Search

Abstract Chaohusaurus is an early ichthyosauriform represented by three species known from the Early Triassic of Chaohu, Anhui Province, China, with a fourth species—Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis—known from the Nanzhang-Yuan’an region of Hubei Province. In contrast to the Chaohusaurus species from Chaohu, Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis remains poorly known, hindering our understanding of early ichthyosauriform evolution. Here, we report a new specimen of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis, which provides new information on its dentition. The new specimen confirms that Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis had heterodont dentition consisting of pointed anterior teeth and robust, rounded posterior teeth, indicating a generalist diet. The posterior teeth of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis are more robust (broader and larger) than the posterior dentition of Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis and Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis from Chaohu. This suggests differences in hard-shelled prey preference between species of Chaohusaurus from Chaohu and Nanzhang-Yuan’an, with Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis likely capable of feeding on harder and larger prey than Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis and Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis. In turn, this probably reflects differences in durophagous prey availability between the shallow-marine palaeoecosystem of Nanzhang-Yuan’an and the deeper, slope-basin palaeoecosystem of Chaohu. The posterior dentition and forefin of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis are strikingly similar to those of Chaohusaurus geishanensis, the rarest species of Chaohusaurus from the Chaohu fauna. The scarcity of Chaohusaurus geishanensis in the Chaohu fauna, and its morphological similarity to Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis, possibly indicate that Chaohusaurus geishanensis was closely related with Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis and that it was also a shallow-marine species that was not a typical component of the Chaohu fauna. It probably occasionally wandered out into the deeper waters of Chaohu from a nearby coastal environment.

Chaohusaurus is an early ichthyosauriform represented by three species known from the Early Triassic of Chaohu, Anhui Province, China, with a fourth species—Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis—known from the Nanzhang-Yuan'an region of Hubei Province. In contrast to the Chaohusaurus species from Chaohu, Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis remains poorly known, hindering our understanding of early ichthyosauriform evolution. Here, we report a new specimen of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis, which provides new information on its dentition. The new specimen confirms that Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis had heterodont dentition consisting of pointed anterior teeth and robust, rounded posterior teeth, indicating a generalist diet. The posterior teeth of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis are more robust (broader and larger) than the posterior dentition of Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis and Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis from Chaohu. This suggests differences in hard-shelled prey preference between species of Chaohusaurus from Chaohu and Nanzhang-Yuan'an, with Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis likely capable of feeding on harder and larger prey than Chaohusaurus brevifemoralis and Chaohusaurus chaoxianensis. In turn, this probably reflects differences in durophagous prey availability between the shallow-marine palaeoecosystem of Nanzhang-Yuan'an and the deeper, slope-basin palaeoecosystem of Chaohu. The posterior dentition and forefin of Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis are strikingly similar to those of Chaohusaurus geishanensis, the rarest species of Chaohusaurus from the Chaohu fauna. The scarcity of Chaohusaurus geishanensis in the Chaohu fauna, and its morphological similarity to Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis, possibly indicate that Chaohusaurus geishanensis was closely related with Chaohusaurus zhangjiawanensis and that it was also a shallow-marine species that was not a typical component of the Chaohu fauna. It probably occasionally wandered out into the deeper waters of Chaohu from a nearby coastal environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A partial ichthyosaur skeleton from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) bituminous shales of the 'Schistes Carton' unit of southern Luxembourg is described and illustrated. In addition, associated remnant soft tissues are analyzed using a combination of imaging and molecular techniques. The fossil (MNHNL TV344) comprises scattered appendicular elements, together with a consecutive series of semi-articulated vertebrae surrounded by extensive soft-tissue remains. We conclude that TV344 represents a skeletally immature individual (possibly of the genus Stenopterygius) and that the soft parts primarily consist of fossilized skin, including the epidermis (with embedded melanophore pigment cells and melanosome organelles) and dermis. Ground sections of dorsal ribs display cortical microstructures reminiscent of lines of arrested growth (LAGs), providing an opportunity for a tentative age determination of the animal at the time of death (>3 years). It is further inferred that the exceptional preservation of TV344 was facilitated by seafloor dysoxia/anoxia with periodical intervals of oxygenation, which triggered phosphatization and the subsequent formation of a carbonate concretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article recounts the life and work of Mary Anning, a palaeontologist and fossil collector. A background is provided on the childhood and family of Anning in Lyme Regis, England. It highlights the fossil discoveries by Anning that include the postcranial skeleton of the ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus platyodon, skeleton of Ichthyosaurus communis and remains of Plesiosaurus, complete specimen of Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, pterosaur skeleton and fossil fish Squaloraja.

