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Introduction: Several studies showed that task interruptions at high mental workload moments are more harmful than task interruptions at low mental workload moments. In the present study, we used a theory-driven approach to define the mental workload during primary-task execution and to examine the effects of the interruption timing on primary-task performance. Methods: Participants performed a primary task comprising a pre-defined sequence of six subtasks, with task interruptions occasionally occurring before the second, third, or fourth subtasks. Critically, the subtasks were organized either in two lag-2 repetition triplets or in two lag-2 switch triplets (e.g., A B A - C B C vs. C B A - C A B). This set-up allowed us to test two predictions about the effects of interruption timing on the resumption costs (i.e., the performance in subtasks following an interruption compared to the performance in the same subtask in non-interrupted primary tasks). First, we expected task interruptions before the fourth subtask being the less detrimental due to the presumed chunking of the six subtasks into two triplets. Second, in lag-2 switch triplets, task interruptions before the second and third subtasks were predicted to result in comparable resumption costs. In contrast, in lag-2 repetition triplets, task interruptions before the third subtask were hypothesized to be more disruptive than those before the second subtask. This is because the mental workload should be higher due to the need to overcome subtask inhibition. Results: We found an interruption-timing effect with higher resumption costs for task interruptions occurring before the third subtask compared to interruptions before the second and the fourth subtasks. However, this effect did not differ across lag-2 repetition sequences and lag-2 switch sequences. Discussion: These findings are discussed from a memory perspective and a context reconstruction perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various rules and principles that project managers face daily, such as the anchoring effect, boomerang principle, Brook's law, Conway's law, and more. These principles highlight common biases, challenges, and dynamics that impact project management. By understanding and addressing these rules, project managers can improve their effectiveness and navigate complex situations with confidence. The author, Henny Portman, has extensive experience in project management and offers valuable insights into overcoming these challenges. [Extracted from the article]

Heidegger qualifies his work with the surprising assertion "I have no philosophy at all." In this paper, I argue that, to make sense of this odd claim, we must carefully investigate his reflections on philosophical showing. While Heidegger never finished the segment of Being and Time intended to address this issue explicitly, the clues he offers in the published portion of the text indicate that, for him, successful philosophical showing takes place not primarily through a coherent collection of philosophical assertions – that is, through "having a philosophy" – but rather through a certain well-placed interruption of these assertions: an interruption that, when employed in the right context and in the right manner, successfully points out certain particularly elusive phenomena. As I demonstrate, this mode of showing requires that we quite radically rethink what Heidegger is doing – and what we ourselves are doing – in philosophical inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social media in our networks have been exploited as dynamic learning tools and free platforms. Aims: The main objective of this study is to determine the impact of VARK learning styles (visual (V), aural (A), read/write (R), and kinesthetic (K)) in enhancing parasitological laboratory skills using social media and various learning theories. Methods: A research sample of 100 chemists working in Mega Alfa labs underwent online learning of laboratory parasitology skills via Facebook posts and WhatsApp dictated messages for an average of 7 weeks. All posts served various VARK learning styles and were designed based on Zeigarnik's effect (conducting information with tactical breaks), memory storage and retrieval strength theories (repetition of information). Trainees were classified according to their VARK learning style preferences and were evaluated through pre/post-tests. Data on VARK learning styles were summarized using frequency (count) and relative frequency (percentage). Data of pre-test and post-test scores were summarized using mean and standard deviation. T-test was used to compare pre-test and post-test scores. The difference between the pre-test results, the post-test results and the preferred learning style was analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc testing. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In a total of 100 trainees, tri-modal and multimodal learning styles were preferred by 40% and 30% of the trainees respectively; on the contrary, the unimodal and bimodal learning styles were the least preferred. In the trimodal and multimodal groups, the post-test results showed significant increase when compared with the pre-test results. Also, using the ANOVA test and a Tukey's post-hoc comparison, the assemblage of multiple learning styles (tri-modal and multimodal) appeared to significantly improve the learning performance in the post-test results when compared with the unimodal and bimodal groups. Conclusion: The tri-modal and multimodal learning styles were found to influence the acquirement of the laboratory parasitology skills much better than the unimodal and bimodal learning styles. Kinesthetic learning should have a special emphasis in training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article asks whether Adriana Cavarero's invocation of the Christian Madonna to inspire a pacifist feminist ethics could help counter the ever-strengthening alliance between Conservative Christianity and the radical right which I refer to as "Macho Christianity." To flesh out Cavarero's undeveloped invocation of the Madonna's love as "non-stereotypical" I turn to queer and non-dominant indigenous Mariologies to provide a novel reading that demonstrates, against the dominant exegetical tradition, the radical absence of normative Man at the heart of the Christian story. This indicates that for too long the normative Man of patriarchy has held Christianity hostage, limiting and contorting its message. In response, I use these alternative Mariologies to develop Cavarero's "non-stereotypical" love via a novel interpretation of the Christian love of enemies as a nonviolent, militant, performative political practice of interruption, from which less dominatory ways of relating to one another could emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Employees are frequently interrupted when doing their work, sometimes with tasks that seem unreasonable or unnecessary. Drawing on stress-as-offence-to-self and stress appraisal theories, we expected that perceived illegitimacy of an interrupting task is detrimental to employees' affective (i.e., anxiety, fatigue, vitality) and cognitive (i.e., task focus, attention residue) reactions to an interruption, because such interruptions are appraised as more of a hindrance and less of a challenge. To test this, we first used a within-persons recall study, where participants (N = 144) recalled two interrupting tasks, one perceived as legitimate, and one illegitimate. As expected, perceived illegitimacy of the interrupting task was associated with more anxiety and less task focus, because of more hindrance appraisal. Perceived illegitimacy also was associated with less vitality, task focus, and more attention residue, because of less challenge appraisal. Second, using