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This paper presents a novel polarization-insensitive dual-band frequency-selective surface (FSS)-based electromagnetic shield. The miniaturized FSS unit cell consists of a modified Jerusalem crossed loop and a corner-modified square loop. These FSS elements are arranged in a co-planner configuration over a single-layer Rogers 5880 substrate and simultaneously offer effective shielding in the X- and Ku-bands. Moreover, the FSS manifests polarization-independent and angularly stable band-reject filter characteristics over various oblique angles of incidence for both the TE and TM polarizations with virtuous attenuation at both resonances. In addition, the FSS structure is modelled into an equivalent lumped circuit to better analyze the phenomenon of EM wave suppression. A finite prototype of FSS is fabricated and tested. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement, thus making it a potential candidate for RF shielding/isolation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant pathogenic viruses rely on insect vectors for transmission. Among insects, hemipterans, including aphids, leafhoppers, plant hoppers, whiteflies, mealybugs, true bugs, and certain treehoppers, are predominant as vectors for plant viruses. Plant viruses contribute to more than 47% of worldwide plant diseases. Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in agriculture, causing significant losses to many important crops on a global scale. Among the most destructive viruses facilitated by whiteflies are begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), forming an emergent and critical group of plant pathogens solely transmitted by the sweet-potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the wealth of data concerning the diverse transmission capacities of various whitefly species, including cryptic members of the B. tabaci complex, in their role as vectors for begomovirus and other viruses. We presented a meticulous analysis of the factors influencing viral transmission by whiteflies, shedding light on the intricate interplay of viruse and their insect vectors. Moreover, this review serves as a crucial reference, presenting a profound exploration of the intricate relationships between whitefly vectors and begomoviruses, and providing valuable insights for the scientific community working towards the sustainable management of plant diseases in the face of evolving challenges posed by these complex biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy sources is leading the charge to solve the world's energy problems, and non-Newtonian nanofluid dynamics play a significant role in applications such as expanding solar sheets, which are examined in this paper, along with the impacts of activation energy and solar radiation. We solve physical flow issues using partial differential equations and models like Casson, Williamson, and Prandtl. To get numerical solutions, we first apply a transformation to make these equations ordinary differential equations, and then we use the MATLAB-integrated bvp4c methodology. Through the examination of dimensionless velocity, concentration, and temperature functions under varied parameters, our work explores the physical properties of nanofluids. In addition to numerical and tabular studies of the skin friction coefficient, Sherwood number, and local Nusselt number, important components of the flow field are graphically shown and analyzed. Consistent with previous research, this work adds important new information to the continuing conversation in this area. Through the examination of dimensionless velocity, concentration, and temperature functions under varied parameters, our work explores the physical properties of nanofluids. Comparing the Casson nanofluid to the Williamson and Prandtl nanofluids, it is found that the former has a lower velocity. Compared to Casson and Williamson nanofluid, Prandtl nanofluid advanced in heat flux more quickly. The transfer of heat rates are 25.87 % , 33.61 % and 40.52 % at R d = 0.5 , R d = 1.0 , and R d = 1.5 , respectively. The heat transfer rate is increased by 6.91 % as the value of Rd rises from 1.0 to 1.5. This study is further strengthened by a comparative analysis with previous research, which is complemented by an extensive table of comparisons for a full evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the changes in red cell indices and counts over a period of 42 days in blood stored in blood bags. Materials and Methods: This research was done in Blood Bank, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar in collaboration with the main laboratory, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. About 450 ml of whole blood was taken from 200 donors into Citrate Phosphate Dextrose Adenine blood bags. The storage temperature for the blood bags was maintained between 2-8°C. Blood samples were collected from blood bags. At days 1 and 42, using a haematology analyser, parameters including haemoglobin, RBC count, WBC count, haematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and platelet counts were measured. Mean and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables. Frequency and percentages were used for qualitative variables. Results: Through days 1 to 42, Haemoglobin (Hb) level decreased from 13.4gm/dl to 12.78 gm/dl, white cell count (WBC) decreased from 6.03x109/l to 2.95 x109/l, platelets count fell from 207 x109/l to 121 x109/l, neutrophils decreased from 59.6% to 23.8% while lymphocyte count increased from 28.36% to 66.3%. Conclusion: There is a decrease in haemoglobin level and white cell count over a period of 42 days of storage of blood bags. Lymphocyte counts increased during the storage duration of blood bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show how phase-sensitive manipulation of a probe field transmission spectrum can be used to find the precise position of an atom. Our method is based on the controlled superposition of two standing wave fields that move in opposite directions. This causes a change in the probe field transmission spectrum. We can control the number and position