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Cancer is an important disease that causing to deaths in the world. Cervical cancer is one of the most common among women and must be treated quickly to prevent cell proliferation. Natural products have been used for cancer treatment due to their antiproliferative and apoptosis induction properties. In the present study, we aimed to determine the antiproliferative and apoptosis induction activities of methanol extract of Inula graveolens(IGME) in the human cerival cancer cell line (HeLa). Antiproliferative activity of IGME was evaluated by using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) method. Apoptosis induction activity was determined by AnnexinV/propodium iodide staining withFACS. ROS induction was determined by DCFH-DA (2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate) staining. Interleukin 6 and 8 levels (IL-6 and IL-8) were determined by the Elisa method. IGME exhibited antiproliferative effect and induced apoptosis in the HeLa cells. IL-6, IL-8 and intracellular ROS levels were decreased after treatment of IGME. Consequently, IGME was found to have antiproliferative and apoptosis induction activities as an indicator of the anticancer activity.

Transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) are a new class of long non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from ultra-conserved regions (UCRs) of the human genome. T-UCRs are extremely conserved in the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Deletions of genomic areas containing UCRs resulted in live mice that developed without distinguishable phenotypes, implying that T-UCRs are involved in developmental processes. In addition, there is increasing evidence that dental follicle tissues exhibit various cellular alterations involving deregulation of protein-coding genes and non-coding RNAs. Accordingly, the main objective of the present study was to determine the clinical significance and distinct expression signatures of non-coding RNA molecules transcribed from ultra-conserved regions in dental follicle tissues of impacted mandibular third molars.From March 2021 to December 2021, a total of 42 patients who referred to clinic of oral and maxillofacial surgery department with the indications of impacted mandibular third molar extraction from 38th and 48th positions were enrolled for the study. For the analysis of T-UCR expression levels, real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR method was used.Findings of the present study indicated that T-UCRs are distinctly expressed in dental follicle tissues of impacted mandibular third molars. The expression of uc.38, uc.112, and uc.338 was found to be significantly increased in the dental follicles of impacted mandibular third molars, indicating a clinical significance of these molecules. In addition, no differences in T-UCR expression were found as a function of demographic characteristics.Collectively, transcribed ultra-conserved elements, such as uc.38, uc.112, and uc.338, are considerably deregulated in the dental follicle tissues of impacted mandibular third molars and might be responsible for the molecular changes acquired by dental follicle tissues of impacted mandibular third molars.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo wound healing potential of Salvia huberi Hedge (endemic to Turkey) on excision and incision wound models in diabetic rats. Method: Male Wistar albino rats, 3-4 months old and weighing 180-240g were used. The animals were randomly divided into five groups including Control, Vehicle and Fito reference, and two different concentrations (0.5% and 1% weight/weight (w/w)) of ethanol extract of Salvia huberi were investigated in both wound models on streptozocin-induced diabetic rats using macroscopic, biomechanical, biochemical, histopathological, genotoxic and gene expression methods over both seven and 14 days. Fito cream (Tripharma Drug Industry and Trade Inc., Turkey) was used as the reference drug. Results: A total of 60 rats were used in this study. Salvia huberi ointments at 0.5% and 1% (w/w) concentrations and Fito cream showed 99.3%, 99.4% and 99.1% contraction for excision wounds, and 99.9%, 97.0% and 99% contraction for incision wounds, respectively. In Salvia huberi ointments and Fito cream groups, re-epithelialisation increased dramatically by both day 7 and day 14 (p Conclusion: The study showed that application of Salvia huberi ointments ameliorated the healing process in diabetic rats with excisional and incisional wounds and may serve as a potent healing agent.

Background: Asprosin is a novel fasting-induced, glucogenic, and orexigenic protein hormone that is discovered with the help of genetic studies in patients with neonatal progeroid syndrome. Asprosin is encoded by the penultimate 2 exons (65 and 66) of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. Profibrillin 1 is the unprocessed protein product of FBN1 and undergoes a proteolytic cleavage by furin enzyme to produce mature fibrillin 1 and asprosin. The main organ responsible for the asprosin production seems to be white adipose tissue. Summary: Asprosin promotes hepatic glucose release in the liver and appetite stimulation in the hypothalamus through activation of the cAMP signaling circuitry through interacting with its G protein-coupled receptor, called OR4M1. Increasing mass of evidence suggests that asprosin is involved in the development and progression of various clinical conditions including diabetes, obesity, cardiomyopathy, cancer, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. It regulates various cellular and physiological processes such as appetite stimulation, glucose release, insulin secretion, apoptotic cell death, and inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the current literature on asprosin and try to shed light on the yet undiscovered functions of asprosin. Key Message: Asprosin is a key regulatory factor for preserving the homeostasis of energy metabolism.

Herein, we identified miRNA signatures that were able to differentiate malignant prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia and revealed the therapeutic potential of these miRNAs against prostate cancer development. MicroRNA expressions were determined by qPCR. MTT was used for cell viability analysis and immunohistochemistry was performed for Bax/Bcl-2 staining. ELISA was used to measure MMP2/9 levels. Wound healing assay was used for the evaluation of cell migration. Notably, expression levels of miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p and miR-221-3p were significantly reduced in prostate cancer patients as compared to BPH patients. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p and miR-221-3p resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation and altered cell morphology. Also, expression level of Bax protein was increased while Bcl-2 level was reduced in cells treated with miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p and miR-221-3p mimics. Enhanced expression of miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p and miR-221-3p was also significantly altered the expression of caspase 3 and 8 levels. In addition, MMP9 levels were significantly reduced in cells ectopically expressing miR-221-3p. All miRNA mimics significantly interfered with the migration of prostate cancer cells. Consequently, our findings point to an important role of these three miRNAs in prostate cancer and indicate that miR-125b-5p, miR-145-5p and miR-221-3p are potential therapeutic targets against prostate cancer.

In this study, antioxidant, oxidant, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative activities of Asparagus acutifolius L. and Asparagus officinalis L., known for their nutritional properties, were determined. In this context, methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of plants were obtained. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities of plant extracts were determined against the test microorganisms using the agar dilution method. Antiproliferative activity was tested on the lung cancer cell line A549. As a result of the studies, it has been determined that the plant species have high antioxidant potential. In addition, it was observed that the antifungal potentials of plant extracts are high. Antiproliferative activity was determined to be at high level in both plant species. As a result, it has been determined that A. acutifolius and A. officinalis have medical potential and can be used as natural agents in pharmacological designs.

