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This paper aims to analyse the social selectivity of internal movers in six European countries, by examining the influence of education and social origin on the likelihood of moving. The study, using ShareLife data, reveals country-specific variations in social selectivity. France and Poland show a skilled selection of internal movers, where education is the primary factor affecting the likelihood of moving, with no additional effect of social origin. In Germany and Sweden, internal movers are selected based on their social origin as well as education, but this double selection differs between the two countries, with a boosting scenario in Germany and a systematic effect of social origin in Sweden, regardless of educational level. Finally, in Spain and Italy, the social selectivity of movers is less evident. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering the interplay of education and social origin in understanding the social selectivity of internal movers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shortages of women in rural areas occur in many highly urbanized countries. Rural East Germany is an ideal case for studying this phenomenon because of its low adult sex ratio (ASR)—men greatly outnumber women—coupled with high outmigration among young adults. This study identifies how internal migration between rural and urban areas contributes to the shortage of young adult women. We use data on inter-county migration flows (for years 2002–21) to decompose the impacts of migration flows on ASRs. We find that the low ASRs in rural East Germany have been driven by sex-selective migration. In the early 2000s the main destination of sex-selective outflows was West Germany, while in the 2010s urban areas in East Germany were the key destinations. We find that moves among 18–24-year-olds increased the shortage of women in the rural population, whereas moves among 25–29-year-olds contributed to more balanced ASRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the impacts of climate change intensify globally, scholars and policymakers are increasingly interested in determining the factors that lead to the success or failure of climate adaptation strategies. This paper investigates the well-being outcomes of ex-pastoralists in northern Kenya who have migrated to towns in response to severe droughts. Focusing on Marsabit Town, the study employs a comparative design with primary survey data to analyze the well-being outcomes resulting from migration as an adaptation strategy. We contrast two heterogeneous groups of former pastoralists: a "settled group" that was already residing in Marsabit Town before ending their pastoral activities and a "migrant group" that relocated to Marsabit Town at the time of abandoning pastoralism. Our analysis reveals significant differences in well-being outcomes between these groups, with the migrant group often experiencing deterioration in their well-being levels. Key predictors of poorer well-being outcomes include the loss of all livestock, informal housing, and failure to transition into agricultural work, which often results in dependence on casual labor. Additionally, many migrants continue to experience poor subjective well-being—referring to their personal satisfaction with the quality of life—years after their livelihood transition. These insights offer a nuanced understanding of the well-being outcomes of migration-as-adaptation among heterogeneous groups of ex-pastoralists and underscore the need for customized livelihood support strategies for the most at-risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores cohesion levels within Istanbul's internal migrant groups, focusing on formal solidarity networks and Hometown Associations (HTAs). It examines disparities in organizational density within formal associations among these groups and identifies the underlying factors that contribute to the varying degrees of cohesion. The findings highlight a contiguous region at the intersection of the Black Sea's hinterland and Eastern Anatolia, where migrants in Istanbul exhibit higher levels of solidarity through organizational density. HTAs originating from villages tend to concentrate in peripheral settlements, while city and district associations are prevalent in central residential areas. This research adds to the understanding of internal migration and solidarity networks, offering a data-driven basis for further studies. It presents an innovative metric for quantifying the bonds within migrant groups, crucial for evaluating their social capital. This metric serves as a foundation, encouraging a broader research agenda to deepen insights into migrant social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1978, millions of Chinese workers have migrated to seek personal development opportunities. However, little is known about what the world's largest internal migration means for the public. Safety perceptions concern the vital well-being of each individual and can indirectly indicate criminal activities in society. From a microscopic perspective, this study is the first attempt to focus on the impact of migration on individuals' public safety perceptions in China. Using the ordered probit model and conducting robustness tests using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Instrumental Variable (IV) methods, we found that an individual's public safety perception generally declines when the proportion of migrants in the community increases. However, the impacts on the various groups were different. Internal migration has been suggested to have a more significant influence on females, older people, high-income groups, locals, and individuals living in the east. Furthermore, migration negatively affected public safety perceptions in China, primarily by endangering employment and weakening social trust. This study has significant policy implications for the effective public safety administration in China. Likewise, the findings could also help many developing countries with migration management because there has been an increase in rural-urban migration during economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the relevance of adaptation challenges to the location choices of internal migrants, thereby adding to the recognition that they are newcomers to the host society. To achieve this, it presents an examination of how cultural, institutional and social differences between origin and destination regions, which internal migrants need to adapt to, impact their location choices, using labour migration within China as a case study. Competing-destination models show that these adaptation-related differences are indeed significant to internal migration, especially for younger and older women, more educated migrants, the self-employed, singles, and households moving together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining detailed county-to-county migration data with Toxics Release Inventory data, and fine-scale PM 2.5 concentration levels, we investigate the relationship between internal migration, income of migrant and non-migrant households and county-level differences in environmental quality. We show that households moving to "cleaner" counties are relatively "richer"—a result consistent with a sorting by income in the spirit of Tiebout (1956). An implication of this finding is that internal migration could contribute to the persistence of disparities in pollution exposure at the county-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates that out‐of‐area (OOA) property transactions can serve as a proxy for migration. Using micro‐level transaction data, we document that about 35% of migrants make OOA property purchases. The goodness‐of‐fit between