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Factors driving freshwater salinization syndrome (FSS) influence the severity of impacts and chances for recovery. We hypothesize that spread of FSS across ecosystems is a function of interactions among five state factors: human activities, geology, flowpaths, climate, and time. (1) Human activities drive pulsed or chronic inputs of salt ions and mobilization of chemical contaminants. (2) Geology drives rates of erosion, weathering, ion exchange, and acidification-alkalinization. (3) Flowpaths drive salinization and contaminant mobilization along hydrologic cycles. (4) Climate drives rising water temperatures, salt stress, and evaporative concentration of ions and saltwater intrusion. (5) Time influences consequences, thresholds, and potentials for ecosystem recovery. We hypothesize that state factors advance FSS in distinct stages, which eventually contribute to failures in systems-level functions (supporting drinking water, crops, biodiversity, infrastructure, etc.). We present future research directions for protecting freshwaters at risk based on five state factors and stages from diagnosis to prognosis to cure. This work was supported by: National Science Foundation GCR 2021089, Maryland Sea Grant SA75281870W, the Chesapeake Bay Trust, Pooled Monitoring Initiative, and its funding partners, and the Washington Metropolitan Council of Governments contract 21-001. Published version

Background Cases of human monkeypox are rarely seen outside of west and central Africa. There are few data regarding viral kinetics or the duration of viral shedding and no licensed treatments. Two oral drugs, brincidofovir and tecovirimat, have been approved for treatment of smallpox and have demonstrated efficacy against monkeypox in animals. Our aim was to describe the longitudinal clinical course of monkeypox in a high-income setting, coupled with viral dynamics, and any adverse events related to novel antiviral therapies. Methods In this retrospective observational study, we report the clinical features, longitudinal virological findings, and response to off-label antivirals in seven patients with monkeypox who were diagnosed in the UK between 2018 and 2021, identified through retrospective case-note review. This study included all patients who were managed in dedicated high consequence infectious diseases (HCID) centres in Liverpool, London, and Newcastle, coordinated via a national HCID network. Findings We reviewed all cases since the inception of the HCID (airborne) network between Aug 15, 2018, and Sept 10, 2021, identifying seven patients. Of the seven patients, four were men and three were women. Three acquired monkeypox in the UK: one patient was a health-care worker who acquired the virus nosocomially, and one patient who acquired the virus abroad transmitted it to an adult and child within their household cluster. Notable disease features included viraemia, prolonged monkeypox virus DNA detection in upper respiratory tract swabs, reactive low mood, and one patient had a monkeypox virus PCR-positive deep tissue abscess. Five patients spent more than 3 weeks (range 22–39 days) in isolation due to prolonged PCR positivity. Three patients were treated with brincidofovir (200 mg once a week orally), all of whom developed elevated liver enzymes resulting in cessation of therapy. One patient was treated with tecovirimat (600 mg twice daily for 2 weeks orally), experienced no adverse effects, and had a shorter duration of viral shedding and illness (10 days hospitalisation) compared with the other six patients. One patient experienced a mild relapse 6 weeks after hospital discharge. Interpretation Human monkeypox poses unique challenges, even to well resourced health-care systems with HCID networks. Prolonged upper respiratory tract viral DNA shedding after skin lesion resolution challenged current infection prevention and control guidance. There is an urgent need for prospective studies of antivirals for this disease.

This paper describes the process of constructive alignment of the content and assessment of a first year university course on Digital Culture. Previous iterations of the course assessed the student...

Appropriate segregation within manufacturing facilities is required by regulators and utilized by manufacturers to ensure that the final product has not been contaminated with 1) adventitious viruses, 2) another pre-/ post-viral clearance fraction of the same product, or 3) with another product processed in the same facility. However, there is not consensus on what constitutes appropriate facility segregation to minimize these risks. In part, this is due to the fact that a wide variety of manufacturing facilities and operational practices exist, including single and multi-product manufacturing, using traditional segregation strategies with separate rooms for specific operations that may use stainless steel or disposable equipment to more modern ballroom style operation that use mostly disposable equipment (i.e. pre- and post-viral clearance manufacturing operations are not physically segregated by walls). Further, there is a lack of consensus around basic definitions and approaches related to facility segregation. For example, given that several unit operations provide assurance of virus clearance during downstream processing, how does one define pre- and post-viral clearance and at which point(s) should a viral segregation barrier be introduced? What is a “functionally closed” system? How can interventions be conducted so that the system remains “functionally closed”? How can “functionally closed” systems be used to adequately isolate a product stream and ensure its safety? To address these issues, the member companies of the Consortium on Adventitious Agent Contamination in Biomanufacturing (CAACB) have conducted a facility segregation project with the following goals: define “pre- and post-viral clearance zones” and “pre- and post-viral clearance materials”; define “functionally closed” manufacturing systems; and identify an array of facility segregation approaches that are used for the safe and effective production of recombinant biologics as well as plasma products. This article reflects the current thinking from this collaborative endeavor.