a between-persons manipulation of an interrupting task in a work simulation (N = 231), perceived illegitimacy was associated with more anxiety, fatigue, attention residue, and less task focus, because of more hindrance appraisal. Furthermore, participants performed worse on the interrupting task because of more hindrance appraisal and less task focus. Overall, interrupting tasks perceived as illegitimate can be more negatively impacting, because such interruptions are appraised as hindering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Introduction: Athletes experience the same mental health disorders as the general population. When mental health symptoms or disorders are experienced more acutely, there may be occasions when the treating team needs to decide if it is in the best interest of the athlete to be removed from the sport environment for treatment and recovery. If an athlete has been away from the sport environment due to mental health symptoms or disorders, the treating team should be deliberate and collaborative in guiding their return. Removal-from-play (RFP) and return-to-play (RTP) decisions involving an athlete who has experienced mental health challenges can be complex. Methods: The literature around athlete mental health was reviewed to explore contributing and mitigating factors to mental health challenges in this population. General psychiatric recovery trajectories for selected mental illnesses were reviewed to inform RTP planning through and beyond illness episodes. The literature related to RFP and RTP for athletes in terms of specific physical factors (concussion and musculoskeletal injury) and mental health factors (specifically, depression, anxiety, and eating disorders) was also reviewed. Results: A scoping overview of athlete- and sport-specific factors yielded a framework that can be used to guide athlete support, RFP and RTP planning through and beyond mental health-related sport interruption. Conclusion: When mental health symptoms and disorders are present, decisions guiding RFP and RTP should be guided by clinical assessment of safety, stability and function. Due to the complex nature of mental disorders and the interaction of sport elements, it is recommended that sports psychiatrists are involved in the assessment and management process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the complex presentation of multi-source information and the intertwining and fusion of task types, multitasking and task interruptions have become the norm of human-machine cooperative operations in complex industrial systems. Aiming to address nested and overlapping multitasking and task interruptions, this study investigated their interaction mechanisms on task performance and cognitive load. The study utilized AX-CPT and VFT to form a multitasking situation, and simple math problems with positive and negative judgments to form a task interruption. It tested the task performance of 30 subjects under task interruptions (with interruption vs. without interruption) with different task types (single task vs. multitasking) and analyzed the interaction effects of multitasking and task interruptions on task performance and cognitive load. Finally, the study aimed to verify the moderating role of individual resilience. The results showed that (1) multitasking resulted in a significant decrease in correctness, a significant increase in reaction time, and a significant increase in cognitive load; (2) Task interruptions significantly increased reaction time and cognitive load, while they decreased task correctness only during monotasking; this effect was not significant in multitasking; (3) Moderate and high resilience significantly modulated the increase in cognitive load associated with task interruptions during multitasking. These findings are instrumental in optimizing human-machine collaborative job scheduling, enhancing workflow efficiency, identifying the equilibrium between task performance and cognitive load, and providing crucial support for task management and performance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interruptions are a common and consequential issue for many individuals in organizational settings. Limited preliminary work suggests that certain individuals may be more susceptible to workplace interruptions but little is known about the nature and implications of these linkages with individual differences. This study examines dispositional self‐control as a predictor of workplace intrusions, focusing on (a) both intrusion frequency and severity, (b) planning as a potential mechanism, and (c) implications for task performance and work‐related stress. Participants (N = 164) first completed a measure of dispositional self‐control and then completed daily surveys for one workweek measuring planning, frequency and severity of intrusions, task performance, and work‐related stress. Results indicated that self‐control predicted both intrusion frequency and severity. In addition, both intrusion frequency and severity were found to be related to performance and stress. However, no indirect effects involving planning were found. These findings support the notion that individual differences in self‐control predict the experience of workplace intrusions; indicate that more‐conscious/effortful mechanisms (e.g., planning) may not play a prevalent role in this relationship, indirectly suggesting that less‐conscious/effortful mechanisms (e.g., habits) could be more relevant; and demonstrate that intrusion severity may be just as detrimental as intrusion frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic had a significant impact on both classroom instruction and practical learning within Social Work Departments in Bangladesh. This research took two state universities in Bangladesh as case studies, using a qualitative methodology. Researchers conducted 10 Key Informant Interviews, with professors and field supervisors, 20 in‐depth interviews with Master of Social Sciences (MSS) students and two Focus Group Discussions with MSS students. During the pandemic, University faculty experimented with virtual classrooms, pre‐recorded lectures, and online chat forums to interact with postgraduate students. However, these approaches were not completely successful due to the limitations of digital infrastructure at the Universities and at students' residences. Shortcomings in virtual education included technological barriers, insufficient access to educational resources, and an unusual mental health situation for many students. Student practica were difficult to organize, due to technological barriers, restricted field placement opportunities, disruption in client interaction, and community outreach, interruptions in fieldwork and data collection, as well as insufficient faculty supervision and support. Universities ought to take proactive measures to integrate technology into teaching and learning in normal times so that both can continue during public health emergencies without adding educational crisis to the general state of emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: At U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments, female attorneys are more likely to be interrupted than their male counterparts under some conditions. This makes it difficult for women to effectively construct a narrative and substantively impact case law. While existing work conceptualizes gender as a binary, I draw on recent work stressing gender is performative to deesentialize gender and explore how attorneys' compliance with gender norms and subtle expectations about men's and women's behavior in a host of contexts, predicts interruptions at oral arguments. Methods: Via quantitative textual analysis of all oral arguments from 2004 to 2019 where one attorney argues for the petitioner and one for the respondent, I examine the extent to which