Ichthyosaurs were a highly successful group of marine reptiles in the Mesozoic. The ichthyosaur radiation is part of the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. In the Early Triassic, this group underwent extensive global radiation, filling ecological niches for the first time that were later occupied by various other lineages of marine amniotes. However, the evolution of body size in ichthyosaurs is not fully understood, as most large-bodied taxa originate from the Middle Triassic and later, and are mostly known from only a few specimens. In this study, we describe three articulated posterior dorsal vertebrae (IGPB R660) of the ichthyosaur Cymbospondylus sp. from the latest Olenekian Keyserlingites subrobustus zone of the Vikinghøgda Formation of the Agardhdalen area, eastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. We numerically estimated the total body length of IGPB R660 from dorsal vertebral centrum length using a comparative dataset of other species of the genus and two different allometric analyses. This approach yields total length estimates of 7.5 m and 9.5 m for the individual, respectively, the highest for any unambiguous Early Triassic ichthyosaur find. Earlier, higher estimates of 11 m were based on taxonomically and stratigraphically inconclusive material but do not appear unreasonable based on evidence provided in this paper. Our study underscores both the rapid ecosystem recovery after a major mass extinction and extremely rapid increases in body size in ichthyosaurs after their adaptation to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An almost complete ichthyosaur skeleton 10 m long was discovered in January 2021 at the Rutland Water Nature Reserve in the county of Rutland, UK. This was excavated by a small team of palaeontologists in the summer of the same year. Nicknamed 'The Rutland Sea Dragon', this almost fully articulated skeleton is an example of the large-bodied Early Jurassic ichthyosaur Temnodontosaurus. The specimen was analysed in situ , recorded (including a 3D scan using photogrammetry), excavated and removed from the site in a series of large plaster field jackets to preserve taphonomic information. Significantly, the specimen is the largest ichthyosaur skeleton to have been found in the UK and it may be the first recorded example of Temnodontosaurus trigonodon to be found in the country, extending its known geographic range significantly. It also represents the most complete skeleton of a large prehistoric reptile to have been found in the UK. We provide an account of the discovery and describe the methods used for excavating, recording and lifting the large skeleton which will aid palaeontologists facing similar challenges when collecting extensive remains of large and fragile fossil vertebrates. We also discuss the preliminary research findings and the global impact this discovery has had through public engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Konservat‐Lagerstätten, such as the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) Posidonia Shale of southwestern Germany, are renowned for their spectacular fossils. Ichthyosaur skeletons recovered from this formation are frequently associated with soft tissues; however, the preserved material ranges from three‐dimensional, predominantly phosphatized structures to dark films of mainly organic matter. We examined soft‐tissue residues obtained from two ichthyosaur specimens using an integrated ultrastructural and geochemical approach. Our analyses revealed that the superficially‐looking 'films' in fact comprise sections of densely aggregated melanosome (pigment) organelles sandwiched between phosphatized layers containing fibrous microstructures. We interpret this distinct layering as representing condensed and incompletely degraded integument from both sides of the animal. When compared against previously documented ichthyosaur fossils, it becomes readily apparent that a range of preservational modes exists between presumed 'phosphatic' and 'carbonized' soft‐tissue remains. Some specimens show high structural fidelity (e.g. distinct integumentary layering), while others, including the fossils examined in this study, retain few original anatomical details. This diversity of soft‐tissue preservational modes among Posidonia Shale ichthyosaurs offers a unique opportunity to examine different biostratinomic, taphonomic and diagenetic variables that potentially could affect the process of fossilization. It is likely that soft‐tissue preservation in the Posidonia Shale was regulated by a multitude of factors, including decay efficiency and speed of phosphatic mineral nucleation; these in turn were governed by a seafloor with sustained microbial mat activity fuelled by high organic matter input and seasonally fluctuating oxygen levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first complete ichthyosaur skeleton was introduced to the scientific community in 1819 by Sir Everard Home, and given the name Proteosaurus, although the name was subsequently replaced by ‘Ichthyosaurus’. The skeleton is from Lyme Regis and was probably collected by Mary Anning as it was in the collection of Colonel Birch. The specimen ultimately ended up in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, where it was destroyed in a bombing raid during World War II. We have discovered two plaster casts of the specimen, although no record exists of casts ever being made. The casts are at the Peabody Museum, Yale University, USA and the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany. Significantly, these verify the accuracy of the published drawing of the specimen, and clarify morphologies of some of the bones. Discrepancies between the drawing and the casts are mainly in the details of the forefins and hindfins. The specimen can be assigned to Ichthyosaurus, but the species cannot be determined. This case illustrates the importance of old casts in museum collections. Additional, yet unrecognized casts of this specimen might exist in the UK or elsewhere.

