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This collection analyses the remaking of culture and music spaces during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Its central focus is how cultural producers negotiated radically disrupted and uncertain conditions by creating, designing, and curating new objects and events, and through making alternative combinations of practices and spaces. By examining contexts and practices of remaking culture and music, it goes beyond being a chronicle of how the pandemic disrupted cultural life and livelihoods. The book also raises crucial questions about the forms and dynamics of post-pandemic spaces of culture and music. Main themes include the affective and embodied dimensions that shape the experience, organisation, and representation of cultural and musical activity; the restructuring of industries and practices of work and cultural production; the transformation of spaces of cultural expression and community; and the uncertainty and resilience of future culture and music. This collection will be instrumental for researchers, practitioners, and students studying the spatial, material, and affective dimensions of cultural production in the fields of cultural sociology, cultural and creative industries research, festival and event studies, and music studies. Its interdisciplinary nature makes it beneficial reading for anyone interested in what has happened to culture and music during the global pandemic and beyond.

Capsule: Recording of behavioural responses to ferry traffic for 11 target species showed that Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata, Slavonian Grebe Podiceps auratus, and Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica were most likely to react to passing vessels. Aim: To provide information on how responses to marine traffic vary between waterbird species to inform marine spatial planning and environmental impact assessments in the near-shore environment. Methods: We recorded behavioural responses to ferry traffic for 11 target species in near-shore waters: Common Eider Somateria mollissima, Goldeneye Bucephala clangula, Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis, Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca, Red-breasted Merganser Mergus serrator, Black-throated Diver, Great Northern Diver Gavia immer, Red-throated Diver, European Shag Gulosus aristotelis, Slavonian Grebe and Black Guillemot Cepphus grylle. Responses were analysed using generalized linear models and mixed models. Results: Red-throated Diver, Black-throated Diver and Slavonian Grebe were the most likely species to exhibit a response to passing vessels. While Red-throated Divers and Slavonian Grebes were highly likely to flush, Black-throated Divers and Great Northern Divers rarely took flight, instead favouring swim or dive responses. In rougher sea conditions birds were more likely to take flight, and the propensity to respond declined across the wintering period. Conclusions: This research provides comparative evidence on the behavioural responses of waterbirds to marine traffic. The results support previous studies which highlighted the high sensitivity of diver species to disturbance and provide new evidence that Slavonian Grebe may also be a high sensitivity species.

Research within literatures on multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism has moved beyond studying the institutional basis and discursive negotiations of differences towards an understanding of the embodied and practical dimensions of everyday social interactions. An emergent literature has also started to consider the role of vibrant material agents, atmosphere, and their environmental contexts in understanding diversity spaces. We wish to contribute to this literature through a visual and material ethnographic approach, taking two cafes in Copenhagen, Denmark as emblematic cases. We locate these sites in the particular socio-cultural space of Nørrebro – a neighbourhood characterised by the ethnic diversity of its inhabitants, but also by political tensions, government-supported gentrification, and community-driven restructuring and rebuilding. Taking an ecological approach to these spaces, we argue that socio-material arrangements may serve to solve or express diversity through the aesthetic organisation of human and non-human actors. We interpret such material forms as co-constitutive agents of diversity politics.

Vegetation phenology is affected by climate change and in turn feeds back on climate by affecting the annual carbon uptake by vegetation. To quantify the impact of phenology on terrestrial carbon fluxes, we calibrate a bud-burst model and embed it in the Sheffield dynamic global vegetation model (SDGVM) in order to perform carbon budget calculations. Bud-burst dates derived from the VEGETATION sensor onboard the SPOT-4 satellite are used to calibrate a range of bud-burst models. This dataset has been recently developed using a new methodology based on the normalized difference water index, which is able to distinguish snowmelt from the onset of vegetation activity after winter. After calibration, a simple spring warming model was found to perform as well as more complex models accounting for a chilling requirement, and hence it was used for the carbon flux calculations. The root mean square difference (RMSD) between the calibrated model and the VEGETATION dataset was 6.5 days, and was 6.9 days between the calibrated model and independent ground observations of bud-burst available at nine locations over Siberia. The effects of bud-burst model uncertainties on the carbon budget were evaluated using the SDGVM. The 6.5 days RMSD in the bud-burst date (a 6% variation in the growing season length), treated as a random noise, translates into about 41 g cm−2 yr−1 in net primary production (NPP), which corresponds to 8% of the mean NPP. This is a moderate impact and suggests the calibrated model is accurate enough for carbon budget calculations. In addition to random differences between the calibrated model and VEGETATION data, systematic errors between the calibrated bud-burst model and true ground behaviour may occur, because of bias in the temperature dataset or because the bud-burst detected by VEGETATION is because of some other phenological indicator. A systematic error of 1 day in bud-burst translates into a 10 g cm−2 yr−1 error in NPP (about 2%). Based on the limited available ground data, any systematic error because of the use of VEGETATION data should not lead to significant errors in the calculated carbon flux. In contrast, widely used methods based on the normalized difference vegetation index from the advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite are likely to confuse snowmelt and vegetation greening, leading to errors of up to 15 days in bud-burst date, with consequent large errors in carbon flux calculations.

