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1. Empirical and process-based models predict enhanced beech growth in European mountains under climate change scenarios: A multimodel approach

Author

Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, Tognetti, Roberto, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Process-based models and empirical modelling techniques are frequently used to (i) explore the sensitivity of tree growth to environmental variables, and (ii) predict the future growth of trees and forest stands under climate change scenarios. However, modelling approaches substantially influence predictions of the sensitivity of trees to environmental factors. Here, we used tree-ring width (TRW) data from 1630 beech trees from a network of 70 plots established across European mountains to build empirical predictive growth models using various modelling approaches. In addition, we used 3-PG and Biome-BGCMuSo process-based models to compare growth predictions with derived empirical models. Results revealed similar prediction errors (RMSE) across models ranging between 3.71 and 7.54 cm2 of basal area increment (BAI). The models explained most of the variability in BAI ranging from 54 % to 87 %. Selected explanatory variables (despite being statistically highly significant) and the pattern of the growth sensitivity differed between models substantially. We identified only five factors with the same effect and the same sensitivity pattern in all empirical models: tree DBH, competition index, elevation, Gini index of DBH, and soil silt content. However, the sensitivity to most of the climate variables was low and inconsistent among the empirical models. Both empirical and process-based models suggest that beech in European mountains will, on average, likely experience better growth conditions under both 4.5 and 8.5 RCP scenarios. The process-based models indicated that beech may grow better across European mountains by 1.05 to 1.4 times in warmer conditions. The empirical models identified several drivers of tree growth that are not included in the current process-based models (e.g., different nutrients) but may have a substantial effect on final results, particularly if they are limiting factors. Hence, future development of process-based models may build upon our findi

Published
2023

2. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for

Published
2021

3. Evidence of elevation-specific growth changes of spruce, fir, and beech in european mixed mountain forests during the last three centuries

Author

European Commission, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Sitkova, Zuzana [0000-0001-6354-6105], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Biber, Peter, Avdagić, Admir, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bosela, Michal, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Lévesque, Mathieu, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Nagel, Thomas A., Río, Miren del, Sitkova, Zuzana, Schütze, G., Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Uhl, Enno, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, European Commission, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Biber, Peter [0000-0002-9700-8708], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Sitkova, Zuzana [0000-0001-6354-6105], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Biber, Peter, Avdagić, Admir, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bosela, Michal, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Lévesque, Mathieu, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Nagel, Thomas A., Río, Miren del, Sitkova, Zuzana, Schütze, G., Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Uhl, Enno, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

In Europe, mixed mountain forests, primarily comprised of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), cover about 10 × 106 ha at elevations between~600 and 1600 m a.s.l. These forests provide invaluable ecosystem services. However, the growth of these forests and the competition among their main species are expected to be strongly affected by climate warming. In this study, we analyzed the growth development of spruce, fir, and beech in moist mixed mountain forests in Europe over the last 300 years. Based on tree-ring analyses on long-term observational plots, we found for all three species (i) a nondecelerating, linear diameter growth trend spanning more than 300 years; (ii) increased growth levels and trends, the latter being particularly pronounced for fir and beech; and (iii) an elevation-dependent change of fir and beech growth. Whereas in the past, the growth was highest at lower elevations, today’s growth is superior at higher elevations. This spatiotemporal pattern indicates significant changes in the growth and interspecific competition at the expense of spruce in mixed mountain forests. We discuss possible causes, consequences, and silvicultural implications of these distinct growth changes in mixed mountain forests.

Published
2020

4. The productivity of mixed mountain forests comprised of Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, and Abies alba across Europe

Author

Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bartkowicz, Leszek [0000-0001-8989-6795], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Hobi, Martina L. [0000-0003-3537-9738], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben, Avdagić, Admir, Bartkowicz, Leszek, Bielak, Kamil, Binder, Franz, Bonina, Andrej, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Hobi, Martina L., Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Matović, Bratislav, Nagel, Thomas A., Petráš, Rudolf, Río, Miren del, Stajić, Branko, Uhl, Enno, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, Pretzsch, Hans, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bartkowicz, Leszek [0000-0001-8989-6795], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Hobi, Martina L. [0000-0003-3537-9738], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben, Avdagić, Admir, Bartkowicz, Leszek, Bielak, Kamil, Binder, Franz, Bonina, Andrej, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Hobi, Martina L., Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Matović, Bratislav, Nagel, Thomas A., Petráš, Rudolf, Río, Miren del, Stajić, Branko, Uhl, Enno, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, and Pretzsch, Hans