migration and OOA purchases is higher for aggregate migration measures and lower for migration flows between disaggregated areas. Furthermore, in most specifications, a one percent increase in OOA purchases is associated with an approximately one percent increase in migration. We characterize the monthly out‐migration from NYC zip codes to surrounding areas after the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic to demonstrate the high temporal and spatial resolution of OOA transaction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary labor migration is a household phenomenon among rural communities in India. This study seeks to understand the subjective experiences influencing the temporariness of labor migration among internal migrants in India by examining various factors such as migration conditions, motivation, migration arrangements, coping and adaptation strategies, and determinants of stay. To achieve this objective, the current qualitative study utilized 14 indepth interviews and 2 focus group discussions to investigate the temporary nature of labor migration among internal migrants in India. Our findings reveal that migration decisions are rational choices made collectively at the household level, considering socio-economic outcomes. We also find that social networks and contractors facilitate migration arrangements and job connections, and migrants employ various strategies to reduce costs and cope with expenses in urban areas. However, migration destinations often fail to meet migrants' expectations, exposing them to low-wage employment and precarious working and living conditions, which are detrimental to their health. Limited housing and sanitation facilities further contribute to the challenges faced by migrants. Work conditions, including poor wages and high job demands, also affect their well-being. These findings highlight the need for improved support systems that address accommodation challenges, work conditions, and the overall welfare of labor migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the outcomes of internal migration in Indonesia, specifically focusing on the intersecting themes of ethnicity, informality, and entrepreneurial migration. We examine how Javanese migrants perceive the benefits and challenges of their migration and subsequent engagement in the informal sector as self‐employed migrants/small business owners in and around Kupang’s traditional markets. We use a sequential mixed‐methods approach (a household survey with a structured interview [n=344] and in‐depth/semi‐structured interviews [n=28] in 2020). Drawing on Hein de Haas’s framework on the internal dynamics of migration, we explore the multifaceted outcomes of entrepreneurial migration beyond the economic consequences addressed in similar studies. The perceived positive impacts of this migration include sufficient income to cover daily needs and children’s education, as well as new remittances and employment opportunities for communities in Java and Kupang. However, these broadly empowering trends were set against the experience of those migrants who, because of less informal sector labour experience, could not easily negotiate their settlement in a new host environment, leading to varied adverse consequences. Ultimately, then, the article highlights the importance of social networks, knowledge, and reciprocity in supporting the successful establishment of entrepreneurial migrants in emerging destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of wildfire impacts to the built environment is growing and will likely continue under rising average global temperatures. We investigate whether and at what destruction threshold wildfires have influenced human mobility patterns by examining the migration effects of the most destructive wildfires in the contiguous U.S. between 1999 and 2020. We find that only the most extreme wildfires (258+ structures destroyed) influenced migration patterns. In contrast, the majority of wildfires examined were less destructive and did not cause significant changes to out- or in-migration. These findings suggest that, for the past two decades, the influence of wildfire on population mobility was rare and operated primarily through destruction of the built environment. This study examines the impact of destructive wildfires on human migration in the contiguous United States, showing that only the most extreme events affected existing migration trends. Migration in response to wildfire building destruction was rare, while immobility was a more common response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has undergone rapid urbanization and internal migration in the past few years, and its up-to-date gridded population datasets are essential for various applications. Existing datasets for China, however, suffer from either outdatedness or failure to incorporate data from the latest Seventh National Population Census of China, conducted in 2020. In this study, we develop a novel population downscaling approach that leverages stacking ensemble learning and big geospatial data to produce up-to-date population grids at a 100 m resolution for China using seventh census data at both county and town levels. The proposed approach employs stacking ensemble learning to integrate the strengths of random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM through fusing their predictions in a training mechanism, and it delineates the inhabited areas from big geospatial data to enhance the gridded population estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach exhibits the best-fit performance compared to individual base models. Meanwhile, the out-of-sample town-level test set indicates that the estimated gridded population dataset (R2=0.8936) is more accurate than existing WorldPop (R2=0.7427) and LandScan (R2=0.7165) products for China in 2020. Furthermore, with the inhabited area enhancement, the spatial distribution of population grids is intuitively more reasonable than the two existing products. Hence, the proposed population downscaling approach provides a valuable option for producing gridded population datasets. The estimated 100 m gridded population dataset of China holds great significance for future applications, and it is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24916140.v1 (Chen et al., 2024b). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Migrant Health Follow-Up Study (MHFUS) is a longitudinal study conducted in South Africa to examine the consequences of migration and urbanization on individual health. The study has collected data on education, employment, migration, household composition, health, health service use, and diet through four study waves between 2018 and 2022. The MHFUS aims to understand the impact of migration and urbanization on non-communicable and infectious diseases and treatment continuity. The study has achieved a high retention rate of 98% of participants. The study provides valuable insights into the experiences and well-being of migrants in the country. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: Seasonal migrations, such as those of ungulates, are particularly threatened by habitat transformations and fragmentation, climate and other environmental changes caused by anthropogenic activities. Mountain ungulate migrations are neglected because they are relatively short, although traversing heterogeneous altitudinal gradients particularly exposed to anthropogenic threats. Detecting migration routes of these species and understanding their drivers are therefore of primary importance to predict connectivity and preserve ecosystem functions and services. The populations of Alpine ibex Capra ibex have all been reintroduced from the last remnant source population. Despite a general increase in abundance and overall distribution range, ibex populations are mostly disconnected but display intra‐population migrations. Therefore, its conservation is strictly linked to the interplay between external threats and related behavioural responses, including space use and migration. Location: Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland. Methods: By using 337 migratory tracks from 425 GPS‐collared individuals from 15 Alpine ibex populations distributed across their entire range, we (i) identified the environmental drivers of movement corridors in both spring and autumn and (ii) compared the ability of a connectivity modelling algorithm to predict migratory movements between seasonal ranges of the 15 populations, using either population‐specific or multipopulation datasets, and three validation procedures. Results: Steep, south‐facing, snow‐free slopes were selected while high elevation changes were avoided. This revealed the importance of favourable resources and an attempt to limit energy expenditures and perceived predation risk. The abilities of the modelling methods we compared to predict migratory connectivity from the results of those movement analyses were similar. Main Conclusions: The trade‐off between energy expenditure, food and cover was the major driver of migration routes and was overall consistent among populations. Based on these findings, we provided useful connectivity models to inform conservation of Alpine ibex and its habitats, and a framework for future research investigating connectivity in migratory species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected internal migration patterns worldwide. Most previous studies have reported on pandemic-induced changes in internal migration using data from 2020 and 2021. Therefore, little is known about the pandemic’s medium-term impact. To address this gap, this study investigated an annual series of migration patterns from 2019 to 2023 in Japan. At the municipal level, relationships between net migration rates and population density indicated that the urbanisation trend became weak in 2020, compared to that in 2019, and it was the weakest in 2021. The urbanisation degree became stronger in 2023, increasing to the level in 2020. Using annual inter-municipal migration flows, this study then investigated changes in migration flows to/from and within three major metropolitan areas (Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka). The changes in sizes of these flows and migration effectiveness index suggested that the pandemic had the largest impact in the Tokyo metropolitan area, among the three areas, and it stimulated intra-metropolitan migration as suburbanisation, rather than net out-migration as ‘urban exodus’, in Japan. The overall results indicated that the pandemic had the largest impact in 2021, which got smaller as the migration patterns recovered to the pre-pandemic ones in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the existing literature focusing on post-disaster regional impacts, we illustrate how the perception of disaster exposure affects regional population flows through household location decisions using a quantitative spatial economics model. More importantly, the quantitative spatial economics model helps identify critical drivers for regional migration that motivate the subsequent empirical analyses. A generalized additive model is applied to US county-level data to capture the nonlinear impact of disaster exposure on migration. The regional migration is not responsive to small and moderate disaster exposures. However, counties subject to severe disaster exposure experience significantly slower net inmigration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Niger faces a myriad of health challenges and development efforts are complicated by persistent poverty, high population growth rates, and climate change. Integrated social and behavior change (SBC) addresses health outcomes through collective action and approaches at the limited points of entry individuals have with the health system. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated SBC program in the Maradi, and Zinder regions of Niger. We applied contribution analysis, a theory-based plausibility analysis, to assess contributions of the intervention. Results: We found the program contributed to improved behavioral determinants. Male engagement and income generating activities provided further support for women to practice health behaviors. However, increases in male partner out-migration was negatively associated with health outcomes. While the program did not generate statistically significant improvements in health outcomes in the intervention area, exposure to health messages and participation in women's groups were positively associated with health outcomes suggesting sustained implementation of the integrated SBC approach at scale may achieve improved health outcomes. Conclusion: Programs should continue to invest in health promotion efforts that include gender sensitive interventions. Further research is needed to understand how women's agency and autonomy evolves as household composition changes through male out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the electron‐withdrawing effect of the Pt(bpy)Cl2 molecule, a simple post‐modification amide reaction was firstly used to graft it onto the surface of NH2‐MIL‐125, which performed as a highly efficient electron acceptor that induced the conversion of the photoinduced charge migration pathway from internal BDC→TiOx migration to external BDC→PtNx migration, significantly improving the efficiency of photoinduced electron transfer and separation. Furthermore, precisely regulating over the first coordination sphere of Pt single atoms was achieved using further post‐modification with additional bipyridine to investigate the effect of Pt−Nx coordination numbers on reaction activity. The as‐synthesized NML‐PtN2 exhibited superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of 7.608 mmol g−1 h−1, a remarkable improvement of 225 and 2.26 times compared to pristine NH2‐MIL‐125 and NML‐PtN4, respectively. In addition, the superior apparent quantum yield of 4.01 % (390 nm) and turnover frequency of 190.3 h−1 (0.78 wt % Pt SA; 129 times compared to Pt nanoparticles/NML) revealed the high solar utilization efficiency and hydrogen evolution activity of the material. And macroscopic color changes caused by the transition of carrier migration paths was first observed. It holds profound significance for the design of MOF‐Molecule catalysts with efficient charge carrier separation and precise regulation of single‐atom coordination sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internal migration is an important part of the transition to adulthood for many young people in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines how migration, in relation to marriage and parenthood, impacts modern contraceptive use and health facility visits amongst young urban women. Methods: We draw on Performance Monitoring for Action (PMA) surveys conducted in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda (2019–2022). Our analysis is unique in being able to adjust for whether women wanted to get pregnant soon. Our sample includes women ages 15–24 years currently residing in urban areas (n = 6,225). We conducted logistic regression models clustered by village level identifier to explore the sequence of life events and the timing of migration in relation to current modern contraceptive use and recent health facility visit, a proxy for engagement with formal health services. Results: The timing of migration matters more than the sequence of these life events. Young urban women who experienced both migration and a birth, regardless of the