Summary • Patterns in population density and abundance, community composition, seed production and morphological traits were assessed across the UK geographical range of Cirsium acaule , Cirsium heterophyllum and Cirsium arvense based on the expectation that environmental favourability declines from core to periphery of a species range. • These traits were measured in natural populations along a latitudinal transect in the UK and using botanical survey data. •A significant decline in population density and seed production occurs approaching the range edges of C. acaule and C. heterophyllum . There is no latitudinal trend in these traits in the widespread C. arvense and no latitudinal pattern to variation in morphological traits or community composition in any of these species. • Although seed production is reduced at the range edge of C. acaule and C. heterophyllum, peripheral populations of these species may persist through clonal reproduction. Low seed production may interact with reduced availability of favourable habitat to limit range expansion in these species.

Summary • Genetic variation was assessed across the UK geographical range of Cirsium acaule and Cirsium heterophyllum. A decline in genetic diversity and increase in population divergence approaching the range edge of these species was predicted based on parallel declines in population density and seed production reported seperately. Patterns were compared with UK populations of the widespread Cirsium arvense. • Populations were sampled along a latitudinal transect in the UK and genetic variation assessed using microsatellite markers. • Cirsium acaule shows strong isolation by distance, a significant decline in diversity and an increase in divergence among range-edge populations. Geographical structure is also evident in C. arvense, whereas no such patterns are seen in C. heterophyllum. • There is a major disparity between patterns of genetic variation in C. acaule and C. heterophyllum despite very similar patterns in seed production and population isolation in these species. This suggests it may be misleading to make assumptions about the geographical structure of genetic variation within species based solely on the present-day reproduction and distribution of populations.

In the last quarter of the 20th century the study of globalisation was refined in many ways and especially in the direction of conceptualising the connections, entanglements and interdependencies of the global. An array of terms arose to capture these complexities, many containing the suggestion of superseding the nation. The terms ‘post-national’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ are two fields that have come to signify thispossibility. Our contributors engage with the idea of the post-national in a variety of manifestations, focusing on addressing fundamental questions related to the extent and durability of post-national expressions. This collection of articles trace contemporary theoretical debates, and provide empirical material in a variety of contexts using multiple approaches. Collectively, they affirm the relevance of the category of the post-national, and related cosmopolitan outlooks, while charting the mixed, ambivalent, and sometimes reactionary responses to it.

Research on cosmopolitan practices and non-white refugee and migrant populations in Western nations often concentrates on how the mainstream ‘host’ culture practise openness and hospitality towards ‘new’ and minority populations. Reflecting the relationality at the heart of cosmopolitanism’s conceptual promise, this research reverses the gaze back by exploring how minority populations who are ‘locals’ in ethnic hubs or enclaves practise openness towards ‘non-locals’ who constitute a dominant group. Our article focuses on the black African Australian (BAA) community in the suburb of Moorooka, known as a ‘little Africa’. Moorooka’s main strip is lined with various BAA-owned shops and restaurants, and with BAAs going about their everyday lives. The suburb attracts negative news stories and is stereotyped as an undesirable ethnic enclave marred by crime, social problems and unemployment. Yet, Moorooka is also becoming a cosmopolitan destination for visitors to shop, explore and dine. We thematically analyse qualitative interviews with BAAs to understand their experience of interactions with non-BAAs. Our research sheds new light on the forms of openness and hospitality we call ‘minority cosmopolitanism’ that arises from the BAA’s experience. Accordingly, we also highlight forms of cosmopolitan encounters that assist with further understanding of the African diaspora.