gender norm compliance predicts interruptions. Results: I find both male and female attorneys are interrupted more frequently when their oral arguments are not gender normative. Thus, an argument that is successful for a male attorney is not necessarily successful for a female attorney, and vice versa. Conclusion: My results underscore female attorneys are not less successful as a matter of course; attorney success is driven by attorney compliance with gender norms. This work also raises a number of normative questions I encourage future scholars to explore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Botanical gestures and educational research. Impossible disruptions and interruptions" presents a dossier that addresses the incorporation of botanical gestures in educational research. The coordinators of the dossier, Isabel Molinas and Luis Porta, conceptualize the category of botanical gestures and argue about their relevance in educational research. Other articles in the dossier explore topics such as the qualities of plants to generate life environments in education, the images of nature in teacher training, the decomposition of an installation in a narrative environment, and the contributions of the writings of Tehêy de Pescaria do Conhecimento by indigenous teacher Dona Liça Pataxoop to the fabric of research committed to the knowledge and body-territory of indigenous and black women. These texts offer epistemic, political, aesthetic, and ethical keys to address vital issues in the field of educational research. [Extracted from the article]

In this article, we argue that the entourage of ministerial advisers available to prime ministers and other ministers is an institutional power resource that can serve as a useful indicator to measure the changing nature of the political executive. Two novel contributions are made utilising four new datasets on ministerial advisers coupled with a comparative analysis of 21 governments in Australia, Britain, Canada and New Zealand, in varying dates between 1997 and 2020. First, by using ministerial advisers as a proxy indicator, we chart how the offices of executive politicians can either expand, remain stable or contract. As a corrective to the general long-term narrative that ministers' offices continually expand, our evidence shows this expansion has in some cases been interrupted and more generally manifests in different patterns from one government to the next. Second, we interrogate these patterns against the background of four typical assumptions from the party family, government tenure, parliamentary control and leadership stability literature. The new datasets, typology and analysis provide fresh comparative insights to advance our understanding about the evolving nature of the political executive in the four classic Westminster family countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had far-reaching consequences on global health systems, disrupting the delivery of routine healthcare services, and posing new challenges to ongoing disease control efforts. In Uganda, where HIV is endemic, the pandemic threatened to reverse the gains in the country's HIV response over the past decade. In this study, we explored the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the HIV cascade, focusing on the impact of pandemic-related disruptions on retention in HIV care among Persons with HIV (PWH). We further highlighted the key challenges and opportunities for mitigating the adverse effects. Methods: Qualitative data were collected from January 2022 to March 2022 using in-depth interviews with PWH (n = 20) and healthcare workers (n = 4) and key informant interviews (n = 6) with healthcare managers. The interviews explored current and previous experiences with HIV care services, including experiences of healthcare providers and managers delivering and PWH receiving HIV care amidst the COVID-19 restrictions and recovery period, strategies implemented to ensure continuity of services and barriers to implementing these strategies. We coded data in Dedoose software and analyzed using the thematic analysis. Results: The qualitative findings highlight the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, including restricted access to HIV care points, sub-optimal clinical management of persons with HIV, loss of livelihoods, and interruptions in adherence. Adaptations to ensure continuity of care included leveraging community-based drug delivery strategies, phone call consultations, modification of clinic workspaces, and linkages to nearby health facilities. Barriers to these adaptations included the increased cost of services, psychological challenges, fear and anxiety surrounding COVID infection, access to treatment, survival, loss to follow-up with no information on patient referral, COVID infection among health workers, depletion of drug stocks due to multi-month scripting, shortage of Personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies and other drugs. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on HIV care in Uganda, including reduced access to HIV care and support services, interruptions to ART adherence, and changes in HIV care delivery. Our findings highlight the barriers and enablers to HIV care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown and provide valuable lessons on efforts to mitigate interruptions in the future during periods of pandemics/lockdowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary knowledge workers collaborating in hybrid work environments need to frequently deal with ICT interruptions. This can potentially lead to disruptions in the collaboration process, particularly in synchronous collaboration contexts. How do knowledge workers deal with such interruptions to ensure the smooth continuation of their collaboration? Previous studies, for the most part, suggest that interruptions are likely to negatively affect the process of collaboration, yet we see that in many instances, knowledge workers continue to collaborate smoothly despite receiving ICT interruptions and even attending to them. In other words, ICT interruptions do not always discernibly affect the collaborative process. In this paper, sensitized by concepts from Goffman's work, we offer a novel understanding of how group members can seamlessly handle ICT interruptions, avoiding and, in certain cases, recovering from serious disruptions in collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the most recent global health crisis, academic institutions have made significant transitions towards virtual platforms, enabling students to pursue their studies from remote locations while being physically situated elsewhere. Such separation can create a cross-cultural psychological dilemma. The investigation of this phenomenon centered on 12 Filipino senior high school students residing in the United Arab Emirates who studied virtually in educational institutions in the Philippines. They were selected using a purposive, convenience sampling technique. The findings obtained indicated that participants encountered various difficulties during their distance education experiences, such as time zone discrepancies, cultural and linguistic barriers, technological problems, and interruptions from their surroundings. Notwithstanding, the students derived personal advantages from their immersion in the academic and cultural milieu of the Philippines, such as development of their identity and connections, readiness for advanced education, and personal values. Additionally, participants realized the benefits of broadened social networks and developed a heightened recognition of the importance of ongoing education. The findings of this research can be utilized to create effective approaches and support mechanisms to improve the quality of distance education and cross-cultural pedagogical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the