Ichthyosaurs from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte are among the only examples of soft tissue preservation in the major Middle Jurassic–middle Cretaceous family Ophthalmosauridae. However, few such specimens are currently described, and the taphonomical pathways for the preservation of soft tissue are not well understood. In order to answer this, two new ichthyosaur specimens, one nearly complete and one isolated tail, are described here. The nearly complete specimen is assigned to Aegirosaurus sp. It is accompanied by large amounts of incrustation pseudomorphs (epimorphs) of soft tissue preserved as apatite. It also preserves a nearly complete gastral basket, for the first time in ophthalmosaurids. Soft tissue samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The analyses confirm the presence of apatite, with phosphate most likely derived from the body itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ichthyosaurs from the Solnhofen Lagerstätte are among the only examples of soft tissue preservation in the major Middle Jurassic–middle Cretaceous family Ophthalmosauridae. However, few such specimens are currently described, and the taphonomical pathways for the preservation of soft tissue are not well understood. In order to answer this, two new ichthyosaur specimens, one nearly complete and one isolated tail, are described here. The nearly complete specimen is assigned to Aegirosaurus sp. It is accompanied by large amounts of incrustation pseudomorphs (epimorphs) of soft tissue preserved as apatite. It also preserves a nearly complete gastral basket, for the first time in ophthalmosaurids. Soft tissue samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The analyses confirm the presence of apatite, with phosphate most likely derived from the body itself.

We report a new ichthyopterygian assemblage from Lower Triassic horizons of the Prida Formation at Fossil Hill in central Nevada. Although fragmentary, the specimens collected so far document a diverse fauna. One partial jaw exhibits isodont dentition with blunt tipped, mesiodistally compressed crowns and striated enamel. These features are shared with the Early Triassic genus Utatsusaurus known from coeval deposits in Japan and British Columbia. An additional specimen exhibits a different dentition characterized by relatively small, rounded posterior teeth resembling other Early Triassic ichthyopterygians, particularly Grippia. This Nevada assemblage marks a southward latitudinal extension for Early Triassic ichthyopterygians along the eastern margin of Panthalassa and indicates repeated trans-hemispheric dispersal events in Early Triassic ichthyopterygians.

We report a new ichthyopterygian assemblage from Lower Triassic horizons of the Prida Formation at Fossil Hill in central Nevada. Although fragmentary, the specimens collected so far document a diverse fauna. One partial jaw exhibits isodont dentition with blunt tipped, mesiodistally compressed crowns and striated enamel. These features are shared with the Early Triassic genus Utatsusaurus known from coeval deposits in Japan and British Columbia. An additional specimen exhibits a different dentition characterized by relatively small, rounded posterior teeth resembling other Early Triassic ichthyopterygians, particularly Grippia. This Nevada assemblage marks a southward latitudinal extension for Early Triassic ichthyopterygians along the eastern margin of Panthalassa and indicates repeated trans-hemispheric dispersal events in Early Triassic ichthyopterygians.