order, had increased contraceptive use and recent health facility visit, compared to women who had only experienced one event or neither. Young women who migrated in the past year had 24% lower odds of using a modern method (Odds Ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.63, 0.91), adjusting for demographic factors and adjusting for fertility preference (Wanting to get pregnant soon). Having had a birth was highly significant for health facility visit and among women who had had a birth, those who migrated in the last year had lower odds of a recent visit (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.41, 0.89). Results suggest an initially disruptive effect of migration. Discussion: Our results suggest young women who recently migrated to urban areas may need additional support in accessing contraception and formal health services for themselves or their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elucidates how the geography of interprovincial migration in China has evolved with the country’s structural changes over the past 35 years and explores how this geography has developed in the past decade. In synthesizing existing literature, we demonstrate that the coast-inland migration discrepancy emerged in the late 1980s when migration control was relaxed and a coastal development strategy was adopted, reinforced in the 1990s when globalization, marketization, and decentralization unfolded and interprovincial economic disparities increased, and stabilized in the 2000s when the growth of interprovincial economic disparities came to a halt with the country’s shift to a coordinated regional development strategy. Using 2020 Census data, the geography is revealed to have become less skewed between 2010 and 2020, driven primarily by two groups of provinces. One group includes five southeast coastal provinces and two coastal municipalities; the other includes nine southern inland provinces. The southern inland-coast migration flows, which had been growing prior to 2010, have decreased between 2010 and 2020, whereas counterflows have increased greatly. These emerging trends can be attributed to several significant transformations in China’s demography and economic landscape, including the aging of a large number of first-generation migrants, a declining workforce, the relocation of manufacturing industries, and people’s increasing emphasis on public services, the access to which are often tied to the hukou place. Interprovincial migration in China has reached a turning point in terms of geographic changes. The policies on this migration and the geographical framework for analyzing it may need updating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the complex relationship between migration and different dimensions of well-being is still limited. This article applies the framework of psychosocial well-being to analyze the impact of migration on families-of-origin in Chile, using qualitative data collected in four municipalities experiencing high levels of net emigration. We consider four dimensions of psychosocial well-being: material, emotional, psychological and social. Findings show that migration generates large material and emotional costs for families-of-origin while providing no obvious material benefits at least in the short-term. For parents, being able to support their children’s migration, as a way to provide them with better opportunities in a context where local options are limited, appears to contribute to their life purpose, sense of mastery and agency, all important aspects of psychological well-being. Our findings reinforce the importance of analyzing the impact of migration using a multidimensional and holistic perspective, because it affects different aspects of well-being in different ways, reflecting the complex interconnections between individual and social experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to maximize the post-harvest quality of Moutan Cortex and reduce energy consumption. Radio frequency vacuum (RFV) technology was used to dehydrate Moutan Cortex in this study to investigate the effects of different drying temperatures, plate spacing, and vacuum degree on the drying kinetics, physicochemical quality, and microstructure of Moutan Cortex. The results showed that RFV drying shortened the dehydration time of the Moutan Cortex by 10.71–28.57% and increased the drying rate by 15.79–54.39% compared to hot-air drying. The best color (∆E = 6.08 ± 0.28, BI = 26.97 ± 0.98) and relatively high retention of polysaccharides, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant properties, paeonol, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, and benzoylpaeoniflorin contents were observed in the dried products of Moutan Cortex at a drying temperature of 50 °C, spacing of 90 mm, and vacuum of 0.025 MPa. Analyzing the microstructure, it was found that RFV drying could effectively inhibit the shrinkage and collapse of the cellular structure, and a regular and loose honeycomb pore structure appeared inside the samples, which contributed to the rapid migration of the internal moisture. This study can provide a theoretical reference basis for the selection and application of industrialized processing methods of high-quality Moutan Cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the impact of returnee entrepreneurs' internal migration experience on enterprise innovation and explored possible mechanisms. Using data from the 2018 Enterprise Survey for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in China (ESIEC), which collected a large sample of entrepreneurs from small and medium enterprises, the results of our study showed that entrepreneurs' internal migration experience positively affected enterprise innovation activities and expenditure. Further, the effects were larger for the entrepreneurs who had the first migration at a younger age and had a longer duration of migration exposure. The mechanism analysis suggested that human capital accumulation was a potential channel underlying the innovation consequences of entrepreneurs' internal migration experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary internal migration is an important livelihood strategy but there have been inconsistencies in its conceptualisation and measurement which limit understanding of the phenomenon across diverse geographical contexts. This paper explores the ontological category of temporary internal migration and how it is defined and measured in eight Asian countries. We identify three broad approaches to measurement: Place of enumeration; Multilocality and Administrative measures. Using these data, we undertake comparisons of migration intensity, age profiles, and rural- to-urban flows across countries in our sample. Our findings indicate that temporary migration ranges between 0.3 to 2.9 per cent of the population—likely an underestimate of internal temporary mobility. Applying an average intensity of 1.5 per cent to all Asian countries yields an estimate of 71 million temporary internal migrants in any given year. Analysis of age profiles reveals that temporary internal migration peaks not only at young adult ages, but also at older ages in selected countries, pointing to the importance of consumption-related movements in some settings. The geographical patterns are also diverse with rural-to-urban flows matched by significant rural-to-rural and urban-to-rural flows. The paper concludes with recommendations for advancing both the conceptualisation and measurement of temporary internal migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the root causes and consequences of forced displacement in Guerrero, Mexico. Drawing upon Latin American and Caribbean decolonial feminist thought, we use 'cuerpo-territorio' (body-territory) as