Pakistani economy worldwide. This research was purposed to explore experiences, challenging factors, and coping strategies of female employees' work-life balance during a pandemic. For this research qualitative research design was used. To gather information Interviews were conducted. The semi-structured interview protocol was used for conducting interviews. Four participants were selected through purposive sampling. Participants were selected from the public and private sectors of education sectors and multinational companies. Transcribed interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis. The study findings showed that participants faced social mobility restrictions during a pandemic and those females who got family support faced a lack of children interruption while working. The workload on females increased both in personal and professional life. Moreover, employees had to learn new skills to continue their work from home for example teachers learned different software to deliver lectures. Initially, they faced many issues like technology-related issues, irresponsible behavior of students, and lack of maternal policies. This study would help understand issues faced by female employees to maintain work-life balance so that in the future if the situation is processed or continues then organizations can help their employees by giving them better maternal policies and devise strategies to minimize household burden on the employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow, the holistic sensation people experience when they act with total involvement, is a known driver for desired work outcomes like task performance. However, the increasing ubiquity of IT at work can disrupt employees' flow. Thus, the impact of IT-mediated interruptions on flow warrants more attention in research and practice. We conducted a NeuroIS laboratory experiment focusing on a typical office work task--an invoice matching task (i.e., matching customer payments to invoices). We manipulated interruption frequency (low, high) and content relevance (irrelevant, relevant) to study the impact of interruptions on self-reported flow, its dimensions, and high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV; calculated from electrocardiography recordings) as a proxy for parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activation. We found that content relevance moderated the relationship between interruption frequency and self-reported flow and that these results vary along flow dimensions. Content relevance also moderated the relationship between interruption frequency and PNS activation. Furthermore, selfreported flow was positively associated with both perceived and objective task performance, while PNS activation was not related to either performance measure. Lastly, we found no relationship between PNS activation (measured by HF-HRV) and self-reported flow, contributing to an important debate in the NeuroIS literature on whether physiological evidence constitutes an alternative or a complement to selfreports. Overall, our findings indicate that frequent interruptions are not harmful per se. Rather, considering content relevance is critical for a more comprehensive understanding of the effects on selfreported flow, its dimensions, and the underlying physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose that self-essentialist reasoning is a foundational mechanism of the similarity-attraction effect. Our argument is that similarity breeds attraction in two steps: (a) people categorize someone with a shared attribute as a person like me based on the self-essentialist belief that one's attributes are caused by an underlying essence and (b) then apply their essence (and the other attributes it causes) to the similar individual to infer agreement about the world in general (i.e., a generalized shared reality). We tested this model in four experimental studies (N = 2,290) using both individual difference and moderation-of-process approaches. We found that individual differences in self-essentialist beliefs amplified the effect of similarity on perceived generalized shared reality and attraction across both meaningful (Study 1) and minimal (Study 2) dimensions of similarity. We next found that manipulating (i.e., interrupting) the two crucial steps of the self-essentialist reasoning process—that is, by severing the connection between a similar attribute and one's essence (Study 3) and deterring people from applying their essence to form an impression of a similar other (Study 4)—attenuated the effect of similarity on attraction. We discuss the implications for research on the self, similarity-attraction, and intergroup phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we simultaneously tested theoretically specified predictions from relational turbulence theory (RTT) using a fully latent structural regression model. A total of 807 college students in dating relationships responded to survey items measuring variables embedded in RTT, including relationship parameters (relational uncertainty and interdependence), biased cognitive appraisals, emotions, relational communication, and relational turbulence. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that RTT predictions were consistent with our data, but a respecified model with less restrictive constraints was a better fit. This less restrictive model allowed relational uncertainty to predict negative affect, and partner interference and facilitation to predict biased cognitive appraisals. Propositions of RTT were sustained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contends that St. John of the Cross provides a helpful perspective on envisioning the redemptive possibilities of COVID-19 through the paradigm of "interruption." After reflecting on Old and New Testament stories of traumatic disruption, a biblical and theological foundation is established for redemptive outcomes of life-altering interruption. Next, John's dark night of the soul theology is discussed in relation to persistent seasons of physical and emotional challenge. Three interruptive qualities of his night—discomfort, disillusionment, and discouragement—reveal his perspective on its redeeming potential for Christian faith. Then, through interrogating contemporary notions of (1) happiness, (2) success, and (3) self-worth, John shows how they often work against the transforming capacity of faith. In doing so, COVID-19 can be envisioned as a gift of redemptive interruption. The article concludes with a summary of key points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Since the start of the Carers' Movement research into unpaid care and carers has been used to advocate for policy change. The purpose of this paper is to address the changes in research into unpaid care and carers since the start of the Carers' Movement and to explore the relationship between these changes and social policy. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper is based on a qualitative study of documents within the Carers UK archive. Findings: Research into unpaid care and carers has changed focus from caregiving as an identity and lifestyle to an interruption to "normal" life and employment. Changes in research are intertwined with changes in policy, with research evidencing advocation for policy change and policy change fuelling further research. Changes in the methodology of this research exposes transition points in the Carers' Movement and in social research more broadly. Practical implications: This paper contributes to critical understandings of the relationship between research into unpaid care and caring and policy. The paper also contributes to debates on methodology, exploring how the methodological zeitgeist presents in archived research. Social implications: Understanding how current research into unpaid care and carers has been developed and acknowledging the role of policy in research development brings available data on unpaid care and caring under scrutiny. Originality/value: This paper is original in developing a critical analysis of the relationship between research into unpaid care and carers and social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the controversy surrounding explanations for fundamental issues in psychology, such as heterogeneity and inconsistencies in research results. The authors suggest an alternative approach that involves modifying constructs to better align with the complex and variable nature of psychological phenomena. They argue for the use of more flexible constructs and methodologies that acknowledge the inherent variability and uncertainty in psychological research. The article also addresses criticisms and clarifies terminology related to constructs and measurement in psychology. The authors emphasize the importance of further dialogue and exploration of alternative approaches in psychological research. [Extracted from the article]