Vertebral centra are some of the most common fossils from ichthyosaurs and thus valuable for understanding these marine reptiles. This study sets out to provide further information on the dimensional ratios of centra and how these might be used to obtain more information about an assemblage of Late Jurassic disarticulated centra found at Kingofjeldet on Kuhn Ø in North-East Greenland in 2017. The centra are used to test whether vertebral ratios (H:W and H:L) can be used to assign disarticulated and possibly weathered centra to a region in the vertebral column. In order to evaluate this, the ratios of the centra from Greenland were compared with those of five articulated and well-known ophthalmosaurid specimens, as well as classical traits based on morphology. Assigning the correct position in the vertebral column from ratios is, however, not straightforward. Firstly, comparing different ichthyosaur taxa gives different possible positions for the disarticulated centra. Secondly, centra from different vertebral regions commonly display similar ratios. Thirdly, ratios are sensitive to alteration by taphonomic processes. The ratios of the centra hints towards an ichthyosaur with a more regionalised vertebral column being present in the Late Jurassic sea of North-East Greenland. Further studies are needed to improve our understanding of the significance of the degree of regionalisation of the vertebral column among ichthyosaurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jurassic and Cretaceous marine deposits worldwide show that ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs are major components of marine tetrapod communities for almost 76 myr. One of the major features characterizing this clade is the complexity and diversity of their stylopodium–zeugopodium morphology. Upper Jurassic deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation in north‐west Patagonia (Argentina) have yielded the richest Tithonian ophthalmosaurid records from Gondwana. Here, we present a new ophthalmosaurid from this lithostratigraphic unit, Sumapalla argentina gen. et sp. nov., recognized based on several unique features of the skull roof, forefin, scapular, and pelvic girdles. On phylogenetic analysis it was recovered as a basal member of Platypterygiinae. The peculiar morphology of the forefin of the new taxon indicates a previously unnoticed morphological diversity in the ophthalmosaurid appendicular skeleton and provides an excellent opportunity to test its range of variation. For this purpose, we implemented a holistic approach, using 2D geometric morphometric analysis focused on the humerus, and disparity analysis of the zeugopodium. Our results reveal a long duration of one humeral morphotype characterizing Arthropterygius spp. and closely related taxa. Furthermore, we found a peak of zeugopodial disparity during the Kimmeridgian, followed by a decrease by the end of the Jurassic, and then a recovery by the Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecology and morphology are different, and yet in comparative studies of fossil vertebrates the two are often conflated. The macroevolution of Mesozoic marine tetrapods has been explored in terms of morphological disparity, but less commonly using ecological‐functional categories. Here we use ecospace modelling to quantify ecological disparity across all Mesozoic marine tetrapods. We document the explosive radiation of marine tetrapod groups in the Triassic and their rapid attainment of high ecological disparity. Late Triassic extinctions led to a marked decline in ecological disparity, and the recovery of ecospace and ecological disparity was sluggish in the Early Jurassic. High levels of ecological disparity were again achieved by the Late Jurassic and maintained during the Cretaceous, when the ecospace became saturated by the Late Cretaceous. Sauropterygians, turtles and ichthyosauromorphs were the largest contributors to ecological disparity. Throughout the Mesozoic, we find that established groups remained ecologically conservative and did not explore occupied or vacant niches. Several parts of the ecospace remained vacant for long spans of time. Newly evolved, radiating taxa almost exclusively explored unoccupied ecospace, suggesting that abiotic releases are needed to empty niches and initiate diversification. In the balance of evolutionary drivers in Mesozoic marine tetrapods, abiotic factors were key to initiating diversification events, but biotic factors dominated the subsequent generation of ecological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reptiles have repeatedly invaded marine environments despite their physiological constraints as air breathers. Marine reptiles were especially successful in the Mesozoic as major predators in the sea. There were more than a dozen groups of marine reptiles in the Mesozoic, of which four had more than 30 genera, namely sauropterygians (including plesiosaurs), ichthyopterygians, mosasaurs, and sea turtles. Medium-sized groups, such as Thalattosauria and Thalattosuchia, had about ten genera, whereas small groups, such as Hupehsuchia and Pleurosauridae, consisted of only two genera or less. Sauropterygia and Ichthyopterygia were the two longest surviving lineages, with 185 and 160 million years of stratigraphic spans, respectively. Mesozoic marine reptiles explored many different swimming styles and diets. Their diet included fish, cephalopods, other vertebrates, and hard-shelled invertebrates, whereas no herbivore is known at this point. Sauropterygians and ichthyopterygians gave rise to cruising forms that probably invaded outer seas. Intermediate forms that led to the cruising species are known in Ichthyopterygia but not as much in Sauropterygia. Discovery of new fossils should eventually reduce the gap in the fossil record.