Management of gastric cancer is still challenging due to resistance to current chemotherapeutics and recurrent disease. Moreover, green- synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using natural resources are one of the most promising therapeutic agents for anticancer therapy. Here we report the facile green synthesis and characterization of ZnO-NPs from Teucrium polium (TP-ZnO-NP) herb extract and the anticancer activities of these nanoparticles on gastric cancer cells. Facile green synthesis of TP-ZnO-NP was achieved using zinc acetate dihydrate. For the characterization of TP-ZnO-NP, UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, XRD and EDX analyses were performed. Antiproliferative and anticancer activities of TP-ZnO-NP were explored using the HGC-27 gastric cancer cell line model. MTT cell viability and colony formation assays were used for the analysis of cell proliferation and migration. Wound healing assay was used to analyze the migration capacities of cells. Annexin V/PI double staining, DNA ladder assay, and Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide staining were performed to analyze the induction of apoptosis. qPCR was used to determine gene expression levels of apoptotic and epithelial to mesenchymal transition marker genes. The aqueous extract of TP served as both a reducing and capping agent for the successful biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Remarkably, synthesized TP-ZnO-NPs were found to have significant antiproliferative and anticancer activities on HGC-27 gastric cancer cells. Collectively, current data suggest that TP-ZnO-NP is a novel and promising anticancer agent for future therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute the largest class of noncoding RNAs and play significant roles in the development of cardiovascular pathologies. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether 4 candidate lncRNAs – MIAT, MEG3, MALAT1, and MCM3AP-AS1 – have distinct expression levels in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and reveal the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of these lncRNAs for CAD. A total of 90 patients who subjected to coronary angiography were enrolled. Relative expression of lncRNAs were assayed using qRT-PCR methodology. As a result, MIAT was downregulated, while MEG3 was upregulated in CAD patients. Receiver operating characteristic curves demonstrated that these lncRNAs have a high potential to provide sensitive and specific diagnosis of CAD. The calculated area under curve levels indicated that MIAT and MEG3 have high diagnostic value for detecting the presence of significant CAD. However, MALAT1 and MCM3AP-AS1 levels were not sufficiently reliable for CAD development in our cases. Here, we demonstrate that MIAT and MEG3 were differentially expressed in our patients and might be promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CAD. These results indicate that MIAT and MEG3 could play chief roles in CAD development.

Advances in high-throughput genomic technologies have enabled the identification of numerous selective tumor markers. However, adapting these newly identified markers to clinical practice is not always possible because most RNA molecules, including mRNAs of protein-coding genes and long non-coding RNAs, are not stable under laboratory conditions, making their testing a major challenge. In contrast to long RNA molecules, miRNAs offer a great advantage in that they are relatively stable due to their small size. Accordingly, herein we aimed to determine the expression levels of miRNAs that are involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of patients with salivary gland tumors. A total of 42 patients with salivary gland tumors were included in the study. The miRNA expression signatures were evaluated using the RT-qPCR. As a result, β-catenin positivity was observed in all salivary gland tumors without distinguishing between benign and malignant phenotypes. Remarkably, we found that miR-200a and miR-373 were significantly upregulated whereas miR-30c were downregulated in tissues of patients with salivary gland tumors, compared to adjacent healthy tissue samples. In addition, distinct expression signatures of these miRNAs were significantly associated with the clinicopathological findings of patients such as perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, miR-145 and miR-30a were found to be specifically downregulated in a mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Also, miR-26b was selectively increased in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. Collectively, our findings suggest that these miRNAs may play chief roles in the differential diagnosis of salivary gland tumors.

For a long time, scientists believed that only changes or mutations in protein-coding genes were responsible for the onset and development of cancer. However, the discovery of non-coding RNAs has revolutionized our understanding of tumor biology. Now, we are aware that non-coding RNA molecules have a higher influence on cancer biology than previously thought. The discovery of non-coding RNAs also presented several challenges because they are relatively unstable under laboratory conditions and can lead to false-positive and false-negative results in expression analysis. Therefore, variation analysis may provide more accurate results for understanding the role and impact of these molecules in cancer biology. Accordingly, in the present comprehensive review, we aimed to review and discuss current knowledge on non-coding RNA alterations linked to the development and progression of oral malignancies. Collectively, variations of non-coding RNA molecules seem to have great impact in the development and progression of oral cancers.

Vincetoxicum cinsinin tıbbi özellikleri uzun zamandır bilinmektedir. Bazı Vincetoxicum türlerinin yaprakları, kuru tohumları ve rizomları geleneksel tıpta incinme, uyuz, nevroz, skrofula, sıtma, yara, ateş, rüptür ve eksternal kanserlerin tedavisinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, V. canescens subsp. canescens ve V. cancescens subsp. pedunculata (endemik) tohumlarının anti(miko)bakteriyel, antifungal ve antiproliferatif aktivitelerini değerlendirmeye odaklanmıştır. İki bitkinin tohumlarının etanol ve hekzan ekstreleri üç fungal suşa (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis ve Candida glabrata), iki Gram-pozitif bakteri suşuna (Bacillus subtilis ve Staphylococcus aureus), üç Gram-negatif bakteri suşuna (Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli ve Acinetobacter baumannii) ve Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv suşuna karşı Sıvı Mikrodilüsyon Yöntemi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Referans ilaçlar olarak Flukonazol, Etambutol, Ampisilin ve İzoniazid kullanılmıştır. Etanol ve hekzan ekstrelerinin farklı konsantrasyonlarının (200, 100, 50 ve 25 μg/mL) antiproliferatif etkileri MTT testi kullanılarak A549 insan akciğer kanseri hücre dizilerine karşı test edilmiştir. Etanol ekstrelerinin A. baumannii'ye (62.5 μg/mL MİK değeri) karşı Ampisilin'den (125 μg/mL MİK değeri) daha etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. A549 insan akciğer kanseri hücre dizilerine karşı V. canescens subsp. canescens tohumlarının etanol ekstresinin 100 µg/mL konsantrasyonu ve V. cancescens subsp. pedunculata tohumlarının etanol ekstresinin 200 μg/mL konsantrasyonu, kontrol gruplarına göre istatistiksel olarak daha düşük hücre canlılık seviyeleri sergilemiştir (P