This book examines the most pressing questions addressed by consumption studies scholars today. The volume counteracts the tendency towards disciplinary myopia as it engages scholars from around the world drawing on sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, consumption studies, and marketing. The volume’s thirty-one chapters are organized around six themes, facilitating cross-disciplinary exploration. The volume covers consumer transactions and credit scoring as important drivers of consumer behaviors, race and ethnicity and consumer inequality, brands and branding, the embeddedness of marketing, consumer culture theory, the sharing economy, ethical consumption, environmental sustainability, and variations in urban scenes where consumption thrives.

This chapter serves as the introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Consumption. The Handbook consolidates the most innovative recent work in consumption research conducted by social scientists and identifies some of the most fruitful lines of inquiry for future research. While the book emphasizes sociocultural and qualitative research, it also includes key findings from network analyses, quantitative and comparative analysis, and social experiments. The book begins by embedding marketing in its global history, enmeshed in various political, economic, and social sites. From this embedded perspective, the book branches out to examine the rise of consumer culture theory among consumer researchers and parallel innovative developments in sociology and anthropology, with scholarship analyzing the roles that identity, social networks, organizational dynamics, institutions, market devices, materiality, and cultural meanings play across a wide variety of applications, including, but not limited to, brands and branding, the sharing economy, tastes and preferences, credit and credit scoring, consumer surveillance, race and ethnicity, status, family life, well-being, environmental sustainability, social movements, and social inequality.

This chapter addresses the question of how to conceptualise cosmopolitanism for empirical research and focuses on the notion of openness as a principal discourse of contemporary cosmopolitanism studies. It explores the application of performative and qualitative approaches to researching cosmopolitanism as a form of openness to cultural difference. The chapter specifies cosmopolitanism through traditional social scientific models deploying a variable-centred model of inquiry and discusses the additional relevance of a performative theory. It argues that a performative approach is well suited to exploring cosmopolitanism as an emergent, relational dimension of social life rather than a stable feature of identities or social types. Cosmopolitanism can be conceptualised as a flexible, available set of cultural practices and outlooks which are selectively mobilised depending on social and cultural contexts. Accordingly, the idea of cultural 'openness' has been a fountainhead for general conceptions of cosmopolitanness as an outlook or, disposition.

This article provides an account of interwoven and often competing repertoires of cosmopolitanism and nationalism on which Australians draw when encountering diversity. Using interview and focus group data the article first explores how the notion of Australianness grounded in civic virtues such as fairness, openness and egalitarianism effectively enhances cosmopolitan outlooks. It identifies the mechanisms through which these same virtues are mobilized to rationalize the failure to actualize cosmopolitanism in everyday practice. We argue that Australianness understood as the popular ‘fair-go’ principle at times conceptually overlaps with cosmopolitan ethics. However, it also bears the potential to hinder cosmopolitan practices. Ultimately national and cosmopolitan ethical frameworks have to be interrogated simultaneously when applied to micro-level interactions.

This study contributes to the growing research on everyday cosmopolitanism in diverse societies. We employ a cosmopolitan encounters framework to explore the reflexive openness people perform and the ethical reasoning they draw on to get along with each other. In particular, we look beyond pleasurable cosmopolitan pursuits to consider encounters that cause frictions or require notable efforts to bridge differences as an occasion for cosmopolitan conviviality. Based on qualitative interviews conducted in Australia, we aim to sharpen the demarcation between cosmopolitan encounters and those in which diversity is strategically negotiated by enacting practices of civility. We argue that cosmopolitanism emerges from interactions in encounters between individuals when they reflect on their positionality within unequal power relationships and their actions are guided by a cosmopolitan ethics. The ethical framework we propose is grounded in reflexive acts of sharing going beyond notions of giving and performing hospitality within a host/guest dyad.

This article empirically explores the types and limits of ethical varieties of cosmopolitan openness by analysing in-depth interviews with a sample of professionals and volunteers ( N = 20) in culturally heterogeneous workplaces that are characterised by interpersonal interactions requiring intercultural competencies. It analyses the way people relax and harden the borders of openness around people, objects and practices they see as unfamiliar and different. Within the context of two primary schemes for deliberating the principles and schemas for acting in ways that are open to valuing difference, the article finds that the interviewees use flexible and contextually shifting categorisations of otherness and sameness that serve apparently conflicting agendas of ethical openness, self-protection, instrumentalism and parochialism. Exploring the schemas associated with these forms of everyday ethical understandings, the results show their cosmopolitan ethical practice to be performative and contextual, entangled with a variety of potentially conflicting schemas of evaluation and judgement.