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students. This study was conducted with the qualitative case study method, based on the experiences of an international student. The research found that with the declaration of the pandemic, some international students were besieged in their host countries; they were confronted with difficulties in returning to their homes, and their education and apprenticeships were interrupted. Students who could not return to their home country went through intense stress and anxiety in terms of accommodation, having access to food, financial resources, and medical supplies. This experience has caused international students to become more skeptical about continuing with mobility and has caused candidate international students to change their countries of preference. On the other hand, this does not appear to be the case for countries and universities that successfully managed the pandemic and did not spare their support for international students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study applied action regulation theory and polychronicity theory to investigate the adverse impacts of customer incivility on employees' job performance within sports stadiums. The study also explored the mediating role of work interruptions and the moderating effect of employees' polychronicity on the proposed mediation model. Methods: Data were collected using paper questionnaires from junior managers and their subordinates in public-to-private sports centers in Taiwan, which had been operational for over one year by November 2020. Out of the 43 centers meeting this criterion, 31 were included in the study. A total of 219 valid dyads consisting of direct supervisors and subordinates were collected, resulting in a response rate of 94.8 %. We employed reliability tests, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis to assess hypotheses and the research framework. We examined the mediating effect and conditional indirect effects using Model 4 and Model 58 of the SPSS PROCESS macro. Results: The majority of our results supported the research hypothesis that customer incivility significantly negatively affected work interruptions and job performance, as evaluated by supervisors. However, the hypothesis regarding the mediating effect of work interruptions was not supported. Integrated model analysis revealed that employees' polychronicity significantly moderated the proposed mediating effect of work interruptions. While customer incivility significantly decreased the supervisor-evaluated job performance of employees with relatively lower polychronicity levels through the mediating effect of work interruptions, the mediating effect was not significant for employees with relatively higher or moderate levels of polychronicity. Conclusion: Our results elucidated how customer incivility negatively impacted employees in the sports service or sports venue industry. Consequently, it is recommended that organizations provide pre-employment and customer service training for employees. This study also emphasizes the employees' agency and temporal cognitive flexibility, confirming that employees' polychronicity can alleviate the adverse consequences of uncivil customer treatment. This finding deserves consideration by both government and private entities within the sports industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basis for the text to appear as a semantic whole, which is defined as a communicative structure built by many linguistic units with great harmony, is cohesion and coherence, two basic criteria that complement each other. While cohesion is the network of grammatical and semantic relations between sentences at the text level, coherence is the name of the network of relations based on meaning and logic surrounding the text. In this study, it is aimed to show how cohesion and coherence criteria are realized in a modern story where the narrative is interrupted by stream of consciousness and flashbacks, apart from the chronological time understanding. In Yusuf Atılgan's story called Tutku, the elements of cohesion were determined and exemplified, and the appearances of coherence were determined. Although the expression technique used in the text makes it difficult to establish cohesive relations between some sentences, the meaning and logical order established by another criterion that constructs the text has enabled the structure to be perceived as a whole. Cohesion and coherence are two criteria of textuality that complement each other and determine the integrity of the text. This assertion has been confirmed in the analyzed text. The decisive effect of cohesion elements such as personal suffixes, tense, aspect, modal suffixes, ellipsis, and personal pronoun on the formation of the text's coherence has been shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic change is leading to an increasing proportion of older employees in the labor market. At the same time, work activities are becoming more and more complex and require a high degree of flexibility, adaptability, and cognitive performance. Cognitive control mechanism, which is subject to age-related changes and is important in numerous everyday and work activities, plays a special role. Executive functions with its core functions updating, shifting, and inhibition comprises cognitive control mechanisms that serve to plan, coordinate, and achieve higher-level goals especially in inexperienced and conflicting actions. In this review, influences of age-related changes in cognitive control are demonstrated with reference to work and real-life activities, in which the selection of an information or response in the presence of competing but taskirrelevant stimuli or responses is particularly required. These activities comprise the understanding of spoken language under difficult listening conditions, dual-task walking, car driving in critical traffic situations, and coping with work interruptions. Mechanisms for compensating age-related limitations in cognitive control and their neurophysiological correlates are discussed with a focus on EEG measures. The examples illustrate how to access influences of age and cognitive control on and in everyday and work activities, focusing on its functional role for the work ability and well-being of older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined whether visual disfluency, as elicited by presenting text on flickering slides, affects learning positively and the global judgment of learning (JOL) negatively. Participants (N = 202 in Experiment 1, between‐subjects design; N = 53 in Experiment 2, within‐subjects design) saw in an online session multiple slides including textual information that they had to learn. The slides were presented either fluently