The 'radioactive dice' experiment is a commonly used classroom analogue to model the decay of radioactive nuclei. However, the value of the half-life obtained from this experiment differs significantly from that calculated for real nuclei decaying exponentially with the same decay constant. This article attempts to explain the discrepancy and suggests modifications to the experiment to minimize this effect.

The Outsider's Gaze is a set of three DVDs for Asian students of Spanish, French and German. The project is an attempt to employ constructivist principles to the development of language learning materials. For students in Hong Kong and China, European languages present problems of relevance and contextualisation: the textbooks and available videos are invariably produced from the point of view of the insider (native speaker) and it is difficult for Asian students to connect the learning experience with their own lives. This article explores the issues involved in creating effective and meaningful learner‐centered materials for language students and contrasts this approach to the more common insider's approach. The three sections of the project are described and analyzed in terms of constructivist criteria.L' » Outsider Gaze » : Une approche centree sur l'etudiant par des documents d'enseignement des langues. L' »outsider gaze » est un ensemble des 3 DVD pour des etudiants asiatiques en espagnol, francais ...

In 1971 the anarchist philosopher Ivan Illich published a slim volume that advocated the unthinkable: ridding the world of schools. His arguments were so persuasive that the book caused many people to question the assumptions on which we base our ideas of education. Illich advocated the replacement of institutionalised schooling by community-driven "opportunity webs" that would enable learners to be in control of their own learning and teachers to offer their services in an entrepreneurial fashion. As persuasive as his ideas were, they were not really practical given the technology of the 1970s, but perhaps Illich was ahead of his time as today the World Wide Web has created opportunities for both learners and teachers to do exactly what he described. This paper examines Illich's propositions in terms of their antecedents in the free education movements of the past century and their potential in the global anarchy of the World Wide Web. Descolariser l’ecole: 30 ans apres Illich, le WEb . . . En 1971, le p...

Flexible learning is the catch cry of the moment. Is it a clearly articulated educational strategy or no more than the repackaging of strategies to attract fee-paying adult learners? The paper lists eight principles that underlie the philosophy of flexible learning and discusses their implications for a university. The principles are: flexible access, recognition of prior learning, flexible content, flexible participation, flexible teaching and learning methods, flexible resources, flexible assessment and ongoing evaluation. L'apprentissage et le mot “F” L'apprentissage flexible est le cri de guerre du moment. C'est une strategie educative clairement articulee et non plus des strategies rafistolees pour attirer des adultes qui suivent des cours et qui payent pour cela. L'article decrit 8 principes qui sous-tendent la philosophie de l'apprentissage flexible et en discutent les implications pour une universite. Ces principes sont l'acces flexible, la reconnaissance des priorites dans l'enseignement, les con...

In the author’s experience sermons today rarely offer Christians any aching or guidance about ordinary daily work, which in fact takes p the greater part of their time, energies and thinking. It was not ways so. Luther, Calvin and the Puritan preachers spoke and wrote about the Christian's work regularly, comprehensively and perceptively. In these three articles their main emphases are summarised. Ordinary work is in fact the service of God; in some way it must serve one’s neighbour; it is to be regarded as one’s ‘calling’, and all jobs are of equal value in God’s sight; each person’s skills are their ‘spiritual gifts’; and work must be done with honesty and fairness to others.

Luther and Calvin abolished the mediaeval distinction between the superior order of those who prayed and the inferior order of those who did ordinary work. Calvin went even further than Luther in his stress on God's positive blessing of daily work and conferred a hitherto unknown dignity upon it as an integral part of the Christian life.

The article shows how the Puritans carried forward and developed 1the thinking of John Calvin in his positive assessment of daily work as 1lil integral part of the Christian life. They saw work as the expression of obedience to God and service to their fellows, and their detailed exposition of the topic is unsurpassed in its comprehensiveness.

(1995). Collection policy statements. Journal of the Society of Archivists: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 7-14.