Salvia L., the largest genus of the family Lamiaceae, is composed of many well-known plants of medicinal value. This study provides the first data on micromorphology, myxocarpy, mineral content and in vitro antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of mericarps of Salvia pilifera, considered to be a vulnerable endemic species from Turkey. The macro-and micromorphological mericarp traits were documented and illustrated via stereo microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Mineral content of mericarps was analyzed using ICP-MS. Ethanol extract of mericarps was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Aeromonas hydrophila, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata using broth microdilution method. Antimycobacterial activity was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using resazurin microtiter plate method. Ampicillin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid, and Fluconazole were chosen as reference drugs. Antiproliferative effect of the extract was tested against A549 human lung cancer cell lines using MTT test. The size of the mericarps was 4.38±0.17 mm in length and 3.28±0.13 mm in width. The general shape was elliptic to widely elliptic. The abscission scar was nearly rounded. The ornamentation pattern of the surface was colliculate with polygonal exocarp cells. Myxocarpy was observed on the surface of the mericarps when they become hydrated. Transparent mucilaginous cells showed a moderate reaction with extensions more than 0.1 mm long. Potassium and calcium were determined as major minerals (80.662±0.234 and 41.892±0.399 µg/g, respectively). The extract showed greater antibacterial activity against A. baumannii compared to Ampicillin (62.5 and 125 µg/mL MIC values, respectively). Cell viability level of the extract (100 ?g/mL) was found to be statistically lower than control group against A549 human lung cancer cell lines (P

Cancers of the lips and oral cavity are a leading cause of death worldwide. Although they account for only 2% of the global cancer burden, they significantly affect the comfort of patients and eventually lead to a person's death. Also, defects in the cellular stress response and apoptosis mechanisms regulated by p53 activity is an important hallmark of cancer cells. Here, we aimed to decipher miRNAs associated with cellular stress response and apoptosis mechanisms regulated by p53 activity in patient with lower lip cancer and reveal the association of these miRNAs with the clinical course of the disease. The present research included a total of 40 eligible individuals with pathologically confirmed lower lip cancer diagnosis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of patients were obtained, and miRNAs expressions were analyzed by qPCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine p53 and Ki67 expression status. While three of these miRNAs (miR-130a, -375, and -128a) were found to be elevated in tumor cells compared to normal tissues of lower lip cancer patients, five were downregulated (let-7a, -7b, -7c, and miR-138, -23a), but only three were significantly altered. Particularly, we identified three miRNA signatures in which miR-128a was significantly upregulated and miR-23a and let-7c were significantly downregulated in patients with lower lip cancer. Remarkably, let-7c identified to be a promising prognostic factor for lip cancer. Our findings demonstrate that these miRNAs play important regulatory roles in lower lip cancer pathobiology, highlighting their potential relevance in diagnosis and prognosis of these patients. Moreover, these miRNAs can be targeted in future therapeutic interventions against lower lip cancer.

In late December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology (COVID-19) were reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Based on clinical findings, blood tests and chest radiographs, this disease was diagnosed as a virus-associated pneumonia. Sequence analysis revealed a novel coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2 (formerly called 2019-nCoV), as the causative agent of pneumonia of unknown etiology. So far, the SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to spread, and this virus poses a serious public health threat. In this study, it was aimed to reveal potential miRNA targets for the regulation of SARS-CoV-2 host cell receptor ACE2. For the identification of potential miRNA targets for the ACE2 gene, TarBase v.8 (DIANA Tools), TargetScan, miRTarBase and miRDB miRNA-target prediction algorithms were used. FANTOM5 CAGE was used for the cellular ontology analysis. Expression levels of these miRNAs were determined using OncomiR Pan-Cancer miRNome Atlas. The results suggest that members of miR-200 family of miRNAs, especially miR-200c-3p, are strong candidate targets for the regulation of ACE2 in respiratory system cells. Consequently, the present study for the first time emphasizes potential use of miRNA-based therapeutics in the battle against SARS-CoV-2 infection and its deadly disease, COVID-19., Highlights • MiRNA-based therapeutics can be used in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. • MiR-200 family members are strong candidate targets for the regulation of ACE2. • For the first time, we emphasize the use of miRNA therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.

Illuminating the correlations between non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes are of great interest to understand more about the molecular mechanisms that drive malignant transformation and understanding such correlations will enable development of more specific and efficient targeted therapeutics. Accordingly, in this comprehensive meta-analysis study, we tried to determine correlations between long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). For the present study, current colorectal cancer studies published until 20 August 2017 and associated with the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactions was included. The current literature search was done online in Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science databases. These databases have been screened with three keywords; “lncRNA”, “miRNA” and “colorectal cancer”. As a result, colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) was determined to be consistently up-regulated in CRC tissues and inversely associated with miR-181a-5p. Also, CRNDE expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.032). Additionally, a significant association was determined between CRC and survival time in the OS analysis of FER1L4, TUSC7, UCC and lincRNA-ROR. More importantly, there was a negative correlation between lncRNA-miRNA expressions (p = 0.001). Particularly, CRNDE/miR-181a-5p, FER1L4/miR-106a-5p, TUSC7/miR-211, UCC/miR-143 and lincRNA-ROR/miR-145 was negatively correlated. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation between GAPLINC/CD44 and TUSC7/CDK6 in CRC tissues (p = 0.000). Overall analysis showed that lncRNAs and mRNAs, which are targets of the same miRNA, have positive interactions. In addition, miRNAs were shown to have negative correlations with target lncRNA/mRNA.

Background Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and play important roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to test whether five novel candidate miRNAs have different expressions in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods In this study, total 135 patients with angina or acute myocardial infarction who underwent coronary angiography were recruited and divided into 3 groups: 45 patients with normal coronary arteries, 45 patients with obstructive CAD and 45 patients with acute STEMI. Serum which was obtained from blood samples were drawn before coronary angiography. After RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, expressions of miRNAs were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Statistical analysis of qRT-PCR expression results was carried out by using the 2−ΔCt formula. Results Expression differences were statistically significant for the four studied candidate miRNAs (hsa-miR-128-3p, hsa-miR-196a-5p, hsa-miR-373-3p and hsa-miR-375) among the groups. The receiver operating characteristic curves indicated that three studied candidate miRNAs (miR-196a-5p, miR-373-3p and miR-375) had high potential to provide sensitive and specific diagnostic value for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). The calculated Area under curve (AUC) levels showed that miR-196a-5p (AUC: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.521–0.759; p = 0.032) for obstructive CAD and STEMI groups, miR-373-3p (AUC: 708; 95% CI: 0.605–0.812; p Conclusion We demonstrated that miR-196a-5p, miR-373-3p and miR-375 are expressed differently in our patients and that these miRNAs may become a promising biomarker for these diseases since they have diagnostic value for CAD and ACS.