a lens for understanding multiscalar violence in the region. This centres the experiences of women and children, key figures both in the (re)production of embodied, communal, and territorial ties and in the phenomenon of forced displacement. Their testimonials complicate understandings of internal migration in Mexico and asylum-seeking in the US, disrupting typical re/victimising narratives while acknowledging the interconnected, intimate-global violences these women and youth often face. In connection with 'cuerpo-territorio', we incorporate the decolonial concept of 're-existencia' (re-existence) to show how those suffering displacement actively transform possibilities for being-in-the-world. In conversation with feminist geographic work on oppositional resistance, resilience, and re-working, we explain 're-existencia' as solidarity practices that move beyond mere survival. Instead, these practices draw on longstanding indigenous ways of being to infuse new life into territories dispossessed through violence. This article aims to deepen dialogue with feminist geographic literatures outside of the Anglo-centric canon, and calls for greater attention to Latin American and Caribbean decolonial epistemologies in analyses of displacement in the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies to address the decline and marginalization of rural areas are emerging as a central issue of European and national policies. Yet, the conceptualization of decline and the recognition of forms of decline specific to distinct rural areas, resulting in conditions of intra-rural divide, are fundamental aspects for developing place-based and targeted strategies. The article thus focuses on the concept of intra-rural divide. It introduces the categories of declining, adapting, stabilizing, and developing regions as spatial clusters that present specific population trends and require specific place-based policies. These policies are defined as adaptation, mitigation, and development strategies. The aim of the study is to develop a procedure, based on a set of indicators of population trends and population structure, to investigate the impact of active decline resulting from out-migration and legacy decline resulting from demographic imbalances produced by past migration. The objective is to understand the intra-rural divide and identify clusters of declining transition and prosperous rural areas. Six Italian regions were selected as study areas, including Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise, and Puglia. The Municipalities are selected as the unit of analysis. The study's findings provide relevant information for defining targeted policies and balancing adaptation, mitigation, and development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial clustering of life satisfaction scores noted in recent empirical research suggests that 'happier' people may live in specific neighbourhoods or regions. This prompts the questions: Do 'happier' people choose to move to specific places? Does living in specific places make people 'happier'? To answer these questions, this paper explores possible occurrences of selective mobility, and social and ecological influence. Using panel data collected in Australia from 2013 to 2021, we examine the association between life satisfaction scores and selective geographic mobility, and the possible influence that living at specific locations may have on individual life satisfaction trajectory, while controlling for individual personality traits and socio-demographic factors. Our results indicate that urban residents reporting lower life satisfaction scores before the move have a higher probability of moving to a rural area. Similarly, lower life satisfaction scores are associated with a higher probability of moving to a region with a different climate. We also find evidence that moving from the city to the country is associated with an uplift of the life satisfaction trajectory for the individual. A similar conclusion is reached for people who moved to a warmer climate, but not for a move to a cooler climate. To our knowledge, this is the first time the concepts of selective mobility and social and ecological influence have been applied in life satisfaction research. Our work provides an indicator that can be important to demographers predicting population movements. It can also inform policy development around assisting regional and rural areas attract/ retain residents to support regional sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly all countries today deal with poverty and immigration and work to find solutions to these difficulties. This paper is designed to examine the spatial effects of public expenditures and poverty on internal migration in Turkey. According to the findings, poverty reduces immigration. It is seen as a driving force, especially in areas with close neighbors. In addition, the amount of exports, labor force participation rate, population growth and the share of public expenditures in GDP positively affect migration. This relationship is also observed in terms of reference regions and units that are adjacent to these regions. The study's findings offer empirical input for relevant public policies and literature that will be used to fight poverty and migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of internal migration in reducing regional inequalities is a common feature of classical economic theory and urban economics models. If regional migration is important in reducing spatial disparities, then understanding its causes, and barriers, is crucial. This paper explores the drivers of regional migration behaviour in Great Britain. Findings point to rigidities in housing that deter mobility across regions; and regional differences in the drivers and effects of regional migration. Our paper supports greater focus on spatial disaggregation, since migration studies conducted at the national level ignore important spatial differences in migration behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify internal migration flows between Chilean regions and analyse migrants' economic mobility. A data pool from National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) surveys was used to determine migrants' economic position according to their income quintile. Internal migrants were matched with non-migrants of similar status from their region of origin to compare their economic mobility. Results show that the majority of internal migrants did not achieve economic advancement in the short and medium terms, which challenges the neoclassical and functionalist assumptions of a positive relationship between migration and social mobility. Finally, we identify three interregional elevators in Chile: the Austral, Norte Grande and Metropolitan macro-regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the post-graduation employment location preferences of international students preparing to participate in the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program in the United States. An exploratory survey asked international students in their final semesters at three midwestern public universities to indicate their employment location preferences via an online text- and map-based questionnaire. Two main questions guided the research: 1) Do international students hold employment location preferences before graduation? and 2) Where in the United States do international students applying for OPT prefer to work? Results indicated the affirmative and that preference geographies extend well beyond the state in which the students earned their degrees. In applying for OPT, participants in this study signaled their intent to remain incountry. As such, the scale of analysis shifts from traditional country-to-country