This paper examines the relationship between styles of video production and recent approaches to foreign languages teaching. It is argued that, whereas most educational television is produced within a “didactic” tradition, following the principles of instructional design, and presenting scripted native speakers as models, a “documentary” approach to production, depicting realistic role models and natural language (including interlanguage) is more appropriate to the goals of communicative competence as defined in the Australian Language Levels Guidelines . This paper includes case studies of two recent language video productions: Chauvigny —2 ou 3 choses que je sais d'elle (for high-school French), and Zŏu ba! (for upper high school and university Chinese) in which the models presented are Australian exchange students in France and China.

Antibodies to voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) appear likely to be the effector mechanisms in many patients with acquired peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (APNH) syndromes, a group of disorders that include neuromyotonia, cramp-fasciculation syndrome, and Isaacs' syndrome. They may contribute to the associated autonomic changes. Through a central action, they may also be the effector mechanism in those with Morvan's syndrome and in some patients with limbic encephalitis. Evidence supporting this hypothesis includes the increased association of APNH with autoimmune diseases (in particular, myasthenia gravis and thymoma), the response to plasmapheresis, passive transfer of APNH to experimental animals by patients' plasma or immunoglobulins, the action of their serum on VGKC currents studied in vitro, and the presence in many patients of IgG antibodies to VGKCs.

Should change be motivated by societal and educational factors or by technology? The “correct” answer is that technology must always be at the service of education, which is a social construct; the reality is that digital and communications technology is rapidly reshaping society at all levels and the education systems need to respond to these changes. Of course technology is not the only factor at work here, but is one of many forces, and they are all inter-related.

Professor Ian Hart9s interests lie in how malignant cancers are able to metastasise. Having qualified as a vet in 1972, he gained a PhD in veterinary pathology in 1976, and since then has worked in basic medical research, where there might seem to be little or no direct reference to his veterinary background. Here, he explains how his immensely rewarding career has benefited from his veterinary background

In the recent paper of O'Connor et al. (1), four rapid methods for the detection of toxins of Clostridium difficile were evaluated. I have two main criticisms regarding the methodology of this study. First, for the different methods examined, the specimen treatment procedures were described as follows: for the culture procedure, “stool specimens were cultured on the day of receipt”; for the cytotoxicity evaluation, “a filtrate of each stool specimen was prepared and stored at −20°C”; and for immunological detection, “the stool specimen was frozen at −84°C until tested.” However, these three methods of sample preparation and treatment were compared with no obvious control.

David, a young, unemployed man from Liverpool believes he can do something worthwhile by going to Spain and fighting for the land-working population in their struggle against Franco's military dictatorship which has usurped the power of the democratically elected Socialist government. Unable to get international support for their struggle against the Fascist dictatorship which is supported by Hitler and Mussolini and even tacitly by the British government, many men, like David, make the secret crossing into Spain – Americans, Irish, Italians, French, Germans – young idealists all willing to fight for the cause. Together with Spanish workers, they form a Republican militia unit and set about liberating towns in the Aragon region from Fascist control. But more than that, the militia and the people want revolution – to impose the communist ideal, collectivising land, improving productivity and sharing it with those fighting for the Republican cause. “Loach's film is amongst the finest films of the decade” The Observer

Now that television has become a respectable tool in education it is increasingly coming under the scrutiny of researchers. To many producers who have spent their lives with the medium, much of the research seems to be reinventing the wheel. This discussion steps off from Dr Tony Bates' article in the winter 1981 issue of the Journal to propose a more fruitful approach to research, based on the body of film theory which dates back to the early years of the century.

Australia second annual conference on Media Education, Media Forum '77, on the use of the media in tertiary education was held. The idea behind the Media Forum was communication through work. The purpose of the forum was to get academicians, technicians, librarians and producers to talk and work together.

2,5-Diaryl-1,6-dioxa-6a-thia-3,4-diazapentalenes are obtained when 5-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatrizole is treated with aroyl chlorides and pyridine, but acetylation of 5-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole yields 3,5-diacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazole.

Today's audiovisual journals are full of enthusiastic reports on advances in educational technology… VCRs—smaller than matchboxes, powered by the sun, can talk to computers in order to bring us knowledge and programmes not yet produced…! The programme we are scripting now may be entirely inappropriate for the medium which will show it.

2,5-Diaryl-1,6-dioxa-6a-thia-3,4-diazapentalenes are obtained when 5-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatrizole is treated with aroyl chlorides and pyridine, but acetylation of 5-amino-1,2,3,4-thiatriazole yields 3,5-diacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazole.