1. An enlightening role for cytokine storm in coronavirus infection
- Author
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Chuanmin Tao, Zhongyi Zhao, and Yinhao Wei
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,ALI, acute lung injury ,viruses ,CoV, coronavirus ,GCSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor ,MIP1B, macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 beta ,IFN, interferons ,Review Article ,medicine.disease_cause ,Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ,Cytokine storm ,TLRs, Toll-like receptors ,0302 clinical medicine ,DC, dendritic cell ,PRRs, pattern recognition receptors ,Immunology and Allergy ,Respiratory system ,COVID-CSS, COVID-19 related cytokine storm syndrome ,Coronavirus ,COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019 ,Multiple organ dysfunctions ,TNF, tumor necrosis factor ,CCL, chemokine ligand ,GMCSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ,virus diseases ,Inflammatory cytokines ,STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ,Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ,CRP, C-reactive protein ,MIP1A, macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1 Alpha ,NF-κB, nuclear factor κB ,Coronavirus Infections ,Cytokine Release Syndrome ,JAK, Janus kinase ,PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,PDGF, platelet derived growth factor ,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,IL-1RA, IL-1 receptor antagonist ,IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 ,NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ,Immunology ,Th2, T-helper-2 cell ,CNS, central nervous system ,BMSC, bone marrow stromal cell ,ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ,SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ,WHO, World Health Organization ,Th, helper T cell ,Proinflammatory cytokine ,03 medical and health sciences ,IRF3, IFN regulatory factor-3 ,PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns ,medicine ,NK, natural killer cell ,Humans ,SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome ,Adverse effect ,B, B lymphocyte ,ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome ,CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand ,VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome ,Outbreak ,COVID-19 ,MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein ,medicine.disease ,IL, interleukin ,FGF, fibroblast growth factor ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Th1, T-helper-1 cell ,030104 developmental biology ,business ,030215 immunology ,Respiratory tract - Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in Wuhan, China has dispersed rapidly worldwide. Although most patients present with mild fever, cough with varying pulmonary shadows, a significant portion still develops severe respiratory dysfunction. And these severe cases are often associated with manifestations outside the respiratory tract. Currently, it is not difficult to find inflammatory cytokines upregulated in the blood of infected patients. However, some complications in addition to respiratory system with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are impossible to explain or cannot be attributed to virus itself. Thus excessive cytokines and their potentially fatal adverse effects are probably the answer to the multiple organ dysfunctions and growing mortality. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying cytokine storm, summarizes its pathophysiology and improves understanding of cytokine storm associated with coronavirus infections by comparing SARS-CoV-2 with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)., Highlights • In December 2019, a novel coronavirus of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China, rapidly dispersed and even exported to neighboring countries. • SARS-CoV-2 generally causes a mild lower respiratory tract infection in humans, however, in some sever cases, signs of dysfunctions in multiple organs have been discovered. • Overproduction of cytokines, termed cytokine storm, may involve in disease progression and even be responsible for deaths. • Application of immune-modulators might become a complement to support treatment and flip on the light switch for severe patients.
- Published
- 2021
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