temperature, with an average of 2°C (95% CI, 0.7–3.92). However, there was no significant correlation between RT and infrared temperature at any position. Spray and vaporizer use significantly affected IRT and time of day (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Although IRT has advantages in terms of non-invasiveness and reduced stress on horses, its accuracy and reliability may be compromised by environmental variables, which interfere with infrared measurement. Future research should specifically focus on investigating environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel peroxidase-like nanozyme has been constructed by decorating two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (Ti3C2Tx NSs) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to develop a colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode immunosensor. The Ti3C2Tx/AuNPs nanocomposite-catalyzed 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)-H2O2 reaction system produces the one-electron oxidation product of TMB (oxTMB), which exhibits color change and strong near-infrared (NIR) laser-driven photothermal effect at 808 nm laser irradiation. Given these characteristics, the developed immunosensor achieves ultrasensitive dual-mode detection of zearalenone (ZEN) by measuring colorimetric and photothermal signals with a microplate reader and a portable infrared thermometer, respectively. Under optimal working conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of ZEN is 0.15 pg mL−1 for the colorimetric mode and 0.48 pg mL−1 for the photothermal mode. In the analysis of actual contaminated cereals samples, the test result of this method was consistent with that of UPLC-MS/MS. The proposed colorimetric and photothermal dual-mode immunosensor offers a new strategy for the low-cost detection of hazardous substances. The application of a widely used household infrared thermometer makes the signal readout more convenient, which provides great prospects in food safety and environment inspection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-contact optical thermometers based on upconversion luminescence (UCL) with high efficiency are in high demand in the areas of biomedicine, space technology, detectors and several other applications. It will be an added advantage if the same materials can display color tunability with change in composition as well as change in laser power. Due to the low sensitivity and poor discrimination ability of the thermally coupled levels, here the emission response from non-thermally coupled levels has been used for optical thermometry. Under NIR excitation, ZnAl2−xGaxO4:Er,Yb phosphors exhibited UCL in the green and red region and downconversion in the NIR-II region. The most intense upconversion and downconversion as well as excited state lifetime were observed in ZnGa2O4:Er,Yb. Furthermore, higher oxygen vacancies in gallium rich samples (ZnGa2O4) and lower cation vacancies compared to Al-rich samples (ZnAl2O4) aids in better UCL of the former compared to the latter. Gallium insertion gradually leads to beautiful color tunability from pure red in ZnAl2O4:Er,Yb to orange and yellow in solid solution of intermediate composition and then finally to green in ZnGa2O4:Er,Yb. The maximum absolute sensitivity is found to be 11.10 × 10−3 K−1 at 302 K, whereas the relative sensitivity is 5.02 × 10−3 K−1 at 302 K indicating the applicability of ZnGa2O4:Er,Yb as an optical temperature sensor in the temperature range of 302–473 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current piece of work, we have synthesized the Er3+-activated ZrO 2 and illustrated the bifunctional utility of this material for solid-state lighting and non-contact optical thermometry. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, XPS, and PL techniques for their structural, surface, and luminescence studies. Under the excitation of 377 nm, characteristic green emission corresponding to intra 4f-4f transitions of Er3+ is obtained. The concentration quenching effect was observed beyond 1.2 mol % concentration of doping. Using Dexter's theory, it was revealed that dipole-quadrupole interactions are predominantly responsible for concentration quenching. The Photometric study was performed using the PL data. For the most intense phosphor, a highly pure green color (color purity ∼ 97.6%) and CCT ∼ 5375 K is observed. Furthermore, the temperature-sensing capability of the most intense sample has also been explored by triggering the synthesized phosphor by n-UV light. The temperature sensing performance is checked by measuring variations in the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the thermally coupled levels of Er3+ with temperature. The synthesized phosphor gives high relative sensitivity (1.19% K−1 at 303 K)) and absolute sensitivity (11.39 × 10−4 at 603 K)) values. These results suggest that n-UV-triggered Er3+ doped ZrO 2 can be a promising bifunctional material for applications in solid-state lighting and non-contact optical thermometry. • The phosphors were prepared by the solution combustion method. • Highly pure (color purity ∼97.6%) and cool green emission (CCT > 5000 K) is observed in ZrO 2 : 1.2% Er3+. • ZrO 2 :1.2% Er3+ shows its potential as n-UV triggered non-contact optical thermometer with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted in the beef and veal sector of the