The transcribed ultra-conserved regions (T-UCRs) are a novel family of non-coding RNAs which are absolutely conserved (100%) across orthologous regions of the human, mouse, and rat genomes. T-UCRs represent a small portion of the human genome that is likely to be functional but does not code for proteins and is referred to as the "dark matter" of the human genome. Although T-UCRs are ubiquitously expressed, tissue- and disease-specific expression of T-UCRs have also been observed. Accumulating evidence suggests that T-UCRs are differentially expressed and involved in the malignant transformation of human tumors through various genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, T-UCRs are novel candidate predisposing biomarkers for cancer development. T-UCRs have shown to drive malignant transformation of human cancers through regulating non-coding RNAs and/or protein coding genes. However, the functions and fate of most T-UCRs remain mysterious. Here, we review and highlight the current knowledge on these ultra-conserved elements in the formation and progression of human cancers.

Prostate cancer is a widespread global malignancy and responsible for the significant number of deaths. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, which arises in approximately 50% of prostate cancer, leads to overexpression of the ERG gene and advances migration and invasion capacity of prostate cancer cells. In prostate cancer with TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, determination of miRNA expression profile and elucidation of the underlying mechanism is important. Accordingly, here we aimed to decipher miRNAs that are related with the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in prostate cancer using TCGA prostate cancer findings. Firstly, TCGA prostate cancer data sets were obtained and samples with unknown ERG fusion status and clinical data were excluded from the study. Patients with available mRNA and miRNA expression data were included in the study. As a result, in patients with TMPRSS2-ERG fusions, mRNA levels of PLAT, NDRG1 and SPINT1 were shown to be elevated whereas expression levels of CXCR4 and HPGD genes were shown to be reduced. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and miR-221, miR-196a, and a significant positive correlation between TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and miR-200c and miR-196b. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between HPGD and miR-21, and MYC and miR-145, whereas there was a significant positive correlation between CXCR4 and miR-199a, and HPGD and miR-146b. Consequently, findings of the present study strongly indicated that TMPRSS2-ERG fusion alters miRNA expression profile in prostate cancer and miRNAs associated with the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion can be interesting candidates for future targeted prostate cancer therapies.

Background The information about the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and progression of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) is limited and the etiology of these disorders is still controversial. Biochemical analyzes are an important tool in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Objective The main aim of the present study was to investigate the role of serum osteopontin (OPN) and CD44 levels in the etiopathology and to determine whether they could be used as biochemical markers in the diagnosis of TMDs. Methods Total number of 54 patients who diagnosed with TMD and total of 34 healthy controls with no joint problems were included in this study. Blood samples were obtained from all patients and then serum samples were analyzed by OPN and CD44 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results According to the control group, there was a significant decrease in OPN levels in patients with TMDs. However, no statistically significant difference was found in CD44 levels among the groups. Conclusions Findings obtained in the present study suggest that OPN may play a key role in the pathogenesis of TMDs as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of these diseases.

Loss of tumor suppressor activity is a frequent event in the formation and progression of tumors and has been listed as an important hallmark of cancers. Microtubule-Associated Scaffold Protein 1 (MTUS1) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene which is reported to be frequently down-regulated in a variety of human cancers including pancreas, colon, bladder, head-and-neck, ovarian, breast cancers, gastric, lung cancers. It is also reported to be implicated in several types of pathologies such as cardiac hypertrophy, atherosclerosis, and SLE-like lymphoproliferative diseases. Moreover, MTUS1-encoded proteins are shown to be involved in the regulation of vital cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, DNA repair, inflammation, vascular remodeling and senescence. However, the current knowledge is very limited about the role of this gene in human cancers as well as other type diseases. Besides, there is no literature report which summarizes and criticizes the importance of MTUS1 in the cellular processes, especially in the processes of carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in this comprehensive review, we tried to shed light on the role of tumor suppressor MTUS1/ATIP in health and disease, putting special emphasis on its role in the development and progression of human cancers as well as associated molecular mechanisms and the reasons behind MTUS1/ATIP deficiency, which have been not well documented previously.

Objectives In this comprehensive study, we aimed to investigate pharmacological properties and therapeutic significance of saffron in osteosarcoma cancer cells. Methods Plant materials were obtained from Safranbolu district of Karabuk, Turkey. For the determination of anticancer properties, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability, colony formation, wound closure, DNA ladder assays and gene expression analysis by real-time PCR were performed. Also, cellular inflammation, total antioxidant and oxidants status were determined. Key findings Dichloromethane and hexane extracts of saffron were significantly inhibited cell proliferation and interfered with colony forming and migration capabilities of U2-OS osteosarcoma cancer cells. Also, both extracts induced the activation of tumour suppressor CDKN2B gene and altered cellular morphology resembling the induction of apoptosis. However, DNA fragmentation was not observed after extract treatments. Saffron was also found to have no significant effect on cellular inflammation. Unexpectedly, both dichloromethane and hexane extracts of saffron had no marked effect on cellular total antioxidant and oxidant status. Lastly, vanillic acid, resveratrol, caffeic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were found to be highly rich in our extracts. Conclusions Findings of this study demonstrated significant antiproliferative and antitumorigenic properties of saffron in osteosarcoma.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the key role of differential expression levels of RB1, TP53, XIAP, BCL2 AIFM3, BAX, CASP3 and CASP9 genes in odontogenic cysts. Materials and Methods: A total number of 15 patients who diagnosed with odontogenic cyst were enrolled for the present study. For the quantitative gene expression analysis, cyst and adjacent gingival healthy tissues of patients were collected during surgical assessments. Quantitative analysis of gene expression levels RB1, TP53, XIAP, BCL2 AIFM3, BAX, CASP3 and CASP9 were achieved real-time PCR method. For the optimization of gene expression levels GAPDH reference gene was used. Results: Expression of both RB1 and TP53 genes were markedly diminished in odontogenic cysts tissues as compared to healthy tissues (p0.05). Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicates that RB1, TP53, XIAP, CASP3 and CASP9 genes might have chief roles in formation odontogenic cysts and responsible for the increased cell proliferation in these tissues.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an imflammatory disease of central nervous system caused by genetic and environmental factors that remain largely unknown. Autophagy is the process of degradation and recycling of damaged cytoplasmic organelles, macromolecular aggregates, and long-lived proteins. Malfunction of autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, and autophagy genes may modulate the T cell survival. We aimed to examine the expression levels of autophagy-related genes. The blood samples of 95 unrelated patients (aged 17-65years, 37 male, 58 female) diagnosed as MS and 95 healthy controls were used to extract the RNA samples. After conversion to single stranded cDNA using polyT priming: the targeted genes were pre-amplified, and 96×78 (samples×primers) qRT-PCR reactions were performed for each primer pair on each sample on a 96.96 array of Fluidigm BioMark™. Compared to age- and sex-matched controls, gene expression levels of ATG16L2, ATG9A, BCL2, FAS, GAA, HGS, PIK3R1, RAB24, RGS19, ULK1, FOXO1, HTT were significantly altered (false discovery rate