or disfluently, that is, interrupted by rapid presentations of black slides, evoking a flickering effect. Thus, instead of manipulating the textual material (e.g., by using different fonts), as most studies on the disfluency effect so far did, we manipulated the characteristics of the presentation (i.e., flickering vs. nonflickering). In both experiments, JOL was lower in the flickering than in the nonflickering condition. However, flickering slides did not lead to a better memory performance. The results provide further evidence for the assumption that a beneficial disfluency effect is questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I propose a way of understanding the relationship between academic practice and intersectionality in Latin American postcoloniality. Firstly, I show how the link between intersectionality and modern/colonial issues framed the debates on “differences between women” in Latin America. Secondly, I define intersectionality as an epistemological perspective supported by a research practice that seeks to interrupt the effects of coloniality, whose tasks can include: the interruption of the subject/object binary and the practice of listening that reveals the hierarchies between differences, debunks the myths of subaltern voices and provides a language for the co-writing of files that disrupt what is narrated as violence against women. Third, I conclude with a summary of what has been written about the category of intersectionality and I raise questions about shared and different aspects of a feminist project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless electroencephalography (EEG) devices allow for recordings in contexts outside the laboratory. However, many details must be considered for their use. In this research, using a case study with a group of third-grade primary school students, we aim to show some of the potentialities and limitations of research with these devices in educational settings. Several balances are apparent in the development of these experiences: between the interests and possibilities of the research teams and the educational communities; between the distortion of life in the classrooms and the opportunities for collaboration between academia and practice; and between the budget and the ease of preparing the equipment and the usefulness of the collected data. Among their potentialities is the knowledge that they allow access to different cognitive and emotional processes, and the learning opportunity represented by the links between researchers and educational communities. Life in the classrooms is interrupted by these types of experiences, but this can be a cost that facilitates more integrated future developments that benefit teaching and learning processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasive use of information and communication technology (ICT) typically causes constant interruptions. Digital interruptions permeating work-nonwork boundaries can lead to well-being problems, which are particularly common for knowledge workers. In this study, we examine the effect of work-nonwork interruptions on emotional experience to manage interruptions better and improve ICT users' well-being. A pilot study was conducted using an experience sampling method (ESM) for ten days (216 observations) with an interview of eight participants, along with a larger ESM study lasting for a full week among 34 knowledge workers (999 observations). We examined the discrete effect of interruptions on positive and negative affect and explored their association with daily aggregated effects on emotional exhaustion. The results showed that variations in the sources and types of interruptions (extrinsic vs. intrinsic and work vs. nonwork, respectively) influenced value orientation, which in turn influenced emotional experience. More specifically, hedonic value was found to be a motivating factor and utilitarian value a hygiene factor in determining the emotional consequences of interruptions. As various degrees of both utilitarian and hedonic values are interwoven in an interruption, this value orientation explains the consequences of interruptions better than only considering work and nonwork features. This finding suggests that emotional exhaustion caused by work-nonwork conflict fundamentally refers to the utilitarian-hedonic conflict. The findings of this study extend the literature on the effect of work-nonwork interruptions on emotional experiences and provide guidelines on interruption management to maintain positive and avoid negative effects of digital interruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protracted pandemic shut-downs, which began in Spring 2020, rapidly relocated workplaces to domestic spaces. This article explores how "home" as a distinctly gendered space has been recalibrated in the pandemic to accommodate a range of new uses. Detailing the ever-increasing scrutiny of and technological intrusion into the home/private space, we examine the now curtailed mobility of professional class workers and the conspicuous gendering of new work-at-home arrangements made visible in "Zoom fails" and viral videos of interrupted experts. Analysis of these "interruption" videos catalogues the ways male authority is destabilized through domestic chaos and technological failure. Temporal frameworks are employed to explore dominant aesthetics and affective qualities of viral interruption videos highlighting how children tend to provoke anxiety, manifest to different degrees and in differently gendered registers depending on whether an interview subject is male or female. By comparison, pets appear to carry no such connotations and seem to be a uniformly welcomed presence. Conceiving of the interruption as an ambivalent temporal event, we argue that these videos stage the collision of professional and domestic identities in a way that presses on the charged thematics of time-keeping and care-giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In cancer care, multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings are the gold standard. While they are trying tomaximize productivity on the back of the steadily increasing workload, growing cancer incidence, financial constraints, and staff shortages, concerns have been raised with regards to the quality of team output, as reported by Cancer Research UK in 2017: "Sometimes we discuss up to 70 patients. This is after a whole day of clinics, and we do not finish until after 19.00. Would you want to be number 70". This study aimed to explore systematically some of the dynamics of group interaction and teamwork in MDT meetings. Materials and methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted across three MDTs/university hospitals in the United Kingdom. We video-recorded 30 weekly meetings where 822 patient cases were reviewed. A cross-section of the recordings was transcribed using the Jefferson notation system and analyzed using frequency counts (quantitative) and some principles of conversation analysis (qualitative). Results: We found that, across teams, surgeons were the most frequent initiators and responders of interactional sequences, speaking on average 47% of the time during case discussions. Cancer nurse specialists and coordinators were the least frequent initiators, with the former speaking 4% of the time and the latter speaking 1% of the time. We also found that the meetings had high levels of interactivity, with an initiator-responder ratio of 1:1.63, meaning that for every sequence of interactions initiated, the initiator received more than a single response. Lastly, we found that verbal dysfluencies (laughter, interruptions, and incomplete sentences) were more common in the second half of meetings, where a 45% increase in their frequency was observed. Discussion: Our findings highlight the importance of teamwork in planning