Campus of Dr. Francisco Maeda" - FAFRAM, in the municipality of Ituverava-SP, from September to December 2018. The objective of this research was to evaluate thermal comfort and animal welfare using artificial shading and exposed to the sun. Fourteen Girolando dairy calves, raised in pickets, were used. The environmental parameters of the black globe (TGN), ambient temperature (RT), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature and humidity index (ITGU), physiological parameters respiratory rate (FR) and skin temperature were evaluated. TP). Data collection was performed three times a week. The equipment used for the experiment was a digital globe thermometer of the brand INSTRUTEMP climatic data, such as: ambient temperature (°C) and relative humidity (RH) in the shade and in the sun. The skin temperature was measured using a digital infrared thermometer at three points on the body surface (neck, thorax, croup). Respiratory rate (FR) (mov / min) was obtained by observation and counting of the flank movements for 15 seconds and correction was performed for one minute. The environmental, physiological and behavioral parameters were collected at intervals of three (3) hours, from the first measurement (9:00 AM), totaling three (3) daily measurements. The collected data were submitted to analysis of variance and frequency. The study proves that the use of artificial shading helps to reduce the caloric stress of dairy calves raised in picket, providing welfare to the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used seven different adhesive removal systems to evaluate and compare enamel surface integrity, heat generation, and time consumed during residual cement removal after de-bracketing. The sample size was 140 human premolars. Teeth were cleaned, mounted, and prepared for orthodontic bracket bonding. Brackets were then debonded using bracket-removing pliers. Teeth were randomly assigned to seven groups based on the residual cement removal system: Group 1: Stainbuster bur, Group 2: Renew diamond bur #129, Group 3: Renew carbide bur, Group 4: OneGloss Complete system, Group 5: Sof-Lex system, Group 6: Enhance Finishing and PoGo Polishing complete kit, and Group 7: Renew friction grip points. The enamel surface was evaluated for roughness before bracketing and after residual cement removal using surface profilometry. The time taken for cement removal was recorded using a digital timer, and heat generation was measured using a laser thermometer before and after cement removal. One-way ANOVA compared the pre- and post-values for enamel surface roughness, temperature, and time consumed. When comparing the difference between the post- and pre-finishing roughness using one-way ANOVA, the Renew diamond bur produced the roughest enamel surface post-removal with a mean of 4.716 μm, while the Sof-Lex recorded the lowest at 0.760 μm. The highest mean temperature was recorded with the Stainbuster bur at 5.545 °C, and the lowest temperature was recorded with the Enhance bur at 2.260 °C. The time for cement removal was the shortest with the Enhance bur at 12.2 s, whereas the time was the longest with the Renew diamond bur at 30.4 s. In conclusion, all the residual cement removal systems used in this clinically simulated study were not able to restore the original enamel surface smoothness. However, the 3M Sof-Lex produced the lowest enamel roughness but with more time consumption and heat generation. When selecting the best residual cement removal system to be used, clinicians should weigh the merits and demerits of each system based on the clinical judgement of the operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the methodology of verification of noncontact thermometers. A black body calibrator intended for infrared non-contact thermometers, which is considered an etalon gauge, is used to assess selected metrological properties. Also contact thermometer was used to check black body temperature. Industrial infrared thermometers, hand infrared thermometers and infrared thermal cameras were evaluated. Absolute measurement errors, standard deviations and measurement uncertainties of these devices were monitored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) and infrared thermography (IRT) have gained prominence as convenient, non-invasive tools for human body temperature measurement. Despite their widespread adoption in a range of settings, there remain questions about their accuracy under varying conditions. This systematic review sought to critically evaluate the performance of NCITs and IRT in body temperature monitoring, synthesizing evidence from a total of 72 unique settings from 32 studies. The studies incorporated in our review ranged from climate-controlled room investigations to clinical applications. Our primary findings showed that NCITs and IRT can provide accurate and reliable body temperature measurements in specific settings and conditions. We revealed that while both NCITs and IRT displayed a consistent positive correlation with conventional, contact-based temperature measurement tools, NCITs demonstrated slightly superior accuracy over IRT. A total of 29 of 50 settings from NCIT studies and 4 of 22 settings from IRT studies achieved accuracy levels within a range of ±0.3 °C. Furthermore, we found that several factors influenced the performance of these devices. These included the