migration flows of international students to the internal movements within the host country in anticipation of post-graduation employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a bioeconomic regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the economic and welfare effects on a sub-national region of transitioning from regulated open access to rationalization for a mackerel fishery in a region (Busan), Korea. Results from the baseline simulation demonstrate that the resource rent from the fishery increases, but that the aggregate and per capita welfares in the region can deteriorate due to an out-migration of the factors of production. However, sensitivity analyses reveal that the sign and size of the aggregate and per capita welfare changes depend on, among other things, (i) regional factor mobility, (ii) the ratio of the initial level of biomass to the carrying capacity, and (iii) the magnitude of the rationalization-induced enhancement in the fishing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change-induced sea level rise, shoreline changes, and coastal erosion are projected to drive massive population displacement and mobility in Africa. This study was conducted to examine the pattern of shoreline changes, coastal erosion, land use/land cover dynamics, projections, and their implications on internal migration in Senegal, Kenya, and Tanzania, representing West and East Africa. The digitized shoreline was mapped into erosion, accretion, and trend analysis, which further explains the vulnerability and physical processes that could trigger human displacement within the context of environmental/climate migration. Analysis of land use and land cover dynamics was obtained from Landsat 5 TM of 1986, Landsat 7 ET of 2006, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of 2016, and Landsat 9 OLI/TIRS of 2022 and computed using ArcGIS 10.7 for land-use change and percentage change in square kilometers was conducted to examine land use/land cover dynamics and their contributions to the risk of coastal erosion in the study regions. The outcome of the shoreline analysis reveals that 972.03 sqkm of land has been lost to coastal erosion in Senegal from 1986 to 2022 with 2016–2022 described as the period with the highest in terms of land loss. In Kenya, −463.30 sqkm of land has also been lost to coastal erosion and agents of wave processes, with 1986–2006 recording the highest share of −87.74% loss of valuable land, while in Tanzania, −1033.35 sqkm of valuable land has been lost from 1986 to 2022 to coastal erosion, with 2006–2016 alone recording −10.4634% of land loss. The result of the land use/land cover percentage change analysis indicates a massive loss of vegetation cover with a significant increase in settlement representing urbanization. The scenario analysis of the shoreline at 10, 20, and 30 m indicates that 567 persons per sqkm at 10 m, 25,904.6 persons per sqkm at 20 m, and 25,904.5 persons per sqkm will be displaced in Senegal at 30 m. In Kenya, 57,746 persons per sqkm are projected to be displaced at 10 m while 1210.5 persons per sqkm will be displaced at 20 m and 7737.32 persons per sqkm will be displaced at 30 m. In Tanzania, the maximum population density projected to be displaced at 10, 20, and 30 m is 10,260.97 per sqkm. Structured questionnaires were administered to elicit responses from coastal dwellers on their perception of coastal erosion and climate migration as part of ground truthing and the result of the survey affirms that coastal erosion and its exposure are the major drivers of climate migration in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential effect of a demographic transition on industrialization is of interest to scholars in both demography and economics. This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that a demographic transition creates population pressure that can facilitate rural industrialization. By studying China's rapid demographic transition in the late twentieth century before massive internal labor migration took off and linking it to large regional variations in the process of rural industrialization in the wake of the country's market-oriented reforms, we find that initial local population pressure is positively associated with subsequent rural industrial development, proxied by the extensive growth in local privately and collectively owned enterprises. Population pressure was more significantly associated with rural industrialization than other demographic factors considered, such as birthrate, dependency ratio, and sex ratio at younger ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russian universities at the present stage play a significant role in shaping the students professional preferences and migration expectations, thereby contributing to socio-economic development and influencing the process of human capital management at the regional level. The issue of immersing a university in the problems of a city (region) becomes especially relevant in light of global challenges, such as demographic changes, economic instability, and a lack of qualified personnel. One of the important areas of research is the analysis of how students evaluate the city of study, which may become their future place of residence and professional activity. The publication presents the results of such a study – a long-term survey of young people (students of the largest Nizhny Novgorod university – Lobachevsky University) about the conditions for their professional growth and development in one of the largest Russian cities – Nizhny Novgorod. The survey period (2017-2023) covered not only significant events related to the implementation of large infrastructure projects in the city (2018 FIFA World Cup, the 800th anniversary of Nizhny Novgorod in 2021, recognition of the city as New Year’s (2022) and Youth (2023) capitals of Russia), but also during the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the areas of the research that determined its novelty was the assessment of the city as a center for the development of creative industries, as well as a structural analysis of the results when dividing respondents by type of planned career trajectories. The discussion compared the results with similar studies from other regions of Russia. The results of the study are of interest for university management and regional policy, emphasizing the importance of the interaction of educational institutions with the urban environment in the context of the preservation and development of human resources in the region.

Counterurban migration is known to be driven by lifestyle motivations, in which employment considerations are more of an enabling factor than a driver. In this paper, the self-reported motives, along with labour-market and lifestyle outcomes, of counterurban migration are investigated. The focus is on trade-offs between work-related and lifestyle-related amenities for different subgroups based on recent survey data in Sweden collected from families with children in 2018–2019 who left metropolitan regions. The key results indicate that, overall, counterurban movers are satisfied with their decision and the majority cite the importance of lifestyle amenities over work-related amenities. Our conclusion is that, besides voluntary trade-offs, counterurban migration does not necessarily pose a trade-off between labour-market and lifestyle-related amenities since, to a large extent, individuals reported better outcomes in both areas. This study makes two contributions. Firstly, the data considers self-reported outcomes, including labour-market outcomes beyond income and lifestyle outcomes. Secondly, we explore individual characteristics of counterurban migrants in relation to post-migration outcomes in different destinations.