of localized peaks in the transmission spectrum by changing the relative phase between the two standing waves. We also show that the shift of localized peaks is greatly influenced by the direction of the wave vector in standing wave fields. Our proposed approach provides us with an efficient method of regulating the precise locations of an atom by using phase shift and direction of the wave vector associated with the standing wave fields. This proposal may have potential applications in nano-lithography, advanced laser cooling technology, and quantum information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Embryonic genome activation (EGA) is a critical step during embryonic development. Several transcription factors have been identified that play major roles in initiating EGA; however, this gradual and complex mechanism still needs to be explored. In this study, we investigated the role of nuclear transcription factor Y subunit A (NFYA) in bovine EGA and bovine embryonic development and its relationship with the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ) by using a potent selective activator (PDGF-BB) and inhibitor (CP-673451) of PDGF receptors. Activation and inhibition of PDGFRβ using PDGF-BB and CP-673451 revealed that NFYA expression is significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the PDGFRβ. In addition, PDGFRβ mRNA expression was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the activator group and significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the inhibitor group when compared with PDGFRα. Downregulation of NFYA following PDGFRβ inhibition was associated with the expression of critical EGA-related genes, bovine embryo development rate, and implantation potential. Moreover, ROS and mitochondrial apoptosis levels and expression of pluripotency-related markers necessary for inner cell mass development were also significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the downregulation of NFYA while interrupting trophoblast cell (CDX2) differentiation. In conclusion, the PDGFRβ-NFYA axis is critical for bovine embryonic genome activation and embryonic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we have theoretically investigated the rotary photon drag without and in the presence of single and dual cross-Kerr nonlinearity in a four-level atomic medium. The dynamics of the atomic medium are derived using the density matrix method. We have investigated that the single Kerr nonlinear effect gradually enhanced the rotary photon drag, while dual Kerr nonlinear effects largely enhanced the rotary photon drags ( ± 1000 μ rad ) for significant technological application. Furthermore, we have studied larger group index under the effect of single and dual cross Kerr nonlinearity ( n gkk > > n gk > n g ). Likewise, we have also investigated delay time without and with single and dual cross-Kerr nonlinearity. We have observed 2 μ s delay time without the Kerr effect, while 3.2 μ s and 50 µs delay time in the presence of single and dual cross Kerr nonlinearity. These results may have potential useful applications in the fields of quantum optics, photonics, imaging designing and special modes of imaging coding technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenanthrene fluorescence quenching in anionic micellar system of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) was explored for the development of a sensitive and selective method for a group of selected aldehydes (2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde, 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde, 4-aminobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, benzaldehyde and 2-methoxybenzaldehyde). Experiments were performed in 0.02 mol L− 1 SDS. All the studied aldehydes quenched the fluorescence intensity of the probe (phenanthrene). Stern-Volmer equation was useful in explaining the phenanthrene quenching by the studied aldehydes. Stern-Volmer constants () were obtained as a result of using the Stern-Volmer equation that gives the information in respect of sensitivity of the method for the studied aldehydes. Greater the higher will be the sensitivity and vice versa. , detection limit (DL) and quantification limit (QL) were observed in the order 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde > 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde > 4-aminobenzaldehyde > 4-nitrobenzaldehyde > 2-chlorobenzaldehyde > benzaldehyde > 2-methoxybenzaldehyde. Phenanthrene fluorescence quenching by the studied aldehydes is useful for their determination in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer ranks among the most prevalent malignancies affecting the female population and is a prominent contributor to cancer-related mortality. Mathematical modeling is a significant tool that can be employed to comprehend the dynamics of breast cancer progression and dissemination and to formulate novel therapeutic approaches. This paper introduces a mathematical model of breast cancer that utilizes the Caputo–Fabrizio fractal-fractional derivative. The aim is to elucidate and comprehend the intricate dynamics governing breast cancer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the context of the fractional derivative. The derivative presented herein offers a broader perspective than the conventional derivative, as it incorporates the intricate fractal characteristics inherent in the process of tumor proliferation. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to a novel mathematical model for breast cancer, which incorporates the fractal characteristics of tumor development. The present model possesses the capability to investigate the impacts of diverse treatment strategies on the proliferation of breast cancer, as well as to formulate novel treatment strategies that exhibit enhanced efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The double rotary inverted pendulum (DRIP) system belongs to the class of under-actuated mechanical systems, and it is a highly nonlinear, unstable, and benchmark system to test the different control techniques. This paper successfully designed the nonlinear hierarchical sliding mode control (HSMC) techniques to stabilize the DRIP system. We compare the performance of these techniques numerically with each other and with the previously designed control technique. We propose an aggregated HSMC technique as it has a much shorter stabilization time than other designed techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monkeypox (mpox), re-emerging zoonotic infectious disease, is striking the world with serious public health concerns, especially in non-endemic countries. The public's knowledge and attitude towards the monkeypox virus (MPXV) influence their adherence to preventive strategies. Therefore, we aimed to assess the public's knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of MPXV in Pakistan. Methods: We collected data for this cross-sectional study from 1040 participants via online self-reported questionnaire from July 5th, 2022, to August 1st, 2022. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 29 items in four sections, assessing socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding MPXV. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS V.25, and factors associated with MPXV knowledge, attitude, and practices were identified by using logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 1040 participants were included. 61.4% were male, and 57.2% had graduation level education. Only 34.4% had good knowledge about MPXV, and 30% knew the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine against MPXV. 41.7% had a positive attitude, 48.6% agreed that it is a fatal disease, and 44.6% were in favour of banning travel from endemic to non-endemic regions. 57.7% had good practices, and 69.9% would use protective measures if MPXV became an epidemic. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that gender and education significantly impacted knowledge (p<0.05). While monthly income status had a significant impact on attitudes (p<0.05). The practices were positively correlated with gender and education (p<0.05). Conclusion: The majority of study participants had inadequate levels of knowledge, and attitudes regarding MPXV. To prevent the emergence and spread of MPXV in Pakistan, a comprehensive strategic framework for public health education must be established and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of depression among dialysis dependent end-stage renal disease patients, associated factors and effect on patients' compliance and clinical performance parameters. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nephrology, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Apr 2017 to Mar 2018. Methodology: End-stage renal disease patients above 16 years of age who were on maintenance haemodialysis for more than 6 months were requested to complete the questionnaire of Urdu version of Patient Health Questionnaire 9. The information about missed treatments, shortened sessions, fluid overload and monthly laboratory data was obtained from medical records. Patient Health Questionnaire 9 score was calculated for all the patients and categorized as mild (5), moderate (10), moderately severe (15) and severe (20) depression. Results: There were 146 dialysis dependent end-stage renal disease patients (95 males, 51 females) with mean age of 45.1±14.3 years. Duration of dialysis dependence was significantly higher among females (p=0.022). Out of 146 patients, 116 had depression and 27(18.5%) had severe depression. Patients with depression were younger (p=0.037) and lack of social support was significantly associated with depression (p=0.018). Severe depression was significantly more frequent among females (p=0.041). Serum albumin was significantly low among patients with depression (p=0.044). Conclusion: Depression is common among haemodialysis dependent end-stage renal disease patients. It is common among young patients and those who lack social support and it is associated with hypoalbuminemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma of the seminal vesicle presenting as a testicular mass Keywords: clear cell carcinoma; genitourinary; Mullerian; seminal vesicle; testis EN clear cell carcinoma genitourinary Mullerian seminal vesicle testis 997 999 3 11/08/23 20231201 NES 231201 I Sir i : Primary carcinomas of the seminal vesicles and Mullerian-type carcinomas of the paratestis are exceedingly rare. Seminal vesicle carcinomas often demonstrate trabecular and papillary growth and may exhibit mucinous differentiation.[[1]] We are aware of one prior case of Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma arising in the seminal vesicle but with incomplete documentation, according to contemporary criteria.[3] Two additional cases have been reported possibly arising in Mullerian rests/cysts within the pelvis, adjacent to seminal vesicles.[[4]] Herein we report a primary Mullerian-type clear cell carcinoma of the seminal vesicle with supportive immunohistochemical reactivity and a unique clinical presentation. [Extracted from the article]

Context: Telomerase reverse transcriptase is a key factor responsible for structural and cellular alterations in aged oocytes and changes in the structure of the zona pellucida and mitochondria. Telomerase expression is reduced in aged cumulus oocyte complexes, and its activation or enhanced expression would be beneficial for in vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro embryo development. Aims: This study aimed to investigate telomerase activation by cycloastragenol and its effect on bovine oocyte in vitro maturation, fertilisation, and early embryo development. Methods: We used qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay,TUNEL assay, JC-1 assay, and invasion assay to analyse the affect of cycloastragenol (CAG) on bovine oocyte maturation, embryo development, embryo quality and implantation potential. Key results: Cycloastragenol treatment of oocytes in in vitro maturation (IVM) media significantly (P < 0.05) improved oocyte IVM (90.87%), embryo cleavage (90.78%), blastocyst hatching (27.04%), and embryo implantation potential. Telomerase also interacts with mitochondria, and JC-1 staining results showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ Ψ m) in the CAG-treated group. Furthermore, the inner cell mass (OCT4 and SOX2) and trophoblasts (CDX2) of the control and CAG groups were examined. Moreover, CAG treatment to primary cultured bovine cumulus cells substantially enhanced telomerase activity. Conclusions: Telomerase activation via cycloastragenol is beneficial for bovine oocyte IVM and for the production of high-quality bovine embryos. Implications: Cycloastragenol is a natural telomerase activator, and could be useful as a permanent component of oocyte maturation media. The female reproductive system is more vulnerable to ageing, and advanced maternal age affects embryo development. Pre-implanted embryos grown in the lab also exhibit ageing like characteristics due to in vitro conditions. We employed cycloastragenol, a naturally occurring substance with reported anti-aging and healing properties, in embryo growth media. Cycloastragenol greatly increased telomerase expression levels, enhanced embryo quality, and increased the embryo's ability for implantation. We suggest that cycloastragenol might constitute a valuable addition to media used for oocyte maturation and embryo development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the diagnostic utility of mean platelet volume in patients presenting with early neonatal sepsis. Materials and methods: This validation study was conducted in the Department of the Pediatrics ward, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. After seeking parental consent, a brief history of Neonatal Sepsis and co-morbidities was obtained. The patient's clinical record was reviewed for the presence of any of the conditions indicated in the exclusion criteria for this study. A questionnaire about the patient's demographics, disease duration, and treatment records was compiled. Samples were taken and examined of such newborns with consent from the patient's guardians (n=322). 4 ml venous blood was collected from each subject. 2 ml was used for blood culture, and 2 ml was used for Mean Platelet Volume estimation each at hours 0, 24, and 48. Data was collected and analyzed using the SPPS 24. Results: A total of 322 newborns (154 males, 168 females) were enrolled. The Sepsis group as diagnosed by blood culture, had 201 cases while the control group had 121 participants. There was a significant difference (p-value less than 0.05) between the two groups for Mean Platelet Volume. The values for sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values as compared to blood culture as the gold standard were 77.58, 55.31, 50.00, and 81.08 percent, respectively. Conclusion: The mean platelet volume has high diagnostic utility in patients with neonatal sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the 2D group VA semiconductors (phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthine) present a new class of 2D materials, which are recently gaining a lot of research interest. These materials possess layered morphology, tunable direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, high stability, unique in‐plane anisotropy, and negative Poisson's ratio. They prepare the ground for novel and multifunctional applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and batteries. The most recent analytical and empirical developments in the fundamental characteristics, fabrication techniques, and potential implementation of 2D group VA materials in this review, along with presenting insights and concerns for the field's future are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of selected phenols i.e., picric acid, p-Nitrophenol, m-Nitrophenol, o-Nitrophenol, and phenol interactions were studied with a fluorescent probe carbazole in a micellar system of CTAB. CTAB concentration was optimized for maximum quenching of carbazole for each studied phenol. Interaction was studied in 0.02 and 0.1 mol/dm3 CTAB. All the studied phenols resulted in the quenching of carbazole in both CTAB concentrations though lower CTAB concentration was found optimum for highest quenching of the probe carbazole. Carbazole fluorescence quenching with phenols were explained with the help of Stern–Volmer equation that produced the constants of Stern–Volmer ( K sv ). K sv shows the sensitiveness of the method for the studied phenol and were observed in the order picric acid > phenol > m-Nitrophenol > p-Nitrophenol > o-Nitrophenol. Detection threshold (DT) and quantification threshold (QT) were observed in the order 1.76 × 10–7 – 6.30 × 10–7 mol/dm3 and 5.898 × 10–7 – 2.11 × 10–6 mol/dm3 respectively. The method is reproducible and is effective for the determination of studied phenols in the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) change is among the dominant driving factors that directly influence water balance by transforming hydrological responses. Consequently, a thorough comprehension of its impacts is imperative for sustainable water resource planning and development, notably in developing worlds such as Pakistan, where agriculture is a major livelihood. This research intends to assess the continuing changes in LU/LC and evaluate their probable repercussions on the hydrological regime of the Potohar Plateau. The maximum likelihood classification (MLC) algorithm for land use classification of the high-resolution satellite imageries, the Cellular-Automata Markov Chain Model (CA-MCM) for the projection of LU/LC maps, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in tandem with SWAT-CUP for hydrological modeling were employed in this research. The high-resolution climatic dataset (10 × 10 km) was used in SWAT. The LU/LC analysis revealed a continual propagation of agricultural and built-up lands at the detriment of forest and barren land during the last three decades, which is anticipated to continue in the future, too. Hydrological model calibrations and validations were performed on multi-basins, and the performance was evaluated using different statistical coefficients, e.g., the coefficient of determination (R2), Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE), and Percent Bias (PBIAS). The results yielded that the model