Mammalian Sirtuins have been shown to perform distinct cellular functions and deregulated expression of these genes was reported to be involved in the development of various malignancies including breast cancer. An increasing number of evidence indicates that Sirtuins have both tumor promoter and tumor suppressor functions. However, the roles of Sirtuins have not been well-reported in breast cancer. In the present study, quantitative expression levels of Sirtuins (SIRT1-7) in breast cancer patients and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SKBR3) and control cell line (CRL-4010) were assessed by using a high-throughput real-time PCR method. As a result, Sirtuins were found to be differentially expressed in breast cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. Particularly, expressions of SIRT1 and SIRT4 were found to be significantly down-regulated in breast cancer tissues and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. In contrast, SIRT2, SIRT3, and SIRT5 genes were shown to be up-regulated in our study. Although SIRT6 and SIRT7 were also up-regulated in breast cancer tissues, these expression changes were statistically insignificant. Additionally, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT5, SIRT6 and SIRT7 were found to be differentially expressed in breast cancer cell lines. Yet, these changes were not well-correlated with tissue expression levels. In conclusion, Sirtuin family of genes shows differential expressions in breast cancer tissues and cells and SIRT1 and SIRT4 seem to play key tumor suppressor roles in breast cancer development. Herein, we report expression levels of Sirtuin family of genes in both breast cancer tissues and cancer cell lines simultaneously.

Osteosarcoma is a most frequent primary solid malignant disease of bone, mainly affecting children and adolescents. Although several factors are involved in osteosarcoma development, genetic factors seem to play a chief role in the induction and advancement of osteosarcoma. AKT1 is an oncogenic protein that is highly deregulated in a variety of human malignancies including osteosarcoma. By the discovery of small RNA molecules called miRNAs, our understanding of post-transcriptional regulation of molecular mechanisms is considerably evolved. Also, the role of miR-125b-5p in osteosarcoma still muchly remains controversial. Specifically, miR-125b-5p- AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (AKT1) axis has not been previously reported in osteosarcoma. Accordingly, in this particular study, for the first time, we reveal the miR-125b-5p-mediated regulation of AKT1 in osteosarcoma development. U2-OS osteosarcoma cells were used as an osteosarcoma cell line model. To ectopically overexpress miR-125b-5p in U2-OS osteosarcoma cells, synthetic miRNA mimics targeting miR-125b-5p were used. Quantitative RT-PCR method was used for the analysis of gene expressions. Significant overexpression of miR-125b-5p was observed following 72 h of mimic transfections (p

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy arising from bone. Increasing mass of indications suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in the development of progressions of human cancers including osteosarcoma. Although several lncRNAs have shown to be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, identification of novel lncRNAs involved in the osteosarcoma pathobiology remained muchly elusive. Besides, ARID3A is a member of ARID family of DNA binding proteins. ARID3A was also implicated in osteosarcoma pathogenesis. Accordingly, in the present study, we mechanistically investigated the effect of ARID3A on the expression of TP73 and TP73-AS1 in osteosarcoma cells and to determine the relationship between them. For the overexpression of ARID3A in U2-OS cells, pER_xpress_ARID3A expression vector and for the silencing of ARID3A, ARID3A-spesific siRNA was used. Expression levels of ARID3A, TP73 and TP73-AS1 genes were determined by qPCR method. As a result, expression levels of TP73-AS1 were well-correlated with the ARID3A expression levels whereas TP73 expression levels were not well-correlated with ARID3A. In conclusion, our results indicate that ARID3A might be involved in the regulation of TP73-AS1 in osteosarcoma. To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the role of ARID3A in the regulation of TP73 and TP73-AS1 genes.

Long non-coding RNAs have recently appeared as fundamental regulators of gene transcription in several biological processes, but only a few have known functional influences in the malignant transformation of breast cancer. CDKN2B-AS1 gene, also termed ANRIL, encoding a long non-coding RNA is located in the CDKN2B-CDKN2A gene cluster, loss of which is the most frequent alternation in several types of human malignancies. CDKN2B-AS1 is involved in the suppression of tumor suppressor genes (INK4a, ARF, and INK4b) and has been recognized as a direct target of E2F1. However, the roles of E2F1–CDKN2B-AS1 interaction in breast cancer have remained muchly mysterious. In this particular study, we reveal that both CDKN2B and CDKN2B-AS1 genes were differentially expressed in breast cancer cells in contrast to breast epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of E2F1 activated CDKN2B-AS1 but not CDKN2B expression. Lastly, overexpression of E2F1 improved the colony formation and migratory capacities of breast cancer cells. These results suggest that enhanced E2F1 activity increased invasive and proliferative activity of breast cancer but not breast epithelial cells possibly through up-regulating CDKN2B-AS1 transcript.