Internal migration, which has various effects on urban spaces, also influences political behavior patterns. The number of migrants in a target area and how they cluster based on their socioeconomic structure and identity can alter traditional voting patterns of cities. This increases the political polarization of space in urban areas. The impact of this situation is higher in cities with high migration rates. The city of Bursa, where nearly half of the population is made up of migrants from other provinces, is one of the places that can best reflect relationship of internal migration and elections. This article focuses on the impact of internal migration in Bursa on the general elections. Using data from five elections between 2002 and 2015, it analyzes the voting patterns in 33 high-migration neighborhoods. The study employs Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) to explore the correlation between a migrant's region of origin and their voting behavior. The findings indicate that in Bursa, neighborhoods with higher clustering based on combined factors of region of origin, ethnicity, and religious identity exhibit a significant influence of co-migrant clusters on the political pattern It has been observed that the dominant voter behavior of the region of origin persists in neighborhoods showing significant clustering in the target region. In this context, it can be argued that the voting behavior of a significant portion of the migrants in the examined neighborhoods is based on socio-psychological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the economic benefits of internal migration are widely documented, the social costs of internal migration have received comparatively less attention. In addition, most studies focus on the impact of the last-recorded migration, ignoring the cumulative impact of successive migrations. Grounded in the life-course trajectory approach to migration and the convoy model of social networks, this paper addresses this gap by applying sequence and cluster analysis to retrospective data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) in 26 European countries to establish internal migration trajectories based on the timing, frequency, and direction of migration between NUTS-2 regions. The results reveal that differences in social networks between lifetime stayers, childhood migrants and one-time adult migrants are minimal. A more complex picture emerges for repeat migrants who account for half migrants and are split between return migrants, serial onward migrants, and circular migrants. Regression results show that repeat migrants – whether onward, return, or circular – display social networks less focused on family and more geographically dispersed, which results in a lower frequency of contact than lifetime stayers. However, repeat migrants report the same level of overall satisfaction with their social networks as lifetime stayers, which suggests that they start with different expectations than stayers or simply adjust their expectations in response to the social costs and benefits of migration. • Migrating once over the life course has a limited effect on an individual's social networks compared to lifetime stayers. • The impact of past migrations on social networks diminishes over time, particularly if migrations occurred early in life. • Repeat migrants have more geographically dispersed and less family-focused social networks compared to lifetime stayers. • Circular migrants report the most dispersed network and the lowest frequency of contact among repeat migrants. • Integration of the convoy model from social networks literature with the life-course trajectory approach from migration literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival has been the most important concern of mankind throughout history. Spatial mobility (migration) has been one of the strategies of humans to achieve survival. In the migration process, the first and most important actions of immigrants, especially immigrants with lower economic levels, are survival and adaptation-oriented actions with the destination society. Therefore, the present research has sought to analyze the survival-oriented actions among marginalized immigrant women in Yazd city. The current research method is qualitative and grounded theory approach is used. The participants were 21 women who immigrated to Yazd city from different provinces of the country with a residence period of more than two years, who were selected in a targeted manner using theoretical sampling. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview and data analysis was done by open, central and selective coding method. The findings showed that the generational gap and inappropriate policies in immigration origins by creating extensive changes in the form of linking survival to material things, forces women to act rationally and adopt migration as a practical guide to achieve and maintain survival. This path is often rational, with measurement and calculation and centered on money. But on the other hand, in the process of durability and survival in the destination, women need incentives beyond money. Although the main path is all calculation, spirituality in women increases the adaptability of immigrant women by generating hope and healing mental injuries, and provides a support for their standing and efforts to ensure and facilitate survival.

One of the main reasons for young people to change their place of residence is the desire to get higher education. In the Arctic zone, where there is a lack of or insufficient level of development of the network of higher education organizations, young people are forced to leave for other regions. The relevance of the study is also conditioned by the fact that educational migration is often irrevocable, which strengthens negative migration processes. The study of educational migration with the help of traditional statistical sources is possible at the regional level, but does not reveal the spatial characteristics of migra-tion processes at the level of municipalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to approbate the methodology of studying migration from municipalities on the example of regions where there are no independent higher education institutions. The object of the study is the Arctic regions: Nenets, Chukotka, Yamalo-Nemets Autonomous okrugs. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the use of new data sources and the application of the method of big data analysis to study migration processes at the municipal level. The database for the study was formed on the basis of the results of uploading data from the digital footprint of users of the social network “VKontakte”. The study regions included 15,186 users, the vast majority of whom indicated receiving higher education in other constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Based on the obtained data, the trajectories of educational migration at the municipal level were identified, the coefficients of concentration and uniformity of migration flow were calculated, and a typology of municipalities in the Arctic regions of Russia was carried out. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to adjust migration policy in the Arctic regions, including at the municipal level.

