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The appearance of bacterial resistance and pathogenic infections makes efforts to find new drugs as natural bacterial agents continue. One of them is through the utilization of marine organisms such as seaweed. Some studies show the content of seaweed bioactive compounds has potential in the pharmacological field. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Ulva intestinalis. Seaweed extraction using the maceration method for 3 x 24 hours and antibacterial activities were tested by disc diffusion method. The results showed that there were 5 types of secondary metabolite compounds in the extract, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and steroids. The antibacterial activity test of seaweed extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in the concentration range of 50% to 100% showed a moderate inhibition zone diameter

The concentration of PM 2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm) on Sumatra Island has increased, mainly because of forest and peatland fires, transportation, and industry. Biomass burning releases partially burned carbon into the atmosphere, resulting in a smoky haze containing PM 2.5 . Air quality has deteriorated quickly, and PM 2.5 has become a major health hazard in Indonesia. Studies on long-term exposure to PM 2.5 have indicated its associations with both morbidity and mortality. Here, we measured long-term (2000-2014) exposure to PM 2.5 on the basis of satellite-derived aerosol optical depth measurements (1 × 1 km 2 ) used to predict ground-level PM 2.5 concentrations. Additionally, population data on Sumatra Island residents from the fourth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) were obtained. We investigated the association between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and mortality with a retrospective cohort study design. A total of 2409 subjects aged ≥ 40 years participated in the IFLS-3 beginning in November 2000, and we examined mortality outcomes until the IFLS-5 in September 2014. We used Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality associated with PM 2.5 exposure. According to the adjusted model, the mortality HRs per 10 µg/m 3 increase in PM 2.5 concentration were 1.10 (95% CI 1.03, 1.17) for all natural causes, 1.17 (95% CI 1.05, 1.25) for cardiovascular causes, and 1.19 (95% CI 1.04, 1.36) for respiratory causes. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 was associated with all-natural, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality on Sumatra Island, where PM 2.5 levels exceed the WHO and US-EPA air quality standards., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Exposure to particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, accounting for one-third of all deaths. Indonesian authorities started to monitor PM 2.5 levels in urban areas in 2015. However, there is still no study examining the association between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and CVD in Indonesia. In this study, we combined PM 2.5 data and health survey data. Long-term (2000-2007) exposure to PM 2.5 was measured based on satellite-derived aerosol optical depth measurements (1 × 1 km 2 ) that could be used to predict ground-level PM 2.5 concentrations. Population data on residents of Sumatra Island were obtained from the fourth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). A cross-sectional study was performed with 2324 participants who were aged ≥ 40 years old, and a report of doctor-diagnosed CVD determined CVD status. We used logistic regression to analyze the association between PM 2.5 and CVD prevalence, adjusting for multiple covariates. Of the sample, 52.1% were women, and 47.9% were men. The sample was divided into those aged 40-59 (adults) and those ≥ 60 (older adults). The CVD prevalence was 4.05% (n = 94), with a mean (standard deviation) PM 2.5 concentration of 14.4 (6.4) µg/m 3 . In adjusted models, a 10-µg/m 3 increase in annual average PM 2.5 levels was associated with 29% higher odds of having CVD (odds ratio = 1.29; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.47). In this population-based IFLS data, long-term exposure to PM 2.5 is associated with a higher prevalence of CVD in Sumatera, Indonesia., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)