Verbascum cinsi halk tıbbında geleneksel olarak kullanılanve anti-enflamatuvar, antioksidan ve antibakteriyal aktiviteleri bilinen bircinstir. Verbascum inulifolium türüTürkiye’de yetişen endemik bir türdür. Bu çalışmanın amacı V. inulifolium türünün toprak üstü kısımlarından elde edilenmetanol ekstresinin insan meme kanseri hücre hattı (MCF7) üzerineantiproliferatif ve apoptotik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesidir. Ekstreninfarklı konsantrasyonlarının (1, 5, 25 ve 125µg/ml) hücre canlılığı veproliferasyonu üzerine etkisi MTT ve Xcellange yöntemi ile test edilmiştir.Daha sonra hücreler Annexine V/propodium iodür (PI) ile boyanmış ve apoptozunsafhaları FACS cell counter metodu ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca apoptotik veanti-apoptotik protein ekspresyon düzeyleri western blot metodu ilebelirlenmiştir. Son olarak phallodine boyama metodu ile hücrelerde aktinflamentleri boyanmış ve floresan mikroskobunda incelenmiştir. MCF-7 hücrecanlılığı ve proliferasyonun doz artışına bağlı olarak azaldığı belirlenmiştir.Ancak apoptozun erken veya geç dönemlerinde MCF-7 hücre sayılarında bir değişimgözlenmemiştir. P53, Bcl-2 ve kaspaz-3 protein ekspresyon düzeylerinde anlamlıbir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Ayrıca aktin flamentlerinin yoğunluğu sadece 125mg/ml dozda hafif azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak V.inulifolium türünün methanol ekstresi MCF-7 hücreleri üzerineanti-proliferatif etki göstermiştir, fakat sonuçlar bu etkinin apoptotikyolakla ilişkili olmadığı göstermiştir., The genus Verbascumtraditionally used in folk medicine is known with some activities includinganti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial. Verbascum inulifolium is an endemic species growing in Turkey. Theaim of the present study was to evaluate anti-proliferative and apoptoticeffects of methanol extract obtained from aerial parts of V. inulifolium on human breast cancer cellline (MCF). Effects of different concentration of the extract (1, 5, 25 and125µg/ml ) were tested on cell viability and proliferation using MTT andXcelligence assays. Then cells stained with Annexine V/propodium iodür (PI) andapoptosis phases were determined using FACS cell counter method. Moreover,western-blot method was performed to determine apoptotic and anti-apoptoticprotein expression levels. Finally, cell actin filaments stained usingphallodine stain method and examined with fluorescence microscope. Cellviability and proliferation levels were reduced according to increasingconcentrations of the extract. However, there were no differences observed innumber of MC-7 cell during early and late phases of apoptosis. There were nosignificantly differences observed in P53, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteinexpression levels. Actin filament density was slightly reduced only at the concentrationof 125 mg/ml. As a result, methanol extract of V. inulifolium showed anti-proliferative effect, but results indicatedthat this effect was not related to apoptotic pathway.

Aim: In colorectal cancer (CRC), expression of genes involved in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway varies significantly. Studies haveshown that microRNAs (miRNA) have important roles in the development of CRC. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determinemiRNAs affecting the critical genes in the PI3K/Akt pathway by analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) CRC data sets and toevaluate the clinical significance of these miRNAs.Material and Methods: Initially, CRC mRNA, miRNA expression levels and patient data were obtained from TCGA database. The studyincluded 220 CRC patients. MiRNAs that were negatively correlated with genes in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were selected, andtheir expression levels were compared with the clinical and demographic characteristics of CRC patients.Results: miR-18a, miR-19b, miR-17, miR-106b, miR-130b and miR-135b were found to be negatively correlated with genes that playkey roles in the PI3K/Akt pathway. Also, miR-18a, miR-19b, miR-17 and miR-135b were found to vary significantly according to theCRC subtype.Conclusion: Consequently, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was found to be deregulated in CRC and the majority of genes involved inthis signaling pathway were associated with miRNAs. Thus, PI3K/Akt miRNA axis might serve as a potentially distinctive diagnostic,prognostic and therapeutic avenue against CRC.

Thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) are interesting group of chemical compounds that received significant levels of attention due their wide range of pharmacological effects including antibacterial, antiviral, and especially antitumor activities. Several thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been extensively reported recently with their antitumor properties but designing and developing novel thiosemicarbazone derivatives with more potent chemotherapeutic activities is of great interest for cancer future cancer therapy. Thus, here we aimed to demonstrate as yet undetermined anti-cancer properties of novel thiosemicarbazone derivative 17B. Viability of cells was determined using MTT assay and LDH activities were analyzed using lactate dehydrogenase activity assay. Apoptosis were assayed using Annexin V-FITC and PI double staining method and cell cycle analysis was achieved by using PI staining with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and migration capacities of cells were determined by wound healing assay. As a result, 17B limited cell viability and showed cytotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner in A549, MCF7 and U2OS cells. In addition, it inhibited progression through cell cycle by interfering with the G1/S transition and triggered apoptosis by modulating expression levels of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic mediators in MCF7 and U2OS cells. Also, 17B significantly impaired the migration of cancer cells and delayed wound healing in all cells. Consequently, findings of the present study have strongly indicated that 17B might be a novel anti-cancer agent for the treatment of breast cancer and osteosarcoma but not for lung cancer. Our results have provided mechanistic insights into anti-cancer properties of a novel thiosemicarbazone derivative 17B.

Deregulated microRNA (miRNA) expression has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, determining miRNA targets of genes that play critical role in the malignant transformation is very important. Here, expression levels of tumor suppressor microtubule-associated tumor suppressor 1 (MTUS1) and its regulatory miRNAs were reported. Predicted and validated targets of MTUS1 gene was determined by a computational approach. Expressions of MTUS1 and miRNAs were determined by using 96.96 Dynamic Array™ integrated fluidic circuit (Fluidigm). As a result, MTUS1 levels were found to be diminished in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples of CRC patients compared to controls. Also, several of MTUS1 targeting miRNAs were found to be upregulated in CRC samples (miR-373-3p, 183-5p, 142-5p, 200c-3p, 19a-3p, -20a-5p, -181a-5p, -184, -181d-5p, -372-3p, 27b-3p, 98-5p, -let-7i-5p, -let-7d-5p, -let-7g-5p, -let-7b-5p, and -let-7c-5p). Of these miRNAs, miR-135b-5p, -373-3p, 183-5p, 142-5p, 200c-3p, 19a-3p showed marked expression levels. In contrast, expression levels of let-7a-5p, 7e-5p, 7f-5p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, and 125b-5p were found to be downregulated in CRC tissues. Accordingly, some of the overexpressed miRNAs especially the miR-135b-5p, -373-3p, 183-5p, 142-5p, 200c-3p, and 19a-3p may play key roles in CRC pathophysiology through MTUS1. In contrast, let-7a-5p, 7e-5p, 7f-5p, miR-125a-5p, and 125b-5p may play important roles in CRC carcinogenesis independent from the MTUS1. In conclusion, MTUS1 targeting miRNAs may play key roles in the development of CRC by downregulating tumor suppressor MTUS1.

