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We monitor the spatio-temporal deviations of observed radiated energy, ES,for thousands of microearthquakeswith respect to theoretical values, ESt, derived from a scaling model between ESandseismic moment,M0,calibrated for background seismicity in central Italy. These deviations, defined here as Energy Index (EI),provide information aboutthespatio-temporal evolution ofmean loading stressacting on faults during the preparatory processes of the latest strong earthquakes in central Italy.TheEIparameterallow us to identifythe onset of the activation phase one week before the Mw 6.1, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake.We show that foreshocks are characterized by a progressive increase in slip per unit stress, in agreement with the diffusion of highly pressurized fluids before the L’Aquila earthquake proposed by previous studies.Furthermore, we use EI toinvestigate the crustal strength before and after the three largest earthquakes of the 2016 seismic sequence (i.e., the Mw 6.2, 24 August 2016 Amatrice, the Mw 6.1, 26 October 2016 Visso, and the Mw 6.5, 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquakes).We highlight the mainshocks interaction both in terms of EI and of the mean loading shear stress associated to microearthquakes occurring within the crustal volumes comprising the mainshock hypocenters. Wealsoshow the existence of a crustal volume with high EI before the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake, which confirms thehypothesis that the Norcia earthquake nucleated at the boundary of a large patch, highly stressed by the two previous mainshocks of the sequence.&nbsp, The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

In this thesis I present 3 different works developed during the PhD. These three works are already published. My research has been focused on onsite EEW techniques oriented to the seismic risk reduction for buildings. As matter of fact, in the first work (Iaccarino et al., 2020; Chapter 2), "Onsite earthquake early warning: Predictive models for acceleration response spectra considering site effects" , we presented an EEW method that predict Response Spectra of Acceleration (RSA) at nine different periods from P-wave parameters (i. e., Pd and IV2) on 3s window. RSA is a ground motion parameter of particular interest for structural engineers since it better correlates with structural damage than peak parameters such as PGA and PGV (Elenas and Meskouris, 2001). To account for site-effects, we retrieved a partially non-ergodic model using a mixed-effect regression analysis. This procedure helped us to reduce the prediction uncertainty. Finally, we analyzed the correction terms by station, and we found that the stations with the more positive ones (grater RSA) were the same stations to have amplification effects highlighted by H/V analysis. Furthermore, our models improve the EEW performances both in terms of true negatives and false positives. The second work I present, "Earthquake Early Warning System for Structural Drift Prediction using Machine Learning and Linear Regressors" (Iaccarino et al., 2021; Chapter 3), uses data recorded from in-building sensors from Japanese and Californian structures. Here, we developed a method to predict Structural Drift using P-wave features (i. e., Pd, IV2, and ID2) from 1s, 2s, and 3s windows. We studied the effects of the complexity of the dataset on the predictions subdividing the Japanese dataset in three subsets: data from one building; data from buildings with the same material of construction; entire dataset. From this study, we found that the variability of the dataset plays a key role in the predictions increasing the uncertainties of the predictions for the complete dataset. Moreover, we compared the performances of linear least square models and non-linear machine learning regressors finding that the last ones perform always better. In the end, we tried to export the model retrieved on Japanese buildings to the Californian buildings, finding that the drift predictions are underestimated by a bias. We proposed to correct this bias using magnitude dependent correction terms, finding that the linear models are more able to adapt in these conditions. In the end, I present "Forecasting the Preparatory Phase of Induced Earthquakes by Recurrent Neural Network" (Chapter 4; Picozzi and Iaccarino, 2021). Here, we used catalogue information from a very complete dataset of the Californian geothermal area, The Geysers. From the catalogue, we chose 8 events with M>=3.9, and we selected the first 5 as training set and rest as testing set. Then, we extracted 9 features as time-series: the b-value and completeness magnitude, Mc, of the Gutenberg-Richter law; the fractal dimension of hypocenters, Dc; the generalized distance between pairs of earthquakes, η; the Shannon's information entropy, h; the moment magnitude, Mw, and moment rate, M ̇_0; the total duration of event groups, ΔT, and the inter-event time, Δt. We wanted to assess the possibility to detect changes in time of these features that can be related to deviations from the background seismicity. We built two Recurrent Neural Networks, one to detect preparatory phase the other to detect the aftershocks phase. The method is able to discriminate both the preparatory phase and the aftershock phase on the testing set. In the end, merging the predictions of two methods, we found that all the three events in testing set present a preparatory phase that lasts from 4 hours to 2 days before the main event.