MDT meetings, particularly with regard to Cancer Research UK in 2017 cognitive load/fatigue and decision-making, the hierarchy of clinical expertise, and the increased integration of patients' psychosocial information into MDT discussion and their perspectives. Utilizing a micro-level methodology, we highlight identifiable patterns of interaction among participants in MDT meetings and how these can be used to inform the optimization of teamwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the Qianlong ban of 1740 (fengjin zhengce 封禁政策) , which officially and thoroughly prohibited Han civilians' migration to Manchuria, the Qing rulers' attitude toward the phenomenon was, most of the time, a negative one. Generally speaking, the court meant to preserve the territory to the imperial family themselves and the Manchu people. More specifically, as the policies addressing southern Manchuria (present day Liaoning province) changed over time, as the rulers' wish to keep the place to their own people clashed with concerns about repopulation and land reclamation – for which Chinese settlers could be a resource, spontaneous settling in the northern part of the region (bianwai 邊外 , "beyond the (Willow) Palisade") was always formally forbidden. Such a difference was clearly reflected by the local administrative structures. The Chinese-fashioned system, zhouxianzhi 州縣制 , was present in southern Manchuria since 1653, whereas it was established in Jilin only in Yongzheng era. Emperors Kangxi and Qianlong controlled or opposed the growth of the Chinese civil population in Manchuria. As a consequence, they kept unaltered or weakened the Chinese branch of the local government while making efforts to develop the local Eight Banners' structures. Yongzheng' policies were headed toward a different direction. Not only did the sovereign enlarge the civil administration in Liaoning; even more significantly, he ordered the foundation of three civil administrative centres in northern Manchuria – Yongji 永吉 , Changning 長寧 and Taining 泰寧 , which were in charge of the increasing civil population. Neither in China nor in western studies such policies have been attached the importance they are worth of. In addition, Qing sources such as Veritable Records, Gazetteers and the Collected Statutes provide very scarce information on such maneuver. By resorting to archival sources, both in Chinese and in Manchu, this work aims at researching into the rationales and the decision making process which lead to a brief but important interruption of the main trend of Qing rule of their motherland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to re-center playfulness as a humanizing approach in teacher education. As teachers navigate the current moment of heightened control, surveillance, and systemic inequity, these proposed moves in teacher education can be transgressive. Rather than play as relegated to childhood or infancy, what does it look like to continue to be "playful" in teaching and teacher education? Design/methodology/approach: To examine how teacher educators may design for teachers' critical playful literacies, the authors offer three "worked examples" (Gee, 2009) of preservice teachers' playful practices in an English literacies teacher education course. Findings: The authors highlight instructional design elements pertinent to co-designing for teachers' play and playful literacies in teacher education: generative constraints to practice everyday ingenuity, figuring it out to foster teacher agency and debriefs to interrupt the teaching's perpetual performance. Originality/value: The term "playful," as a descriptor of practice and qualifier of activity appears frequently in educational literature across domains. The relationship of play to critical literacies – and, more specifically, educators' literacies and learning – is less frequently explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research is summarized in the works of the rule "textual indefinite in general and its appearance in it,'' which means if (from) is added before the negative indefinite, it transfers the general indication from appearance and presumption, to quotation and interruption. On this basis, it is possible to weigh the statements based on general texts, and this includes the ruling on learning and teaching magic. As a dispute occurred among the jurists of the nation regarding the permissibility of his learning and teaching. Every Ayah contained in its context (from the excess) should be examined, considered, and contemplated in light of its significance. _ Are the Ayah's in this unique formula specific? _ In which section of the Shari'a does it most frequently appear? _ What is its relationship to preponderance when there is a difference in rulings? After the research, it was found that one of its most important meanings, connotations, benefits, and purposes is the quotation in general, and the prevention of its specification. Therefore, it is one of the strongest arguments in the jurisprudential dispute, so it frequently comes in the verses of oneness, and the transcendence of God Almighty is the signifier. It is in the field of doctrinal scientific issues that are more famous, and all of this indicates the importance of the rule, and what comes out with this rule is the preponderance of the prohibition of magic in all its forms, in contrast to those who preferred to learn and teach it. In research, guidance is given to the rule "There is no general but it has been specified'' and to combine the different sayings in a good manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has provided a unique circumstance for the study of resilience, and clergy resilience has garnered increased research attention due to greater recognition that religious/spiritual leaders are at risk for elevated levels of anxiety and burnout. We examined longitudinal patterns of change during the pandemic in a sample of emerging leaders (N = 751; Mage = 32.82; SD 11.37; 49.9% female; 59.8% White). In doing so, we offered a conceptual and methodological approach based on historical and critical evaluations of the study of resilience. Results revealed a subgroup that exhibited resilience over three waves of data. The labeling of this trajectory was based on established criteria for determining resilience: (a) significant adversity in the form of COVID-19 stress at time 1, which included the highest levels of the subjective appraisal of stress; (b) risk in the form of low religiousness/spirituality and greater likelihood of reporting marginalized identifications, relative to those who were flourishing; (c) a protective influence for transformative experiences to promote positive adaptation; and (d) interruption to the trajectory in the form of improvement in levels of symptoms and well-being. Practical implications center on the potential for transformative experiences to clarify emotional experience and construct new meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the significance of resource levelling, project managers lack various ways to smooth resource usage fluctuation of a repetitive construction project besides changing resource usage. Tolerating interruptions is an effective way to provide flexibility for a schedule but is ignored when solving resource levelling problems. Therefore, this paper investigates the impacts of interruptions on resource usage fluctuation and develops an integrated approach that simultaneously integrates two scheduling adjusting processes: changing resource usage and tolerating interruptions. In this paper, two interruption conditions are proposed to identify which activities are suitable to be interrupted for smoothing resource usage fluctuation. The traditional resource levelling model is modified to a new scheduling model by incorporating interruptions. A two-stage GA-based scheduling algorithm