There are several methods used for non-surgical sterilization in birth control including quinacrine, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), erythromycin, tetracycline, silver nitrate and talcum powder. Among these, talcum powder, TCA and silver nitrate are the most commonly used. However, the toxic and carcinogenic activities of these chemicals in ovarian tissue have been poorly elucidated. This study demonstrates the expression levels of antioxidant, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes after administration of talc powder, TCA and silver nitrate for non-surgical sterilization in female rat models. The expression changes of some microRNAs (miR-15b, miR-21, miR-34a and miR-98) that play key roles in the apoptosis pathway were also included. All expression analyses were evaluated with real-time PCR. The expression levels of all genes appeared to be upregulated in the talcum powder group, but the results were not statistically significant. Increased expression of Gsr and Sod1 genes was statistically significant in the talcum powder group. In TCA and silver nitrate group, expression of all genes was appeared to be elevated but only the Gsr expression was statistically significant in the TCA-administrated group; there were no statistically significant changes in the silver nitrate group. miRNA expression levels were increased in talcum powder and TCA-administrated groups, but these results were not significant. Expression levels of miR-15b, miR-21 and miR-98 in the silver nitrate group were significantly increased. Consequently, these chemicals appear to be non-carcinogenic agents for rat ovarian tissue which do not induce apoptosis. However, talcum powder and TCA can be considered as agents that are toxic to ovarian tissue.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy predominantly affecting women. To date, numerous numbers of studies were reported novel genetic contributors with diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential for the breast carcinogenesis. However, the role of urotensin-II in breast carcinogenesis has not been elucidated yet. Urotensin-II is a somatostatin-like cyclic tiny peptide identified by its potent vasoconstrictor activity. Soon after its discovery, its involvement in many disease states as well as its expression in various tissues including the tumors have been demonstrated. Moreover, there is strong evidence that suggest urotensin-II as the significant contributor of angiogenesis as well as cell proliferation and tumor biology. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis were used to evaluate plasma levels of urotensin-II and Thr21Met and Ser89Asn polymorphisms of UTS2 gene in breast cancer patients. In the present case-control study, we noticed a significant decrease in the levels of urotensin-II protein in the plasma of the breast cancer patients (p 0.05). Also, Thr21Met polymorphism in the UTS2 gene was associated with the risk of developing breast cancer (p 0.0001), whereas the genotype frequency of Ser89Asn was found to be similar in patients and controls (p 0.05). In addition, we demonstrated the gradual decreasing of urotensin-II protein levels from TT and TM to MM genotypes. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest that urotensin-II could contribute to breast carcinogenesis and Thr21Met polymorphism can be an important risk factor in developing breast tumors.

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and a leading cause of death among endocrine organ-related cancers. Similar to other types of cancers, early diagnosis of thyroid cancer is important to increase the survival and treatment of this disease. Several immunohistochemical markers are used in the differential diagnosis of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Also, increasing evidence indicates that P-element induced wimpy testis like 2 (PIWIL2) is an RNA-binding protein involved in the induction and progression of numerous types of human malignancies such as lung, breast, colon, prostate and cervix cancers. However, the role of PIWIL2 was poorly investigated in thyroid cancers. Accordingly, aim of the present study was to elucidate the relationship between PIWIL2 and thyroid cancers. The expression level of PIWIL2 was determined by analyzing both protein and mRNA levels in papillary and micropapillary carcinoma tissues by using immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR methods, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis of HBME-1, galectin-3 and CK-19 was also performed. Similar to other immune markers of HBME-1, galectin-3 and CK-19, protein expression levels of PIWIL2 was significantly up-regulated in both papillary and micropapillary thyroid cancers (p 0.01). Moreover, consistent with protein expression levels, mRNA expression levels of PIWIL2 was elevated in both papillary and micropapillary thyroid cancer tissues. Yet, mRNA expression changes were statistically insignificant. In conclusion, results of the current study suggest that PIWIL2 can be involved in thyroid cancer tumorigenesis and can be used as a novel predictive biomarker and/or therapeutic target.

Salvia species have been used in the treatment ofmany diseases due to their medical effects, and the effects of these species onprostate cancer cells should be investigated in more detail. In this study, weaimed to determine anti-carcinogenic activities of dichloromethane (DCM) andmethanol (MeOH) extracts of Salviapilifera and the synthetic chloregenic (CGA) and caffeic acids (CA) onDU-145 prostate cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of extracts and syntheticcompounds on cell viability of DU-145 was measured by using MTT method.Induction of apoptosis was tested by using Annexin V and 7ADD staining. DNAfragmentation was evaluated in cells. Also, transcripton levels of Bax, Caspase3, Caspase 9 and Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL genes were determined. Lastly, the phenoliccompounds in MeOH extract were determined by HPLC. In MTT test, extracts, CGAand CA were found to be diminished proliferation of DU145 cells. However, inapoptosis assay, no apoptotic activity for extract and synthetic compounds wasobserved. In DNA fragmentation test, while no significant difference inextracts group was observed as compared to controls, fragmentation as swab insynthetic compound groups was observed. Small changes were observed intranscription levels of apoptotic and antipoptotic genes. A totalof 11 phenolic acids were determined including fumaric acid, gallic acid,gallocatechin, catechin, oleorufein, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid,syringic acid, ellagic acid, 3-hydroxy cinnamic acid and protocatechuic acid. Results of the present study suggest that S. pilifera extracts and synthetic CGAand CA might have cytotoxic effects on DU145 cell at certain concentration (≥50µg ml-1 for DCM;≥ 100 µg ml-1 forMeOH; ≥ 1 µg ml-1 for CGAand CA) yet that these effects may be manifested through another pathway butapoptosis., Salvia türleri tıbbi etkilerinden dolayı pek çok hastalığın tedavisindekullanılmaktadır, Ancak bu türlerin prostat kanseri üzerine etkilerini gösterençalışmaların sayısı sınırldır. Bu çalışmada, S. pilifera diklorometan (DCM) ve metanol (MeOH) ekstraktları ilesentetik klorojenik (CGA) ve kafeik asitin (CA) DU145 prostat kanser hücreleri üzerine antikanser aktivitelerininbelirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. DU145 hücrelerinin canlılığı MTT boyama testi ilebelirlenmiştir. Apoptozun indüklenmesi Annexine V ve 7ADD boyama kitikullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Özüt uygulaması sonrasında hücrelerin DNA’larıizole edilerek fragmentasyona bakılmıştır. Son olarak, BAX, Kaspaz3 ve 9, BcL2ve BcL-xL gen ekspresyon seviyeleri ölçülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, MeOHektraktındaki olası fenolik bileşikler HPLC ile belirlenmiştir. MTT testinde,ekstrakt ve sentetik fenoliklerin DU145 hücrelerinin canlılığını azalttığıtespit edilmiştir. Ancak apoptoz indükleme testinde ekstrakt ve fenoliklerinherhangi bir aktivite sergilemedikleri belirlenmiştir. DNA fragmentasyontestinde, kontrolle kıyaslandığında ekstrakt uygulanan gruplarda bir farklılıkgörülmezken, CGA ve CA uygulama gruplarında sürüntü şeklinde parçalanmagözlenmiştir. Ayrıca, apoptotik ve antiapoptotik gen ekspresyonlarında zayıfdeğişimler gözlenmekle birlikte bu değişimler istatistiksel olarak önemlibulunmamıştır. Ayrıca, S. pilifera’dafumarik asit, gallik asit, gallokateşin, kateşin, oleorufein, 4-hidroksibenzoikasit, kafeik asit, sirinjik asit, ellajik asit, 3-hidroksi sinnamik asit veprotokateşik asit belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, S. pilifera DCM ve MeOH özütleri ve kullanılan sentetik fenolikasitlerin prostat kanser hücreleri üzerine belirli dozlarda (DCM için ≥50 µg ml-1; MeOHiçin ≥ 100 µg ml-1; CGA andCA için ≥ 1 µg ml-1)sitotoksit etki gösterdikleri, ancak bu etkinin apoptoz yolağıyla ilişkiliolmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach, belonging to Parmeliaceae, is animportant lichen species in Turkey. Previous studies was reported that E. prunastri have significantantioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer compounds in its structure. Althoughantiproliferative effects of E. prunastriare determined in some types of cancer, there is little information about thepathway of this activity. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the associationbetween anti-proliferative activities of E.prunastri extracts with the cellular apoptotic pathway. Determination ofcell viability was assessed by MTT assay. The xCELLigence system was used tomonitor cell proliferation. To reveal induction apoptosis, expression ofapoptotic pathway proteins, F-actin staining, ANNEXINV/propodium iodide (PI) staining was used. As a result, E. prunastri MeOH extracts were found to have anti-proliferative activitiesespecially in high doses (p, Parmeliaceae’ye ait olanEvernia prunastri (L.) Ach, Türkiyeyetişen önemli bir liken türüdür. önceki çalışmalarda E. Prunastri’nin yapısında bulanan kimyasallardan dolayıantioksidan, antimikrobiyal ve antikanser aktivitelere sahip olduklarıbelirtilmiştir. E. Prunastri’nin bazıkanser hücre tiplerinde antiproliferatifaktiviteleri bilinmekle birlikte bu aktivitenin yolağı hakkında bilgilerimizoldukça sınırlıdır. Bundan dolayı, çalışmamızda E. Prunastri ekstraktının antiproliferatif etkileri ve hücreselapoptotik yolak arasında ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için,meme kanseri hücrelerini E. Prunastri ekstraktlarınamaruz bırakılmış ve hücre canlılığı MTT boyama ve xCELLigence system ilebelirlenmiştir. Annexine V/PI boyama ile Apoptozun indüksiyonu, westernblot ileapoptotik proteinlerin ekspresyonu ve floresan boyama ile aktin flamentlerininhücresel yoğunluğu belirlenmiştir. E.Prunastri MeOH ekstraktının yüksek dozlarda antiproliferatif etkilergöstermiştir (1, 5 ve 25 µg ml-1için p