measurement location, the type of sensor, the reference and tool, individual physiological attributes, and the surrounding environmental conditions. Our research underscores the critical need for further studies in this area to refine our understanding of these influential factors and to develop standardized guidelines for the use of NCITs and IRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine crop water stress index (CWSI) values and irrigation timing in the case of Derinkuyu dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In 2017, dry beans were grown as the main crop according to the field design consisting of plots divided into randomised blocks. Irrigation treatment comprised full irrigation (I100) and irrigation issues with three different levels of water stress (I66, I33, I0). This study applied 602 mm of water under the I100 irrigation. The yield of Derinkuyu dry beans was equal to 3576.6 kg·ha-1 in I100 irrigation. The lower limit (LL) value, which is not necessary for the determination of CWSI, was obtained as the canopy--air temperature difference (Tc - Ta) versus the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD). The upper limit (UL) value, at which the dry beans were wholly exposed to water stress, was obtained at a constant temperature. The threshold CWSI value at which the grain yield of dry beans started to decrease was determined as 0.33 from the measurements made with an infrared thermometer before irrigation in I66 irrigation treatment. As a result, it can be suggested that irrigation should be applied when the CWSI value is 0.33 in dry beans. Furthermore, the correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between grain yield and crop water stress index and a positive correlation between yield and chlorophyll content. According to variance analysis, significant relationships were found between the analysed parameters at p ≤ 0.01 and p ≤ 0.05. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxides are physically and chemically stable. Non-contact thermometer—Yb3+–Er3+ ions co-doped solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3, is prepared by the regular solid method. The structural results obtained by XRD indicate that a pure phase solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3 has been obtained. The solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3 has a similar crystal structure, especially Y2O3 and In2O3 with the same space group (Ia3¯). Green emission from 500 to 600 nm is due to Er3+ 4f–4f transitions: 4S3/2 → 4I15/2 at 567 nm and 2H11/2 → 4I15/2 at 528 nm. Red emissions from 630 to 720 nm are attributed to Er3+: 4F9/2 → 4I15/2. UC luminescence changes greatly with laser diode power and Er3+ and Yb3+ content. Furthermore, the two-photon process is confirmed to be dominant between Yb3+ and Er3+ in oxide solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3. Optical temperature sensitivity is also investigated systematically in order to explore the application of the oxide solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3. The temperature-dependent green fluorescence at 528 and 567 nm was investigated with the range of 313–573 K. 0.316% K−1 is the maximum absolute sensitivity at 503 K, which is higher than most Yb3+/Er3+ co-doped systems. In addition, the solid solution (Y0.5In0.5)2O3:Yb3+,Er3+ has better thermal stability and stronger UC emission than a simple substance with excellent temperature sensing performance. It indicates that Yb3+–Er3+ ions co-doped (Y0.5In0.5)2O3 solid solution is a good candidate for optical temperature sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser soldering is a crucial soldering technique in the realm of electronic assembly. The temperature of the solder joint is intimately connected with the quality of the solder. This paper introduces an adjustable power upper limit variable-structure Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) intelligent control method for regulating the temperature of the solder joint during laser soldering. Distinct laser power limits are employed for workpieces with varying heat capacities. The solder joint temperature is monitored through an infrared thermometer, which enables closed-loop temperature control via a variable-structure PID algorithm. Residual neural network (ResNet) models are utilized to predict key soldering process parameters. This method has been executed and validated on a practical testing platform. Compared to other laser soldering control techniques, the proposed method demonstrates a low overshoot, rapid dynamic response, and swift adjustment capabilities, effectively enhancing the soldering quality and production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs' temperature is measured through the rectum, which can be difficult to obtain in animals with aggressive nature, or those with ano-rectal conditions. Alternative instruments and routes have also been developed. These alternative methods may yield different results. This study aimed to compare different methods in measuring the internal temperature of dogs. Cases referred to the small animal clinic (n=20) for a general health check were included in this study upon confirming their health status. Axillary, tympanic membrane and rectal temperature were measured 30 minutes post-arrival. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured first using a mercury thermometer and a digital thermometer. Axillary temperature (AT) was measured using a digital thermometer. The tympanic membrane temperature (TMT) was measured last using an infrared thermometer. Complete blood count (CBC) profiles, heart rates and respiratory rates of animals were within normal range. The difference between RT and AT ranged from 0.1°C to 1.1°C, whereas that between RT and TMT ranged from 0.03°C to 2.1°C. 40% of temperatures measured by AT and 90% of those measured with TMT differed by more than 0.5°C from those measured by RT. AT and TMT were positively correlated with RT (r = 0.833, P < 0.0001) and (r = 0.475, P = 0.035) respectively. AT and TMT were weakly correlated (r = 0.542, P = 0.014). The present study showed that RT shouldn't be substituted for AT or TMT in dogs. AT and TMT cannot be used interchangeably with rectal temperature in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights hyperspectral infrared observations from the Marine-Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M-AERI) collected as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility (AMF) deployment on the icebreaker RV Polarstern during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition from October 2019 to September 2020. The ARM M-AERI directly measures the infrared radiance emission spectrum between 520 cm−1 and 3000 cm−1 (19.2–3.3 μm) at 0.5 cm−1 spectral resolution. These ship-based observations provide a valuable set of radiance data for the modeling of snow/ice infrared emission as well as validation data for the assessment of satellite soundings. Remote sensing using hyperspectral infrared observations provides valuable information on sea surface properties (skin temperature and infrared emissivity), near-surface air temperature, and temperature lapse rate in the lowest kilometer. Comparison of the M-AERI observations with those from the DOE ARM meteorological tower and downlooking infrared thermometer are generally in good agreement with some notable differences. Operational satellite soundings from the NOAA-20 satellite were also assessed using ARM radiosondes launched from the RV Polarstern and measurements of the infrared snow surface emission from the M-AERI showing reasonable agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Efforts to minimize rewarming during vascular anastomosis improve graft outcomes. • A thermal barrier bag keeps the graft cooler even with prolonged anastomosis. • In long anastomosis time, the thermal barrier bag is preferred. In kidney transplantation (KT), efforts to minimize rewarming and optimize anastomosis time during vascular anastomosis improve graft outcomes. We recently reported the safety and efficacy of a pouch-type thermal barrier bag (TBB) made of elastomer gel to reduce second-warm ischemic injury during vascular anastomosis. We aimed to examine the usefulness of the TBB in prolonged vascular anastomosis in KT performed by young transplant fellows. Young transplant fellows performed KT under the supervision of certified transplant surgeons. The kidney graft was placed inside the TBB with an outlet for vessels and preserved during vascular anastomosis. A non-contact infrared thermometer measured the graft surface temperature before and after vascular anastomosis. After completion of the anastomosis, the TBB was manually slid out of the transplanted kidney and removed before graft reperfusion. Clinical data, including patient characteristics and perioperative variables, were collected. The primary endpoint was the median graft surface temperature at the end of the anastomosis. Ten living-donor kidney transplant recipients with a median age of 56.5 years (range, 40–69 years) underwent KT procedures performed by young transplant fellows. The median anastomosis time was 53 (43–67) min. At the end of anastomosis, the median graft surface temperature was 17.7°C (16.3–18.3°C); no serious adverse events or delayed graft function were observed. The TBB can keep transplanted kidneys at a low temperature even with prolonged vascular anastomosis time, thus contributing to the functional preservation of transplanted kidneys and stable transplant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise monitoring of leaf temperature is becoming more important as crop leaf temperature is utilized more frequently for different uses such as irrigation, disease and pest detection. This study aims to explore the potential usage of a cost-effective Lepton 3.5 camera to measure the crop canopy temperature. The accuracy of the Lepton 3.5 will be compared to a FLIR E8-XT thermal camera and an MLX90614 infrared thermometer. With the usage of three devices: a custom Lepton 3.5 camera, an Implexxio LT-1T thermistor and an MLX90614, the temperature of the target leaf of a laboratory plant was automatically measured every five minutes. The data would then be recorded on a private cloud server and manually measured with a handheld FLIR E8-XT. The performance of these three devices was evaluated to the standard of a highly accurate Implexxio LT-1T thermistor using the mean absolute error and root mean squared error. Among the non-contact sensors- MLX90614, Lepton 3.5 and FLIR E8-XT- the MLX90614 sensor showed the highest accuracy. However, the Lepton 3.5 module had an accuracy of less than ±2°C, which was similar to FLIR E8-XT and much better than the error value specified for the Lepton. The low-cost Lepton 3.5 can be used to periodically measure leaf temperature with an accuracy comparable to that of an intermediate-level thermal imager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the influence of the duration of the kidney back-table preparation period and kidney temperature on graft outcomes after transplantation. The aim of this study is to investigate the back-table duration and its relation to graft outcome and the relation between kidney temperature and graft outcome. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, deceased donor kidney temperature is measured at fixed time points using an infrared thermometer during back-table preparation and transplantation. Additionally, the back-table duration is measured using a timer. Results: Between September 2020 and July 2021, 49 kidneys were prospectively included in this study. Median back-table duration was 33.7 (standard deviation ± 14.1) min and donor kidney temperature increased up to 14.9 °C (±2.8) after 60 min of back-table preparation. Mean implantation time was 24.9 (±7.6) min and kidney temperature increased up to 25.9 °C (±2.4) after 30 min of implantation time. Longer back-table duration was significantly associated with higher rates of delayed graft function (p = 0.037). However, this observation did not sustain at 3 and 6-months post-transplantation. No association was found between kidney temperature and graft outcomes. Conclusion: Longer back-table duration is significantly associated with DGF after deceased donor kidney transplantation. No association was observed between kidney temperature and graft outcomes of deceased donor kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, La 2 (MoO 4) 3 doped with Eu3+ was synthesized by the high-temperature solid-state method. The phase composition of the Eu3+-doped La 2 (MoO 4) 3 sample was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the microstructure was observed via the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under the excitation at 211 nm, the room temperature emission spectra of Eu3+ in the samples with different doping levels were recorded. In addition, the prepared La 2 (MoO 4) 3 : x Eu3+ (x = 0–0.25) phosphors were color tunable. A non-contact optical thermometer with high sensitivity and high-temperature resolution was fabricated based on the different thermal quenching behaviors of the Mo–O group and Eu3+ center. The fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR), temperature resolution (ΔT), maximum absolute and relative sensor sensitivity (Sa and Sr) of La 2 (MoO 4) 3 :Eu3+ were calculated according to different thermal quenching effects between room temperature (298K) and 573K of Eu3+ and Mo–O group. These results show that La 2 (MoO 4) 3 :Eu3+ has excellent sensitivity and temperature resolution, good reversibility and reliability, as Sa = 0.0525 K-1, Sr = 0.3724. % K−1, ΔT = 0.0806 K and the FIR error was only 0.62%. Therefore, the Eu3+-doped La 2 (MoO 4) 3 is a promising candidate material for high performance non-contact optical thermometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to increase the calibration capabilities of infrared thermometer, an extension to the non-contact temperature scale has been performed by the National Institute for Standards (NIS) using a LSBB for the low temperature range from − 30.0 to + 30.0 °C. A high emissivity cavity was developed as a temperature source for the infrared thermometers under calibration. A characterization had been performed and included studies of temperature stability, homogeneity, cavity bottom uniformity, efficiency, blackbody emissivity evaluation, determination of the source size, distance effect, the effect of reflected ambient radiation and the cavity bottom heat exchange. This study showed that NIS is capable of calibrating the secondary standards, establishing the metrological tractability and disseminating those calibration services. This calibration service is now accredited from the Egyptian Accreditation Council (EGAC) with uncertainty ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-contact devices have been used in the measurement of body temperature in livestock production as a tool for testing disease in different species. However, there are few studies about the variation and correlations in body temperature between rectal temperature (RT) and non-contact devices such as non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) and thermal imaging/infrared thermography (IRT). The objective of this work was to evaluate the accuracy of non-contact devices to measure the body temperature in sheep, considering six body regions and the possibility of implementing these systems in herd management. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Catholic University of Valencia, located in the municipality of Massanassa in July of 2021, with 72 dry manchega ewes, and we compared the rectal temperature with two types of non-contact infrared devices for the assessment of body temperature in healthy sheep. Except for the temperature taken by NCIT at the muzzle, the correlation between RT vs. NCIT or IRT showed a low significance or was difficult to use for practical flock management purposes. In addition, the variability between devices was high, which implies that measurements should be interpreted with caution in warm climates and open pens, such as most sheep farms in the Spanish Mediterranean area. The use of infrared cameras devices to assess body temperature may have a promising future, but in order to be widely applied as a routine management method on farms, the system needs to become cheaper, simpler in terms of measurements and quicker in terms of analyzing results.