performed very well and demonstrated the model's robustness in reproducing the flow regime. The water balance study revealed that the anticipated LU/LC changes are projected to decrease the mean annual surface runoff, water yield, and streamflow due to an increase in percolation, lateral flow, sub-surface flow, and evapotranspiration. More significant variations of the water balance components were observed at the sub-basin level, owing to the heterogeneous spatial distribution of LU/LC, than at the basin level. The outcome of this study will provide pragmatic details to legislative bodies to develop land and water management ameliorative strategies to harness hydrological changes sustainably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the distribution of ABO and Rh-blood groups in district Peshawar. Methodology: This was a Cross-sectional descriptive study, done in the Blood Bank of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. Participants of all ages and gender referred to the Blood bank for blood grouping and blood donors were included. Sampling was done using the non-probability purposive sampling method. Blood grouping was done using commercially available Antisera by the trained Blood Bank clinical technician. The blood groups were recorded in the proforma and data was analyzed. Standard deviation and Mean were used for quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed using Frequency and percentages. Results: Mean age of 2902 recipients was 39 ± 9.2 (range 18-60) years. There were 2900 (99.9%) males and 2 females (0.1%), because females are mostly deferred due to not fulfilling donor selection criteria. The commonest blood group was B (30.9% cases), followed by blood group A (29.8% cases), O (28.3%), and AB (10.8%). Rhesus positive blood group was common (92.1%) as compared to Rhesus negative (7.9%). Conclusions: Blood group B-positive was the commonest blood group. AB-negative was the rarest one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim to highlight the clinic-pathological profile of patients with dengue fever in Peshawar. Materials and methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from September 2021 to January 2022. All cases with positive Dengue serology as done by ICT kit were included in the study. Cases with significant symptoms of Dengue but negative serology were excluded from the study. Clinical data and results of liver function tests were recorded. Mean and standard deviation was used for quantitative data while frequency and percentages were used for qualitative data. Results: About 100 diagnosed cases of dengue fever were included. Seventy-four (74%) cases had dengue fever, while 24 (24%) cases had dengue hemorrhagic fever. About 2 (2%) cases had dengue shock syndrome. Serum Alanine transaminase level was abnormal in most of the cases. Conclusion: The study reveals that the majority of the cases of dengue fever have mild to moderate disease. Severe disease was seen in a very small proportion of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the pattern of changes in the platelet indices in different Leukemias. Material and method: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Pathology Department of Khyber Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to December 2021 (1-year duration). Diagnosed acute and chronic leukemia cases were included while those receiving therapeutic chemotherapy were excluded. The platelet count was analyzed as a part of complete blood counts by the Sysmex Hematology analyzer in the Hematology section of the Pathology department. The changes observed in the platelet counts in different types of leukemia were recorded in a proforma. Mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentages were used to compute variables. Results: The age range of the 100 included cases of leukemia was 01 - 50 years. The mean age of the study population was 30 ± 10 SD years. Platelet count was low in acute Leukemias and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Only in chronic myeloid leukemia, raised platelet count was seen (in 62% of cases). Mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width were decreased in all leukemias. Conclusion: Platelet indices are decreased in Leukemias, with the exception of chronic myeloid leukemia where platelet count is raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental contaminant that has been linked to oocyte quality reduction and early embryo mortality in various in vivo studies. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Cd-induced mitochondrial toxicity in bovine in vitro matured oocytes, primary cultured bovine cumulus cells, and in vitro developed bovine embryos. Cd significantly reduced PPARGC1A (PGC-1α) and nuclear respiratory factors, which leads to mitochondrial damage and hence reduction in oocyte maturation and embryo development. NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is the upstream marker of PGC-1α and nuclear respiratory factors, and its activation significantly mitigated Cd-induced mitochondrial damage. For SIRT1 activation, we used Hesperetin (Hsp), a citrus flavonoid and a potent activator of SIRT1. The molecular docking approach was used to investigate the binding of hesperetin to bovine SIRT1, which revealed that hesperetin creates polar and non-polar interactions with residues that are reported essential for the activation of SIRT1. Furthermore, the SIRT1 enzymatic activity was measured in primary cultured bovine granulosa cells after hesperetin treatment. To further confirm the SIRT1-dependent effects of hesperetin we used a specific inhibitor of SIRT1 (EX527), which significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the effects of hesperetin on embryo mitochondria. Next, we treated hesperetin and Cd to early bovine embryos and discovered a significant (p 0.05) increase in PGC-1, NRF1, and NFE2L2 protein expression as well as embryo development recovery. Thus, we came to the conclusion that hesperetin can activate PGC-1 and nuclear respiratory factors via SIRT1, which can greatly reduce Cd-induced mitochondrial toxicity and promote mitochondrial biogenesis in