is developed by integrating changing resource usage and tolerating interruptions. A commonly used pipeline project is adopted to illustrate the steps of the proposed approach and demonstrate its effectiveness and superiority through comparison with previous studies. A large-scale project further verifies the usability of the proposed approach. The results confirmed the feasibility to smooth resource usage fluctuation by interruptions, and the integrated approach can achieve a more competitive resource levelling result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this research is to determine the impact of the covid-19 outbreak on Peruvian higher education. Surveys were issued to 349 instructors at various institutions to obtain information. As a result of the study's findings, it appears that COVID-19 has a detrimental influence on higher education, running interruptions to teaching and learning, less access to educational and research resources, job losses and increased student debt. However, virtual education has been impeded by limited internet connectivity, a scarcity of computer equipment, and a lack of digital literacy. The study underlines the importance of adopting distance education technology in order to mitigate the consequences of COVID-19 and potential future pandemics on university education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic was an opportunity for authoritarian regimes to intensify militarism and cultivate fear, resulting in the disablement of the most vulnerable in society. Fear dissipates when basic freedoms are at stake. People who once were afraid have learned to transgress, "to step across", because they just had enough of the Duterte regime's deception. In light of this context, I argue, like Michel Foucault, that transgression can be a positive notion and not opposed to transcendence. In fact, it belongs to a similar semantic cluster. An interruption can be viewed not as seeking attention, but rather as a cessation that aims for communion. Drawing from the lived experiences of persons with disabilities, I suggest a reversal of the negative perception of interruption to be incarnational, which can pave the way to a theology of transgression that is liberative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e genre of political interview includes informational and communicative persuasive strategy, as each interlocutor wants to establish their dominance. Th e desire for dominance results in frequent interruptions and speech overlaps, which can also be associated with speech fl uency. A comparative analysis was used to examine the discourse strategy of negative interruptions and overlaps in relation to other parameters of fl uency in the television genre of political interview in the pre--election period, between Croatian and British journalists and politicians. In total, 24 speakers, evenly represented by language, occupation and gender, were analysed based on 12 news programmes for each language. Th e analysis revealed that journalists tend to interrupt and overlap politicians in a more confl icting way. Men tend to interrupt and overlap interlocutors more than women, and statistically, Croatian speakers do it more often. Moreover, Croatian journalists interrupt politicians more than their British peers. An interesting piece of research data reveals that women interrupt women and men to the same extent. Based on the overall data, it can be concluded that English speakers were more fl uent, and that British journalists used fewer negative interruptions than Croatian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A resounding emphasis on learning loss has pervaded popular discourse and academic research as children return to in-person instruction after COVID-related schooling interruptions, most notably including remote schooling. This paper examines how this emphasis links to persistent deficit-oriented views of children as lacking literacy and language. It proposes an expanded, anti-deficit conception of teacher noticing based upon four domains that deserve more visibility especially at this time in the literacy classroom: children's emotions, children's funds of knowledge, children's relationships, and children's purposes. It provides examples of how teachers might adopt deliberate noticing practices that attend to these domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The multifaceted influences of coloniality in higher education continue to be explored to reshape and transform spaces that can either reproduce structures of coloniality or bring about decoloniality. The University of Puerto Rico, the central higher learning institution of the archipelago, continues to undergo changes that are influenced by its sociopolitical context. The aims of this research included the critical observation of the influence of coloniality in the public university system of Puerto Rico through exploring community engagement by university professors. This research implemented qualitative inquiry through document analysis. Pattern analysis was performed through three conceptual frameworks: coloniality, colonial state of exception, and ecologies of knowledge. Findings included both the interruption of coloniality by university professors and the reproduction of coloniality by the university administration. These findings illustrate current spaces of decoloniality in Boricua higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interruptions during consumer decision making are ubiquitous. In seven studies, we examine the consequences of a brief interruption during a financial risk decision. We identify a fundamental feature inherent in an interruption's temporal structure--a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli--and find that this reexposure reduces decision stimuli's subjective novelty. This reduced novelty in turn reduces decision makers' apprehension and increases the amount of risk they take in a wide range of risky financial decision contexts. Consistent with our theoretical framework, this interruption effect disappears when a stimulus's subjective novelty is restored after an interruption. We further find that these consequences are often unique to interruptions are often do not result from other interventions (e.g., time pressure and elongated thinking); this is because an interruption's unique temporal structure (which results in a repeat exposure to the decision stimuli) underlies its consequences. Our findings shed light on how and when interruptions during decision making can influence risk taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mandated introduction of a teaching performance assessment (TPA) into initial teacher education programs in Australia is one of the numerous and continual reforms that have impacted those who work in the field. The Assessment for Graduate Teaching (AfGT) is an approved TPA developed by a national consortium of higher education institutions to determine the 'classroom readiness' of graduating teachers. Surveys and focus group discussions were conducted with stakeholder groups to explore their experiences of trialling and implementing the AfGT. Initial teacher educators identified several aspects related to implementation that had impacted the ways they work, which included experiencing an increased workload. A semi-fictionalised narrative in the form of a readers' theatre script was developed to weave initial teacher educators' accounts together in an anonymised yet believable fashion for presentation at a research conference. The resultant script provides illustrations of the changing and complex nature of teacher educators' work because of the introduction of the AfGT, and when considered through the theory of practice architectures, it becomes evident that practice traditions are also interrupted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]