In the last decade, several new Cretaceous ichthyosaurs have been described and/or redescribed, challenging the traditional concept that, during the Cretaceous, ichthyosaurs were abundant but not diverse. Here, we redescribe the holotype and referred specimen of ' Platypterygius ' hauthali Huene (1927) from the Barremian of Argentinean Patagonia and compare its appendicular anatomy with that of a referred specimen from the Valanginian - Hauterivian of Chile. These specimens consist almost entirely of anterior appendicular elements, so we explore quantitatively the phylogenetic signal contained in the forefin of the ophthalmosaurids and include them in a new phylogenetic analysis. Our results support the revalidation of the genus Myobradypterygius Huene, 1927, for the reception of the materials previously assigned to ' Pl.' hauthali. Moreover, we found that forefin characters present a strong phylogenetic signal, highlighting the utility of these characters as a source of systematic information. • Redescription of the holotype and referred specimen of ' Platypterygius ' hauthali. • Revalidation of the genus Myobradypterygius. • We found strong phylogenetic signal in the ichthyosaurian forefin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the discovery of exceptionally preserved theropod dinosaurs with soft tissues in China in the 1990s, there has been much debate about the nature of filamentous structures observed in some specimens. Sinosauropteryx was the first non-avian theropod to be described with these structures, and remains one of the most studied examples. Despite a general consensus that the structures represent feathers or feather homologues, a few identify them as degraded collagen fibres derived from the skin. This latter view has been based on observations of low-quality images of Sinosauropteryx, as well as the suggestion that because superficially similar structures are seen in Jurassic ichthyosaurs they cannot represent feathers. Here, we highlight issues with the evidence put forward in support of this view, showing that integumentary structures have been misinterpreted based on sedimentary features and preparation marks, and that these errors have led to incorrect conclusions being drawn about the existence of collagen in Sinosauropteryx and the ichthyosaur Stenopterygius. We find that there is no evidence to support the idea that the integumentary structures seen in the two taxa are collagen fibres, and confirm that the most parsimonious interpretation of fossilized structures that look like feather homologues in Sinosauropteryx is that they are indeed the remains of feather homologues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of ichthyosaurs have been discovered from the rich Lower Jurassic deposits of the UK, with the majority collected from along the Lyme Regis-Charmouth area of the Dorset coast. Here, I describe a new leptonectid ichthyosaur,Wahlisaurus massaraegen. et sp. nov., based on a partial skull and an incomplete skeleton collected from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) of Nottinghamshire, England.Wahlisauruscan be referred to the Leptonectidae through the possession of an extremely slender and delicate snout, and a mandible shorter than the snout which produces an overbite. This referral is supported by a phylogenetic analysis. The new taxon is distinguished from other ichthyosaurs through a unique combination of characters and autapomorphies of the pectoral girdle including the presence of both a scapular-coracoid foramen and a large and roughly ovoid coracoid foramen. A coracoid foramen has only previously been reported in the Triassic ichthyosaurCymbospondylus. The peculiar coracoid morphology further highlights the taxonomic utility of coracoids in ichthyosaurs. The aforementioned features demonstrate thatW. massaraecannot be referred to any currently recognized leptonectid.Wahlisaurusis the ninth Lower Jurassic ichthyosaur genus to be recognized worldwide, and the fifth documented in the Lower Lias Group. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE500E11-66AB-43C8-BB59-F21654763241 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a new ichthyopterygian assemblage from Lower Triassic horizons of the Prida Formation at Fossil Hill in central Nevada. Although fragmentary, the specimens collected so far document a diverse fauna. One partial jaw exhibits isodont dentition with blunt tipped, mesiodistally compressed crowns and striated enamel. These features are shared with the Early Triassic genus Utatsusaurus known from coeval deposits in Japan and British Columbia. An additional specimen exhibits a different dentition characterized by relatively small, rounded posterior teeth resembling other Early Triassic ichthyopterygians, particularly Grippia. This Nevada assemblage marks a southward latitudinal extension for Early Triassic ichthyopterygians along the eastern margin of Panthalassa and indicates repeated trans-hemispheric dispersal events in Early Triassic ichthyopterygians.

The Lower Triassic ichthyosaurs from the Chaohu area (Anhui Province, China) testify for a major recovery pulse of marine ecosystems after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. However, the paleoenvironment that favored the preservation of the Chaohu ichthyosaurs is poorly understood. We performed high-resolution analyses of carbonate rare earth elements (REE), total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS) and sedimentary microfacies around the occurrence horizon of ichthyosaur fossils within the Nanlinghu Formation of the South Majiashan section (Chaohu), to understand seawater redox conditions at the time of the marine recovery pulse. The preservation of the Chaohu Fauna is well correlated with redox environments. Prior to the ichthyosaur horizon, a negative Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) (∼0.88) and high TOC/TS (mostly >4) indicate well‑oxygenated condition (Stage A), corresponding to the lower part of the middle Nanlinghu Formation. Stage B is characterized by high Ce/Ce* (mostly >1.1) and low TOC/TS (<2) that suggest an anoxic environment, coincident with the major horizon yielding ichthyosaur fossils. The decrease occurrence of reptiles was synchronous with the development of oxic-dysoxic environments inferred from a decrease in Ce/Ce* (to ∼0.94) in Stage C. The ichthyosaurs likely evolved much earlier before the first fossils occurrences in the Nanlinghu Formation because of the ameliorated living environment and abundant food in the early Spathian; however, the development of anoxic conditions favored their preservation at Chaohu. • Paleoenvironment reconstruction of the Chaohu ichthyosaurs Lagerstätte. • Carbonate rare earth element, S and organic C measurements were conducted. • The ichthyosaurs were preserved in anoxic condition as indicated by multiple redox proxies. • Massive CO 2 released from volcanisms and high temperatures can account for enhanced anoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ichthyosaur rostrum (251372) was recently found in the badlands near Gombola (Modena Apennines, Italy) and is exhibited at the Civic Museum "Augusta Redorici Roffi" in Vignola (Modena province). Similar rostral fragments (IPUM 30139 and IPUM 30140) and a humerus fragment (IPUM 30141) from the same place are stored in the Palaeontological Collections of Modena and Reggio Emilia University. Specimen 251372, examined by CT scan and subsequently restored, is described and compared with IPUM 30139. The morphology of the dental root showed that both specimens could be ascribed to the Platypterygiinae subfamily. Some taphonomical features suggest that the two fragments could belong to the same specimen. The matrix of 251372 was examined to search for microfossils and calcareous nannofossils useful for precise dating. Unfortunately, no significant results came out of this survey. Therefore, specimen 251372 can be loosely dated to the Lower Cretaceous-Cenomanian (145-94 My). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing ecological niche shifts during ontogeny in extinct animals with no living analogues is difficult without exceptional fossil collections. Here we demonstrate how a previously identified ontogenetic shift in the size and shape of the dentition in the early Toarcian ichthyosaur Stenopterygius quadriscissus accurately predicts a particular dietary shift. The smallest S. quadriscissus fed on small, burst-swimming fishes, with a steady shift towards faster moving fish and cephalopods with increasing body size. Larger adult specimens appear to have been completely reliant on cephalopods, with fish completely absent from gut contents shortly after onset of sexual maturity. This is consistent with a previously proposed ontogenetic niche shift based on tooth shape and body size, corroborating the idea that dental ontogeny may be a useful predictor of dietary shifts in marine reptiles. Applying the theoretical framework used here to other extinct species will improve the resolution of palaeoecological reconstructions, where appropriate sample sizes exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of ichthyosaurs from Nottinghamshire is poorly documented. Here, we report on at least 67 specimens from museum and university collections. The specimens range from isolated elements to nearly complete skeletons. Preservation varies, but some are three-dimensional. The identification of both Ichthyosaurus and Temnodontosaurus in the county adds additional localities for the occurrence of those genera. Nottinghamshire is one of only a few counties to have yielded a fairly substantial number of ichthyosaur specimens. They are from localities in the Upper Triassic (Penarth Group) and Lower Jurassic (Lower Lias Group) that can no longer be accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A jaw fragment of the rare ichthyosaur Tholodus is found for the first time in the Middle Triassic deposits of the Karazin Formation (South Primorye, Russian Far East). An analysis of the cephalopod systematics ( Acrochordiceras kiparisovae Zharnikova, A. korobkovi Zharnikova, Acrochordiceras kiparisovae (Zharnikova), Stenopopanoceras? russkiense sp. nov., Parasturia primorica sp. nov., and Atractites sp. indet.) from the Tholodus-bearing unit of the Karazin Formation shows that they correspond to the complex of the middle Anisian (Acrochordiceras kiparisovae zone). New ammonoid species from the families Parapopanoceratidae and turiidae are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fragmentary ichthyosaur specimen collected in situ at Castle Top Quarry in Nettleton, Lincolnshire, UK from exposures of the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) Spilsby Sandstone Formation ( Subcraspedites ?preplicomphalus Zone) is reported. In general, Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs from the Berriasian to Barremian are poorly understood. Despite the fragmentary nature of the described specimen, it is the first ichthyosaur reported from this specific zone and adds to the literature another rare ichthyosaur from the Berriasian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]