early bovine embryos. • Cadmium (Cd) altered PGC-1α expression and localization in early bovine embryos. • Bovine SIRT1 was generated via homology modeling. • Bovine SIRT1 was used to perform molecular docking for Hesperetin. • Activated SIRT1 improve PGC-1α expression and nuclear localization of NRF1/2. • SIRT1 inhibition reduced the embryo development and also have significant effects on embryo mitochondrial biogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practically every programming language is equipped with primitive data types, iteration and selection constructs, procedures, functions, class and structure definition, exceptions, and so forth to facilitate program development. These are similar in functionality but may differ a little in syntax. Similarly, libraries and packages for functionalities like collections, input/output, and so forth are available with different names to perform similar functions. A programmer has a hard time memorizing the syntax and features of each programming language. The research aims to choose a single unified high-level programming language, a Unified Programming Language (UPL), whose syntax is like of the most commonly existing programming languages. The benefits of learning and adopting a single programming language for programmers can be comforting, but there are some unintended consequences that need to be addressed. This research has gone through several brainstorming sessions and structured walkthroughs within an accessible community to identify and enlist the issues. The most common concern is the usage of a massive amount of existing code/libraries, which results in uncountable manhours and worthwhile investment spent to build it. The subsequent concerns are the availability of programming tools like IDEs and various commonly required libraries and frameworks related to accessing range of databases, files, network streams, and building GUIs and reports. UPL, when released, will be equipped with all necessary libraries, and will provide a set of tools to hook existing libraries frameworks of existing commonly used programming languages like C/C++, JAVA, PHP, PYTHON, .NET languages and JAVASCRIPT, and more. This may be achieved through employing reflection API and documentation, whichever is appropriate. The UPL requires a compiler to generate binary executable code for various platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effect of H. Pylori proteins JHP 0290 (FL) and JHP 0290 on host cell response. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH), Peshawar from April 2021 to September 2021. H. Pylori genomic DNA (J99 and 26695), pET expression system plasmid (PET21a, 22b & 28b+), kanamycin 50µg/ml and ampicillin 100µg/ml, LB agar plates and LB media, Talon@IMAC resin column were used for studying H. pylori proteins. Genes coding for these proteins were successively cloned into PET21a, PET22b, and PET28b+ expression vectors but no expression was seen with different concentrations of IPTG in BL21(DE3) culture, and expression was prolonged for 4hrs. Results: Only JHP0290 (FL) & JHP0290 (-17a.a) were successively cloned in PET28b+ and expression was induced by using 100µM IPTG in E.coli strain (BL21DE3). Restriction analysis showed the size of JHP0290 (FL & -17a.a) at approximately 550bp and protein size was analyzed on SDS-page which was 20Kda approximately. JHP0290FL protein was found in pellets while JHP0290 (-17a.a) protein was found in pellets & supernatant before being applied to Talon cell through resin column to get purified protein. The study showed a clear band of JHP0290 (FL) on SDS-page with imidazole eluted fraction pooled, while a faint band with a distinct band of JHP0290 (-17a.a) was also seen on SDS-page. Conclusion: These changes are indicative of altered host cell response induced by H.pylori protein JHP0290 suggesting its possible involvement in the development and severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: CA 19-9 is a marker that shows the relapse of tumors. Raised CA 19-9 in diabetes mellitus cases and the effect of hypoglycemic agents on the marker prompted us to compare the effect of metformin and glibenclamide on CA 19-9 levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Material & Methods: It is a randomized control trial (RCT). Normal control (group A1) included 40 staff members from KTH/ KMC. A total number of 79 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized into two groups; group A2 (n=39) who took metformin (500 mg/day) and group A3 (n=40) received glibenclamide (2.5 mg/day). The study was conducted for 6 months and variables including fasting blood glucose, blood lipids, plasma sialic acid, HbA1-c, insulin and C-peptide, CA 19-9, and insulin resistance were measured initially and at week 10. Results: At the endpoint, there were reductions in FBG and HbA1C levels among metformin and glibenclamide groups compared to baseline (p<0.003, p<0.001, and p<0.05, p≤0.05 respectively). The metformin group also showed a significant reduction in CA 19-9 level from baseline (p≤0.05) and the same was the case for PSA (p<0.04) but the effect of glibenclamide on CA 19-9 was negligible and PSA slightly increased (deteriorated) from baseline. Between groups comparison at the endpoint showed a significantly high level of PSA in the glibenclamide group than in the metformin group (p≤0.05). Insulin, HOMA-IR, and C-peptide levels improved in both groups from baseline. The favorable effects of metformin on blood lipids and body weight were more than glibenclamide. Correlation studies revealed a significantly positive correlation (p≤0.05) of CA 19-9 with FBG, HbA1-c, PSA, insulin, and triglyceride levels in the metformin group, and FBG, HbA1-c, PSA, and total cholesterol in glibenclamide group. Conclusions: From these findings, we suggest greater beneficial effects of metformin on CA 19-9 and other related factors than glibenclamide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to predict, especially about the future. But, prediction about some future words like predicting the next few words, someone is going to say, seems to be easier. For example, "please come-"; in