Il contributo intende approfondire lariflessione sul modello dialogico-relazionale del diritto, sviluppando la narrazione dialogica dei fatti offerta dalle parti nel corso del contraddittorio nel processo, con particolare riguardo all’ambito del diritto canonico. Il processo si configura, infatti, come uno “spazio tridimensionale” entro il quale si struttura tra le parti una particolare relazione, tale da favorire la ricerca del “medium” ermeneutico della ricerca della verità. Gli strumenti propri del giusto processo permettono un ulteriore sviluppo di questa prospettiva, garantendo il confronto e l’apertura al dialogo. The text intends to deepen the reflection on the dialogico-relational model of law, developing the dialogic narration of the facts offered by the parties during the course of the contradictory process, with particular regard to the field of canon law. The process is configured, in fact, as a “three-dimensional space”within which a particular relationship is structured between the parties, such as to favor the search for the hermeneutical “medium”of the search for truth. The proper tools of due process allow a further development of this perspective, guaranteeing comparison and openness to dialogue. Ciencias Religiosas Derecho

Il testo considera il rapporto tra misericordia e giustizia attraverso una breve introduzione teologica in conformità ai parametri dell'ontologia trinitaria. L'ambito delle seguenti considerazioni è quello della giurisdizione dalla prospettiva della filosofia del diritto per proporre, sotto un approccio ermeneutico, il rapporto tra verità e giustizia, nella dinamica della misericordia. In particolare, si fa riferimento, al diritto canonico e al sistema di equità inglese. The text considers the relationship between mercy and justice through a short theological introduction in accordance with to the parameters of the trinitary ontology. The aim of the following considerations is the jurisdiction from the perspective of the philosophy of law in order to propose, under an hermeneutical approach, the relationship between truth and justice, within the dynamics of mercy. In particular, reference is made to Roman law, Canon law and to the English equity system. Ciencias Religiosas Derecho

Earthquakes prediction is considered the holy grail of seismology. After almost a century of efforts without convincing results, the recent raise of machine learning (ML) methods in conjunction with the deployment of dense seismic networks has boosted new hope in this field. Even if large earthquakes still occur unanticipated, recent laboratory, field and theoretical studies support the existence of a preparatory phase preceding earthquakes, where small and stable ruptures progressively develop into an unstable and confined zone around the future hypocenter. The problem of recognizing the preparatory phase of earthquakes is of critical importance for mitigating seismic risk for both natural and induced events. Here, we focus on the induced seismicity at The Geysers geothermal field in California. We address the preparatory phase of M~4 earthquakes identification problem by developing a ML approach based on features computed from catalogues, which are used to train a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). We show that RNN successfully reveal the preparation of M~4 earthquakes. These results confirm the potential of monitoring induced microseismicity and should encourage new research also in predictability of natural earthquakes.

We consider approximately 23,000 microearthquakes that occurred between 2005 and 2016 in central Italy to investigate the crustal strength before and after the three largest earthquakes of the 2016 seismic sequence (i.e., the Mw 6.2, 24 August 2016 Amatrice, the Mw 6.1, 26 October 2016 Visso, and the Mw 6.5, 30 October 2016 Norcia earthquakes). We monitor the spatiotemporal deviations of observed radiated energy, ES, with respect to theoretical values, ESt, derived from a scaling model between ES and M0 calibrated for background seismicity in central Italy. These deviations, defined here as Energy Index (EI), allow us to identify in the years following the Mw 6.1, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake a progressive evolution of the dynamic properties of microearthquakes and the existence of high EI patches close to the Amatrice earthquake hypocenter. We show the existence of a crustal volume with high EI even before the Mw 6.5 Norcia earthquake. Our results agree with the previously suggested hypothesis that the Norcia earthquake nucleated at the boundary of a large patch, highly stressed by the two previous mainshocks of the sequence. We highlight the mainshocks interaction both in terms of EI and of the mean loading shear stress associated to microearthquakes occurring within the crustal volumes comprising the mainshock hypocenters. Our study shows that the dynamic characteristics of microearthquakes can be exploited as beacons of stress change in the crust and thus be exploited to monitor the seismic hazard of a region and help to intercept the preparation phase of large earthquakes.