Vietnam has achieved significant economic growth, poverty reduction, and social transformation since its 1986 major economic reform. However, industrialization, a key pillar supporting this achievement, has resulted in massive domestic migration from certain parts of the country into industrialized provinces mainly located in the south of Vietnam, leading to various challenges for society. This study investigates the effects of the characteristics of Vietnamese households and their heads, environmental factors, and living conditions of the households in the regions where they have decided to leave behind for a migration decision on domestic migration. Our study also compares the migration trends in the past decade using the Vietnamese Household Living Standard Surveys (VHLSS) in 2010 and 2020, together with a logit model. We find that the average probability that a household and their members migrate is about 10 per cent in 2010, reduced to approximately 6.8 per cent in 2020. Our empirical findings also confirm that a migration decision is strongly associated with the characteristics of the households and their heads, particularly for the household size and the educational level of the household head. The average radiation and rainfall are also associated with a migration decision. Weather temperature, water sources, and electricity supply also play an essential role in Vietnamese households' migration decisions. Policy implications have emerged based on these empirical findings that the Vietnamese government should consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently converting solar energy into chemical energy remains a formidable challenge in artificial photosynthetic systems. To date, rarely has an artificial photosynthetic system operating in the open air surpassed the highest solar-to-biomass conversion efficiency (1%) observed in plants. In this study, we present a three-dimension polymeric photocatalyst achieving a solar-to-H2O2 conversion efficiency of 3.6% under ambient conditions, including real water, open air, and room temperature. The impressive performance is attributed to the efficient storage of electrons inside materials via expeditious intramolecular charge transfer, and the fast extraction of the stored electrons by O2 that can diffuse into the internal pores of the self-supporting three-dimensional material. This construction strategy suppresses the interlayer transfer of excitons, polarizers and carriers, effectively increases the utilization of internal excitons to 82%. This breakthrough provides a perspective to substantially enhance photocatalytic performance and bear substantial implications for sustainable energy generation and environmental remediation. Migration of internal excitons, polarons, and free charges often results in recombination. Here, the authors develop a photocatalyst in which excitons, polarons, and charges can be efficiently utilized without interlayer transport, achieving a solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency of 3.6% at ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists predict ongoing global climate change to trigger adverse events affecting about 143 million people in the Global South by 2050, leading to various forms of migration and mobility. While existing literature extensively examines climate-induced migration, there is a lack of studies considering the compounding impacts of multiple climate hazards on migration, mobility, and immobility. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic literature review to explore how climate-induced stressors, specifically rising temperatures, water stress and droughts, and floods and sea-level rise, have affected populations in the Global South, leading to voluntary and/or forced migration. Our findings show that these stressors have displaced and profoundly impacted millions of people, resulting in both internal and transboundary migration. Climate-induced stressors often trigger migration through indirect pathways influenced by multiple intervening institutional, political, and socio-economic factors and programmatic and policy gaps. Effectively addressing challenges related to climate-induced migration necessitates adaptation strategies that adequately consider the impacts of these intervening factors while recognizing their differential effects on various socio-demographic groups. We argue that support from Global North countries, including compensation for loss and damage, along with continued institutional and financial support from international non-governmental organizations, is crucial for managing climate-induced migration in the Global South. Without proper planning and adequate resources, migration may escalate and significantly impact human security. The findings of this study can inform climate migration policies and assist adaptation and migration experts in identifying intervention mechanisms and opportunities for people-centered climate solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines escalating concerns about out-migration from tea gardens, focusing on Kurti Tea Garden in Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, of India. Results from a comprehensive field study illuminate a complex scenario, with only 21.13 per cent of individuals employed and pervasive challenges in promotion prospects. High living expenses, limited livelihood options, and inadequate amenities propel households into debt, prompting migration. South India, notably Thiruvananthapuram, emerges as a preferred destination, especially for the younger demographic. The study provides insights into multifaceted reasons driving migration, stressing the need for holistic interventions, encompassing economic, socio-cultural, and labour-related aspects. It advocates for improved wages, enhanced living conditions, healthcare access, education, and measures to counter deceptive recruitment practices. The study reveals that comprehensive strategies are essential for addressing challenges related to migration-driven hardships in tea gardens. This can be achieved through collaborative efforts involving the government, management, and civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of climate change on human migration have received widespread attention, driven in part by concerns about potential large‐scale population displacements. Recent studies demonstrate that climate‐migration linkages are often complex, and climatic variability may increase, decrease, or have null effects on migration. However, the use of noncomparable analytic strategies across studies makes it difficult to disentangle substantive variation in climate effects across populations and places from methodological artifacts. We address this gap by using harmonized census and survey microdata from six Asian countries (n = 54,987,838) to measure climate effects on interprovincial migration, overall and among subpopulations defined by age, sex, education, and country of residence. We also evaluate whether climate effects differ according to the distance and type of move. Exposure to precipitation deficits leads to substantively large reductions in out‐migration, and, surprisingly, these overall effects do not vary meaningfully by age, sex, or educational attainment. However, there are significant differences in the strength and direction of temperature and precipitation effects by country and within countries. Multinomial models show that precipitation deficits reduce internal migration to both adjacent and nonadjacent provinces. Finally, consistent with expectations that climate effects operate through economic mechanisms, spells of low precipitation reduce the probability of work‐related moves in the countries where the reason for migration is measured. Our findings provide further evidence that adverse environmental conditions can reduce migration, underlining the need for policymakers to consider how to support both displaced and trapped populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration landscape is a dynamic phenomenon shaped by geopolitical shifts, economic transformations, and climate change. North Macedonia, located in the heart of the Balkan Peninsula, serves as a critical transit country for significant migration patterns due to its strategic location and political aspirations towards Europe. Facing internal demographic challenges such as population decline and aging, the country is transitioning towards attracting immigration and becoming a destination for migrants. The Mediterranean Crisis of 2015 highlighted North Macedonia's pivotal role in migration routes, with over 800,000 individuals crossing its borders amid Europe's refugee and migrant influx. Despite containment efforts, the country remains part of mixed-movement routes, with significant border crossings observed in subsequent years. The long-term suspicions of brain drain were confirmed when the demographic census of 2021 revealed a startling 10% population decline over nearly two decades, emphasizing persistent outmigration and aging trends. To address migration challenges, North Macedonia adopted the Resolution on Migration Policy 2021-2025, aiming to establish a robust framework for managing both legal and illegal migrations. Anticipatory governance emerges as a proactive approach to navigating migration complexities, incorporating foresight and policy integration to shape sustainable migration policies in the country. The development of an Anticipatory Migration Governance model that seeks to foster transformative mindset shifts among stakeholders and institutionalize forward-looking planning, ensuring the effectiveness of migration management strategies. Through capacity development, improving of data collection, and decisions based on data, North Macedonia aims to navigate migration dynamics and achieve economic development with future-looking inclusive policies and collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]