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops as a multi-step process which results from gradual accumulation of mutations in proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor, and DNA repair genes. Mortality rate of CRC is very high. Therefore, development of alternative diagnostic methods which can be used in the early diagnosis is crucial. ATP2B4 gene encodes one of the four isoforms of p-type ATPase PMCA enzyme and bears critical importance in maintaining the balance of intracellular calcium homeostasis by providing the export of calcium ions out of the cell. ATP5B encodes a subunit of the mitochondrial ATP synthase which is an f-type ATPase. In this study, the relationship between ATP2B4 and ATP5B genes and CRC regarding gene expression was investigated. Study groups were constructed from a number of 50 patients (25 males, 25 females) with the mean age of 55.68 ± 9.4 and the gene expression levels in the healthy and cancerous tissues of the patients were compared by using semi-quantitative PCR and Real-Time PCR methods. As a result, in patients with rectum tumors, there was a significant relationship between ATP2B4 gene expression and the tumor location and in patients younger than 45 years, ATP5B gene expressions were detected significantly higher in tumor tissues by using RT-PCR. However, no significant relationship was detected in terms of expression differences of ATP2B4 and ATP5B genes between cancerous and healthy tissues of the CRC patients. ATP2B4 and ATP5B genes might have indirect associations in CRC pathogenesis and the investigation of their interactions with DNA repair and other related genes may help in understanding of CRC formation.

Purpose: Genetic factors are shown to have a role in the development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The aim of this study was to determine the effects of genetic polymorphisms of Rho-kinase (ROCK) genes on the risk of POAG in a Turkish population. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of the peripheral blood, and 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ROCK1 and ROCK2 genes were analysed in 179 patients with POAG and in 182 healthy controls of similar age by using BioMark HD dynamic array system. Results: Neither genotype distributions nor the allele frequencies for the ROCK1 (rs35996865) and ROCK2 [rs2290156, rs965665, rs10178332, rs2230774 (Thr431Asn), rs2230774 (Thr431Ser), rs6755196, and rs726843] gene polymorphisms showed a significant difference between the groups. There were also no marked associations between the haplotype frequencies and POAG. Conclusions: This is the first study to examine the involvement of ROCK1 and ROCK2 gene variations in the risk of POAG development. This study demonstrated that the polymorphisms studied are not associated with the increased risk of development of POAG in the Turkish population.

Background/aim: To determine the roles of hepcidin and its related genes in a renal ischemia/reperfusion model. Materials and methods: A total of 20 Wistar albino rats were equally divided into 2 groups: Group I was the control group and Group II was the ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) group (60 min of ischemia + 48 h of reperfusion). I/R was performed on the left kidneys of these rats and then the I/R-treated kidneys were removed. The levels of serum biochemical markers were evaluated after renal I/R. The expression levels of hepcidin-linked genes [growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6), and hemojuvelin (HJV)] were also measured by RT-PCR technique. In addition, the tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Results: No significant association was found between renal dysfunction and I/R when compared to biochemical parameters (P > 0.05). However, differences in platelet values were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Expression levels of GDF-15, BMP6, and HJV genes increased, but this increase was not statistically significant. In addition, histopathological evaluation was performed using hematoxylin and eosin stain. This showed a significant relationship between the control group and I/R group for ischemic and nonischemic kidney scoring. Conclusion: Hepcidin and BMP6, HJV, and GDF-15 should be taken into account when investigating the process of I/R.

An amperometric biosensor has been developed for the measurement of urea. To construct the proposed biosensor urease enzyme was immobilized onto poly(N-glycidylpyrrole-co-pyrrole) conducting film by direct covalent attachment. The biosensor surface was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The response studies were carried out as a function of urea concentration with amperometric measurements. The biosensor showed a linear current response to the urea concentration ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mM. The urea biosensor exhibited a sensitivity of 4.5 μA/mM with a response time of 4 s. The factors influencing on the performance of the resulting biosensor were also studied in detail.