this "in" and "on" are more likely to come as next words. The next coming suitable word predictor is an important tool for content writing in any language, especially in which a correct word is anticipated in the current context. Writing content in some other languages using the English keyboard is a tedious task. However, prediction of the next words can make this task simple, easier, and interesting. A significant amount of time and human effort can also be saved. In this paper, an Urdu Text Predictor is introduced in which Statistical Language N-Models are used to perform this task of building a word/text prediction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper researches about the inflation and its impact on low income class of Sindh in short and long term. The negative and positive relation between monetary policies, unemployment, inflation and poverty are found. The finding from survey from Karachi indicates that inflation is an obstacle for the lower class as well as middle class and its effects the lower income class, their purchasing patterns and savings. Studies indicate that not only monetary policies are the cause of poverty, debt, illiteracy, pandemic, government policies and income. We took these as independent and lower income class as dependent variable and after analyzing, surveys and research the view that inflation has a positive relation with low income and other factors i.e. illiteracy, pandemic, debts, policies shows a negative relation. We also studied the impact of inflation on poor income class of all the countries combined and it showed that the lower income countries, middle income and upper middle income have a different impact of inflation on different countries and research showed that there is a positive relation of poverty and inflation in upper middle and a negative relation in lower middle countries. It is concluded that low inflation and stable aggregate demand may result in improvement in condition of low income class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel scheme for radio resource allocation is proposed for downlink transmission in a clustered cellular network that employs orthogonal frequency division multiple access. The proposed resource allocation scheme is based on maximizing the cluster throughput, with emphasis on improving individual performance, especially those at the cell edges. The users within the cell are segregated into edge users, having strong coupling with the neighboring cells, and the center users close to the cell sites. In order to improve the data rate for the edge users, cell clustering with the joint transmission, forming virtual MIMO systems is introduced. The throughput for the center users is improved through classical opportunistic channel scheduling with interference avoidance. The frequency resources are pre-assigned to edge and center users, and the optimization problem for throughput maximization is applied separately to each so as to improve the fairness between them without affecting the overall spectrum efficiency. The simulations have been performed under various frequency reuse patterns and resource distributions within the cell–sectors to assess the performance of the proposed solution. Results indicate that clustering ensures tremendous gains in throughput per resource and spectral efficiency of edge users, while it significantly reduces scheduling complexity of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopesticides are made up of plant materials that kill insects and a variety of microorganisms that kill insects, such as entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic bacteria, entomopathogenic viruses, and entomopathogenic nematodes. These are used to get rid of agricultural and household insect pests. Several new methods are being developed in the biopesticide sector, and production and marketing of biopesticides are increasing significantly worldwide because of the noteworthy results in integrated pest management. Lots of Bt-genic crops, different types of entomopathogenic bacteria, entomopathogenic viruses, entomopathogenic fungi, and nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria are available in the market and are being used in agriculture to protect crops from insect pests and reduce insect pest populations. In the present review, we describe the role of biopesticides, including microbial and plant-derived ones, in insect pest management and the importance of their uses. An updated illustration of the present information on biopesticides and the availability of their commercial products and active substances in plants that can be very helpful in Insect pest management is reported in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically investigated the tuning of subluminal to superluminal propagation of light pulse in four-level N-type atomic medium. The dynamics of the atomic system are derived using the density matrix method. The group index n g = ± 1 × 10 6 is significantly modified in four-level atomic medium. The medium shows subluminality and superluminality of group velocity v g = c / 1 × 10 6 and v g = - c / 1 × 10 6 . The intensity of the output pulse is both positive and negative phase shifts in time and have undistorted shape with Rabi frequencies of the driving fields. The minimum distortion in subluminality and superluminality is useful in communication technology to propagates pulse with large phase shift and without energy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two years field trail was conducted for evaluating the effect of different bio-liquids (vermiwash) sources on sunflower sown at different sowing dates. Experiment was comprised of three sowing dates viz. 20th February, 1st March and 10th March, with three levels of vermiwash viz. alligator @ 15%, alfalfa @ 15% and alligator @ 7.5% + alfalfa @ 7.5% along with control. Foliar application of bio-liquid was sprayed at bud formation, flower initiation and seed (achene) formation. Results revealed that during both the years of study, sowing dates and vermiwash sources significantly affected the yield and quality attributes. Moreover, sunflower planting