A compact thermometer for air temperature based on the measurement of the speed of sound was developed at INRIM. This paper focuses on the comparison of this instrument with platinum resistance thermometers in a climatic chamber over a temperature range (−30 ÷ +55) °C, relative humidity (10 ÷ 90)%rh, and irradiation (>1 kW/m2) values similar to those of surface atmospheric conditions. Overall uncertainty values of 0.2 °C over the range from −30 °C to +30 °C, and from 0.6 °C to +55 °C, were found. Moreover, the instrument proved to be immune to irradiation errors and free from the need for temperature calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) is thought to alter fluid dynamics in human soft tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of IASTM on the thoracolumbar fascia (TLF) on the water content of the lumbar myofascial tissue. Methods: In total, 21 healthy volunteers were treated with IASTM. Before and after the procedure and 5 and 10 min later, lumbar bioimpedance was measured by bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and TLF stiffness was measured by indentometry. Tissue temperature was recorded at the measurement time points using an infrared thermometer. Results: Bioimpedance increased significantly from 58.3 to 60.4 Ω (p < 0.001) at 10-min follow-up after the treatment. Temperature increased significantly from 36.3 to 36.6 °C from 5 to 10 min after treatment (p = 0.029), while lumbar myofascial stiffness did not change significantly (p = 0.84). Conclusions: After the IASTM intervention, there was a significant increase in bioimpedance, which was likely due to a decrease in water content in myofascial lumbar tissue. Further studies in a randomized control trial design are needed to extrapolate the results in healthy subjects to a symptomatic population as well and to confirm the reliability of BIA in myofascial tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of non-contact thermometers is one of the important applications of phosphors. In this work, a photoluminescence strategy by introducing Dy3+ for application in fluorescence intensity ratio thermometry (FIR) was investigated in detail. The FIR approach employs the fluorescence intensity ratios of 4I 15/2 -6H 15/2 and 4F 9/2 -6H 13/2 , due to the Boltzmann variant distribution between two excited states at specific temperatures. The crystal structure, morphology, and luminescence behaviors of CaLa 4 (SiO 4) 3 O: Dy3+ were studied. When the excitation wavelength is 348 nm, two strong emission peaks of CaLa 4-x (SiO 4) 3 O: xDy3+ at 478 and 573 nm respectively, as well as two small emission peaks located at 456 nm and 661 nm. The optical temperature measurement performance of the phosphors at different temperatures (298 K–548 K) was achieved because of the different thermal quenching transitions of 4F 9/2 -6H 15/2 and 4F 9/2 -6H 13/2. The maximum relative sensitivity and absolute sensitivity of the as-prepared phosphors as optical thermometers could reach as high as 0.1673% K−1 at 298 K and 0.007087% K−1 at 548 K, respectively. Therefore, we hope that our research on the temperature measurement of CaLa 4 (SiO 4) 3 O: Dy3+ series phosphors can lay a certain research foundation and reference value for the subsequent research on the temperature measurement direction of Dy3+ doped phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canopy temperature (CT) is considered a reliable proxy for stomatal conductance. Low CT values of plant canopies under water-limited conditions are associated with high transpiration indicating plants' drought tolerance. Many U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) adapted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars lack stress-adaptive traits resulting in poor performance in drought environments. This study aims to identify the stress-adaptive traits by evaluating the CT in spring wheat populations across different soil moisture conditions in the PNW. An infrared thermometer was used to estimate the CT in two families of recombinant inbred lines, 'Alpowa' × 'Express' (AE population) and 'Hollis' × 'Drysdale' (HD population), in rainfed and irrigated environments of the dryland PNW in 2011 to 2013. Higher reductions in grain yield up to 170%, spike length up to 25%, and spikelets spike−1 up to 19% were observed in a rainfed environment compared to the reductions in an irrigated environment. A significant variation in CT was observed in both AE and HD populations. With 1 °C increase in CT at the anthesis stage, grain yield was lowered up to 38 g m−2. Low CT was associated with high grain yield and agronomic traits in both wheat populations (r = − 0.18 to − 0.55, P ≤ 0.05). The highest association between CT and grain yield was observed at anthesis (r = − 0.47) and milking (r = − 0.38) stages (P ≤ 0.001). Our results show that screening for low CT during terminal wheat growth stage is an effective strategy for improving the selection of new drought-tolerant wheat varieties in the PNW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]