In this paper, we use the case of the vinyl record to show that iconic objects become meaningful via a dual process. First, they offer immersive engagements which structure user interpretations through various material experiences of handling, use, and extension. Second, they always work via entanglements with related material ecologies such as turntables, speakers, mixers, and rituals of object care. Additionally, these engagements are complimented by a mediation process which emplaces the vinyl historically, culturally, spatially, and also politically, especially in the context of digitalization. This relational process means that both the material affordances and entanglements of vinyl allow us to feel, handle, experience, project, and share its iconicity. The materially mediated meanings of vinyl enabled it to retain currency in independent and collector’s markets and thus resist the planned obsolescence and eventually attain the status of celebrity commodity with totemic power in music communities. This performative aspect of vinyl markets also means that consumers read closely the signals and symbols regarding vinyl’s status, as its various user groups and champions try to interpret its future, protect, or challenge its current position. Vinyl’s future, and the larger expansion of pressing plants and innovative turntable production around it, largely depend on processes of cultural and status mobility. In the current phase of market expansion, vinyl’s status might be challenged by its own success. Neither a fashion cycle phenomenon, nor simple market conditions explain vinyl’s longevity. Rather, cultural contextualization of vinyl as thing and commodity is crucial for avoiding symbolic pollution and retaining sacred aura.

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The idea of cosmopolitanism describes a social, cultural and political process whereby people can feel connection not only to local and national others and territories of belonging, but to the world as a whole. While the processes described by the concept are in large part enabled by transnational mobilities and aesthetic-consumptive mixing of people and things, making it an idea apparently well suited to a super-diverse, global age, the ethical demands associated with cosmopolitanism are complex and not necessarily directly tied to or based in such processes. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the usage of the concept and problematises linkages between consumption and cosmopolitan ethics. We begin by discussing these processes as they are based in research literatures within the fields of sociology and business and marketing studies, offering an overview of existing research linking cosmopolitanism and consumption. Additionally, we further delineate current challenges and questions emerging from the cosmopolitan agenda in studies of global marketplaces.

Mary Douglas was a central figure in twentieth-century British social anthropology. Although only one of her books was directly about the meanings and uses of consumption, I argue in this chapter that in the best tradition of the structuralist project as an all-purpose theory of culture, the core of her oeuvre constitutes a crucial – and in the context of contemporary consumption studies, a corrective – elementary resource for analysing diverse consumption practices and contexts. The influence of Douglas’s writing extended beyond her home disciplinary field and continues to be an important touchstone for social and cultural theorists generally. Educated at Oxford University, Douglas became part of the influential Oxford tradition in anthropology, having the eminent British anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard as part of her doctoral dissertation supervision team. Working within social anthropology, her influence and thinking extended from cultural anthropology into anthropologically grounded cultural and social theory in the middle to later parts of her career. In the latter half of the twentieth century, alongside the key French intellectual figure in anthropology, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Mary Douglas is seen as a beacon of structuralist thinking and analysis.

The idea of cosmopolitanism describes a social, cultural and political process whereby people can feel connection not only to local and national others and territories of belonging, but to the world as a whole. While the processes described by the concept are in large part enabled by transnational mobilities and aesthetic-consumptive mixing of people and things, making it an idea apparently well suited to a super-diverse, global age, the ethical demands associated with cosmopolitanism are complex and not necessarily directly tied to or based in such processes. This introductory chapter provides an overview of the usage of the concept and problematises linkages between consumption and cosmopolitan ethics. We begin by discussing these processes as they are based in research literatures within the fields of sociology and business and marketing studies, offering an overview of existing research linking cosmopolitanism and consumption. Additionally, we further delineate current challenges and questions emerging from the cosmopolitan agenda in studies of global marketplaces.

This book addresses the complicated question of how markets and consumption create the possibilities for cross-cultural exchanges and the multicultural pleasures of omnivorous consumption, whilst at the same time building new boundaries and distinctions, paving the way for new exploitative relationships, and initiating novel modes of status and capital accumulation. The contributors identify that the divide between the economic and ethical dimensions of globalisation has never seemed in sharper relief. With the workings of global markets at odds with fostering cosmopolitan social change, this collection addresses the question of whether we should assume that market logics and consumptive practices conflict with cosmopolitan agendas. It also explores whether the imperatives of economic globalisation and individual consumption practices are opposed to cosmopolitan prospects for global solidarities. Cosmopolitanism, Markets and Consumption will be of interest to students and scholars with interests across a range of disciplines including in the social sciences, businesses and marketing studies.