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Water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services in public spaces are examined from the political economy perspective in Nigeria. Through field observations and interviews, the study observed that WaSH practices at public spaces are less than optimal on account of poor or outright absence of necessary WaSH infrastructure and weak or non-existent regulation and enforcement of necessary standards, among other challenges. Socio-economic factors related to the category of users and the proprietary interests of specific spaces largely accounted for WaSH services inequality. It is argued that the failure of the state to guarantee functional WaSH infrastructure and enforce standard practices opens space for differentiated practices and standards consistent with specific interests.

WATERLAT-GOBACIT Working Papers (ISSN 2056-4864 - online) Vol. 4 No 2. (www.waterlat.org) This issueof the WATERLAT-GOBACIT Network Working Papersincludes six contributions. The first article, by Mark Drakeford, presents a historical analysis of the changing arrangements for the provision of essential water and sanitation services in Wales.The second article, by Ross Beveridge, discusses the troubled process that characterized the privatization of Berlin’s Water Company (BWB) in 1999, in the aftermath of the reunification of Germany.In the third article, Emmanuel Akpabio, Eti-ido Udofia, and Kaoru Takara discuss some aspects of the interrelations between people and water in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.The fourth article, by Melina Tobias, Damiano Tagliavini, and Melisa Orta, addresses the current global wave of re-publicization of formerly privatized water and sanitation companies, looking at the experiences of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe in Argentina.In the fifth article, Barbara Casciarri and Mauro Van Aken discuss the significance and potentiality of "water" as an anthropological object of study. This article was originally published in French as an Introduction to an special issue on the anthropology of water in theJournal des Antropologues. The article by Casciarri and Van Aken was translated by Luisa Arango and Jorge Rowlands, who also provide and introduction to meta-studies of water-related research carried out by French and British anthropologists.The sixth and final article, by Ladislau Dowbor and Arlindo Esteves Rodrigues, focuses on the contradictions characterizing the conceptualization of water by different social actors, in particular the contradictions between market-driven notions of water as a commodity and civil-society understandings of water as a common good.The six articles composing this edition, fromauthors based in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America,provide important contributions to current debates about the politics of essential water-related services. They also offer important insights about new avenues for research on water issues, aiming to enhance our knowledge of both empirical experiences and academic traditions that often remain isolated from each other whether because of geographical, national or cultural obstacles and distances.

WATERLAT-GOBACIT Working Papers (ISSN 2056-4864 - online) Vol. 4 No 2, pp. 41-77. (www.waterlat.org) This article explores the dynamic relationship between society and access to water resources. It addresses the question of how the various mechanisms of power manifested through the cultural systems, institutional processes and social relations shape people’s abilities to gain access to available water resources in sub-Saharan Africa. Through some theoretical discourses and literature reviews major issues and processes shaping the production and reproduction of socio-spatial inequality in the water sector have been highlighted. The central argument is that inequality in access to water and water services in sub-Saharan Africa is partly a natural phenomenon, but mostly depends on a social construction. The social perspectives have been emphasized as very critical and interrelated, and deeply touch on a range of issues. This includes the historical contexts of colonialism and post-colonialism, the socio-cultural circumstances of the people, and the wider impact of the global institutional norms and forces on some national water management policies. This places the family, society and the State as the main institutions at the center of water inequality through their everyday discourses, material practices and planning strategies. Several impacts and outcomes have been discussed, and could serve as a basis for targeted reforms aimed at guaranteeing equal and equitable access to water services in sub-Saharan Africa.

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), the prodrug of myco- phenolic acid (MPA), is an immunosuppressive agent commonly used after organ transplantation. Because diabetes mellitus may affect disposition of pharmacologic agents, we investigated the influence of diabetes on the pharmacokinetics of MPA, unbound MPA (fMPA) and its phenyl and acyl glucuronide metabolites (MPAG and AcMPAG respectively). The study included 13 diabetic and 11 non- diabetic, stable, kidney-transplant recipients who were receiving a triple maintenance immunosuppressive regimen. Serial plasma sam- ples were obtained predose and at regular intervals for 12 hours. Gastric emptying was assessed using an acetaminophen absorption test and glomerular filtration rate was estimated using iohexol clearance. Treatment groups were well matched. The time to maxi- mum concentration (Tmax) of MPAwas 86.4 6 41.4 minutes versus 52.8 6 31.8 minutes in D and ND patients respectively (P = 0.04) indicating a delay in MMF absorption. Neither the maximum MPA concentration nor the 0- to 12-hour area under the concentration-time curve were different. All parameters derived for fMPA and the MPA metabolites were comparable between the 2 groups, except for the metabolite ratio of MPAG and AcMPAG, which was higher for dia- betic patients (P = 0.03). Delayed gastric emptying seemed to have reduced the initial rate but not the extent of MPA absorption in diabetic patients. The profiles of fMPA were similar in both patient groups. With the exception of metabolite concentration ratio, none of the other parameters associated with MPA metabolism were different between the 2 groups.

This thesis analyses 'incomplete sentences' in languages which utilise distinctively agglutinative components in their morphology. In the grammars of the languages dealt with in this thesis, there are certain types of sentences which are variously referred to as 'elliptical sentences' (Turkish eksiltili cümleler), 'incomplete sentences' (Uzbek to'liqsiz gaplar), 'cut-off sentences' (Turkish kesik cümleler), etc., for which the grammarians provide elaborated semantic and syntactic analyses. The current work attempts to present an alternative approach for the analysis of such sentences. The distribution of morphemes in incomplete sentences is examined closely, based on which a system of analysis that can handle a variety of incomplete sentences in an integrated manner is proposed from a morphological point of view. It aims to aid grammarians as well as researchers in area studies by providing a simple description of incomplete sentences in agglutinative languages. The linguistic data are taken from Turkish, Uzbek, and Japanese, with special reference to (Bukharan) Tajik.