The European regulatory framework requires prior authorization for the use of plants and activities that may impact the environment, to ensure an adequate level of environmental and human health protection. Data on industrial wastewater, urban sewage, atmospheric emissions and waste management of installations subject to licenses generate interest among stakeholders (Environmental Protection Agencies, Police Forces, regions, provinces, municipalities, Local Health Authorities, operators, research bodies, citizens), but unfortunately, they are not properly digitized and processed, as they are often unavailable. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to provide a flexible, interactive and easy-to-use tool for stakeholders to allow them to consult these kinds of environmental data. For this purpose, a database integrated with a web-based Geographical Information System (GIS) platform to collect, manage and share pollutant emissions data, is currently being designed and developed. The web platform offers to users interconnected informative modules on required authorizations, license processes and analytical controls. Moreover, stored data from industries and on emissions are georeferenced and displayed in a web GIS map. Stakeholders have free but limited access to specific sections of the web platform, depending on their tasks. They can consult environmental data and GIS representations, download reports or documents and enter new data. This web application seeks to: (1) promote collaboration among stakeholders, (2) simplify the monitoring of an installation’s authorization status and industrial emissions trends, (3) optimize the environmental licensing procedures, (4) enhance the management of environmental control by the relevant authorities, (5) support health and environmental research, and (6) provide industries with innovative services for data transmission. To evaluate the performance and benefits of the newly-developed tool, a real-life pilot case has been applied using data from industries located in the Province of Ascoli Piceno (Marche region, Italy).

Seismic sequences are a powerful tool to locally infer geometrical and mechanical properties of faults and fault systems. In this study, we provided detailed location and characterization of events of the 3&ndash, 7 July 2020 Irpinia sequence (southern Italy) that occurred at the northern tip of the main segment that ruptured during the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. Using an autocorrelation technique, we detected more than 340 events within the sequence, with local magnitude ranging between &minus, 0.5 and 3.0. We thus provided double difference locations, source parameter estimation, and focal mechanisms determination for the largest quality events. We found that the sequence ruptured an asperity with a size of about 800 m, along a fault structure having a strike compatible with the one of the main segments of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, and a dip of 50&ndash, 55&deg, at depth of 10.5&ndash, 12 km and 60&ndash, 65&deg, at shallower depths (7.5&ndash, 9 km). Low stress drop release (average of 0.64 MPa) indicates a fluid-driven initiation mechanism of the sequence. We also evaluated the performance of the earthquake early warning systems running in real-time during the sequence, retrieving a minimum size for the blind zone in the area of about 15 km.

Onsite earthquake early warning (EEW) systems exploit predictive models relating fea- tures extracted over the P-wave window to S-wave ground-motion parameters. These models are usually calibrated considering recordings from multiple stations and combining datasets from different regions under the ergodic assumption. Here, we show that the local-site conditions can play a significant role in determining the performance of onsite EEW predictive models in terms of rates of false or missed alerts. Interestingly, if partially nonergodic models are implemented, as done in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the negative impact of local-site amplifications can be mitigated. We explore the influence of site effects for onsite EEW predictive models calibrated between the peak displacement (Pd ) and integral squared velocity (Iv2) measured over a 3 s P-wave window, and the accel- eration response spectra (RSA) at nine different periods T (T 0:1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 s). We consider 58 earthquakes with magnitudes between Mw 3.7 and 6.5, belonging to the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence that have been recorded by 100 accelerometer stations at hypocentral distances lesser than 150 km. We implement a mixed-effects regression analysis to explore the variability of the ground motion in terms of RSA predicted at different sites by considering two different group levels: in the first, each station is considered separately; in the second, we consider the Eurocode 8 (EC8, 2004) soil classification. Considering a probabilistic alert decision module applied to data from two selected stations, we show that the predictive models including site effects provide more reliable alerts, reducing the false alarms from 2.6% to 0.53% and the missed alarms from 10.1% to 4.8%. The residuals analysis shows that including a site-specific random effect in the predictive model contributes to reducing the apparent aleatory variability, whereas grouping data by EC8 classification does not provide significant benefit for EEW purposes.

l'ideologia del potere della monarchia si atteggia in modi molto diversi nel lungo millennio bizantino, regolando l'accesso al trono secondo dinamiche puramente dinastiche e in modo continuativo solo dopo il IX secolo. L'imperatore era sovrano assoluto, vicario di Dio sulla terra, incarnazione della legge, ma questo non lo sottraeva al giudizio prima di tutto del popolo, cui doveva rendere conto dei suoi comportamenti, e anche di Dio stesso. Le vicende del potere della monarchia bizantina sono perciò assai variegate e ricche di colpi di scena.