Abstract

Mixed mountain forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cover a total area of more than 10 million hectares in Europe. Due to altitudinal zoning, these forests are particularly vulnerable to climate change. However, as little is known about the long-term development of the productivity and the adaptation and mitigation potential of these forest systems in Europe, reliable information on productivity is required for sustainable forest management. Using generalized additive mixed models this study investigated 60 long-term experimental plots and provides information about the productivity of mixed mountain forests across a variety of European mountain areas in a standardized way for the first time. The average periodic annual volume increment (PAI) of these forests amounts to 9.3 m3ha-1y-1. Despite a significant increase in annual mean temperature the PAI has not changed significantly over the last 30 years. However, at the species level, we found significant changes in the growth dynamics. While beech had a PAI of 8.2 m3ha-1y-1 over the entire period (1980-2010), the PAI of spruce dropped significantly from 14.2 to 10.8 m3ha-1y-1, and the PAI of fir rose significantly from 7.2 to 11.3 m3ha-1y-1. Consequently, we observed stable stand volume increments in relation to climate change.

Published
2020

5. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

Enno Uhl, Maria Hoehn, Javier de-Dios-García, Dejan Stojanović, Tzvetan Zlatanov, David I. Forrester, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Aida Ibrahimspahić, S. Versace, Stanisław Drozdowski, Admir Avdagić, Andrzej Jaworski, Kamil Bielak, Maciej Pach, Miroslav Svoboda, Fabio Lombardi, Andrej Bončina, Matija Klopčič, Michal Bosela, Viktor Kurylyak, Michal Bellan, Roberto Tognetti, Torben Hilmers, Miren del Río, Hans Pretzsch, Thomas A. Nagel, Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado, Rudolf Petráš, Franz Binder, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Branko Stajić, Lucian Dinca, Francesco Giammarchi, Felipe Bravo, Mathieu Lévesque, Bratislav Matović, Laura Dobor, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Del Rio, Miren, Dobor, Laura, Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, Javier, Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Klopčič, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, Miroslav Svoboda, Hans Pretzsch, Matija Klopcic, Bratislav Matovic, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Miren del Río, Mathieu Levesque, Lucian Dinca, Michal Bellan, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Dejan Stojanovic, Roberto Tognetti, Crisóobal Ordóñez, Álvaro Rubio Cuadrado, Maciej Pach, Michal Bosela, Torben Hilmers, David Ian Forrester, Admir Avdagic, Felipe Bravo, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, Javier [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], and Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Plant Science, Growth trends, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, udc:630*18, pospeševanje rasti, Age-dependent tree growth, ddc:630, Silvicultura, Beech, Silviculture, rast dreves, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, podnebne spremembe, biology, fungi, Elevation, Intra-specific competition, Forestry, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, soodvisnost dreves, medsebojna olajšava, ddc, Plant ecology, Inter-specific facilitation, Geography, Medio Ambiente, Habitat, Growth acceleration, intra-specifc competition, inter-specifc facilitation, konkurenca, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for multi-aged silviculture concepts. On top of their function for structure and habitat improvement, the remaining old trees may grow more in mass and value than assumed so far., Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.The authors would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions—CA15226) financially supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s HORIZON 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 778322. Thanks are also due to the European Union for funding the project ‘Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)’ (# 2816ERA02S under the framework of Sumforest ERA-Net). Further, we would like to thank the Bayerische Staatsforsten (BaySF) for providing the observational plots and to the Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry for permanent support of the Project W 07 ‘Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research’ (#7831-26625-2017). We also thank the Forest Research Institute, ERTI Sárvár, Hungary, for assistance and for providing observational plots. Furthermore, our work was partially supported by the SRDA via Project No. APVV-16-0325 and APVV-15-0265, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, the Project “EVA4.0” No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 funded by OP RDE and the Project J4-1765 funded by the Slovenian Research Agency and also by the Bulgarian National Science Fund (BNSF) and the Project No. DCOST 01/3/19.10.2018., 19 Pág.

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