on 20th February alongside alligator weed bio-liquid @ 15% produced significantly maximum height of the plant (246 and 241 cm), stem circumference (2.36 and 2.31 cm), head circumference (18.6 and 18.2 cm), 1000- achene's weight (64.72 and 66.18 g) and achene yield (3237 and 3310 kg ha-1). This combination also significantly improved the quality traits of sunflower like achene oil contents (50.79 and 49.89%), protein contents (19.67 and 19.32%), oleic acid (30.99 and 30.44%)) and linoleic acid contents (59.94 and 58.88%). It can be concluded from the study that sunflower planting on 20th February with bio-liquid alligator (Alternanthra) weed 15% exhibited maximum morphological and quality performance of sunflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Gain assisted medium is being investigated to modify the rotary photon drag with the phase and angular momentum of the photon. Significant gain doublets and normal/anomalous dispersion with high subliminal/superluminal are controlled and modified by the angular quantum number and phase of angular momentum of the probe beam. Parameters of pump and control and angular momentum of probe fields enhanced photon drag from micro radian to milli radian. A ± 5 micro radian drag is tune to ± 100 milli radian with these parameters. The rotary photon drag show large fluctuation with phase and quantum number of angular momentum of probe beam. The rotary photon drag is greatly improved as compared to the previously studied cases. The work is useful for advancing the technologies of position control, phase matching conditions and special modes of imaging coding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two-dimensional (2D) atomic localization is theoretically investigated via tunable surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), generated on the metal (Ag) surface coupled to a quantum coherent three-level λ -type medium ( 87 Rb) embedded as a dielectric host. Such a useful scheme for highly precise atomic localization is reported by using the absorption spectrum of SPPs. Owing to space-dependent light–matter interaction, the sharp localized peaks are observed in a single wavelength domain of 2D space with maximum probability. By properly varying the system parameters, the precision and numbers of the localized peaks are controlled. Consequently, highly efficient and high-resolution atomic localization can be achieved in a region smaller than λ / 20 × λ / 20 . The spatial resolution of atomic localization is greatly improved as compared to the previously studied cases. These results may have potential useful applications in the fields of quantum nanoplasmonics, nanolithography, and nanophotonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the level of depression, anxiety and stress in pathologists due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: It was a Cross-sectional Analytical Multicenter Questionnaire-based study conducted from April 2020 to June 2020 including Pathologists working in Khyber Teaching Hospital and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Informed written consent was obtained and DASS-21 Questionnaire was administered. Data were analysed by SPSS. Levels of depression, anxiety and stress were determined and analysed by multiple regression mothod to predict depression anxiety and stress levels from demographics. Results: Mean age of the study sample was 25-63 (37±8.75). There were 13(22.4%) males and 45(77.6%) females. Overall DAS score, mean depression, anxiety and stress score were 31.5±22, 8.7±9.1, 7.4±7.1 and 15.3±9 respectively. Females had a higher overall DAS score (U=156.5, p=.011), depression score (U=178.5, p=.032) and anxiety score (U=168.5, p=.029) as compared to males. Anxiety scores were highest in pathologists working in the microbiology section and lowest in those of the chemical pathology section (X2=8.13, p=.043). Multiple regression analysis showed that the female gender was significantly associated with a higher overall DAS score (ß=13.69, p=.047) and stress score (ß=6.10, p=.031) as compared to the male gender. Conclusion: Pathologists working in the Covid-19 pandemic have a high level of mental distress and females have a higher level of psychological distress as compared to males. Implementation of mental support programmes for health care workers during pandemic situations is required to provide psychological support to health care workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspended sediment load (SSL) flowing into a reservoir contributes to the overall safety of dam. Owing to the complexity and stochastic nature of sedimentation, accurate prediction of reservoir SSL inflow is still challenging. Moreover, research and application of machine learning (ML) techniques for reservoir sedimentation are still deficient. A comprehensive evaluation of six ML models for a reservoir SSL inflow prediction was performed in this study. ML techniques including artificial neural network (ANN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), support vector machine (SVM), genetic programming (GP), and deep learning (DL) were applied to develop predictive models of daily SSL inflow at Sangju Weir, South Korea. Significant input vectors for each model were selected with streamflow, water temperature, water stage, reservoir outflow for different time lags. Model performances were evaluated using various statistical indices including the coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), percentage of bias (PBIAS), Willmott index (WI), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), root mean square error (RMSE), and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC). The best input combinations were found to be unique for each ML model, but all six models performed reasonably well for SSL inflow predictions. ANN model outperformed other models with R2 = 0.821, MAE = 4.244 tons/day, PBIAS = 0.055, WI = 0.891, NSE = 0.991, RMSE = 11.692 tons/day, PCC = 0.826. The models were ranked based on their SSL prediction capabilities as ANN > ANFIS > DL > RBFNN > SVM > GP from best to worst. The findings are expected to be useful for future dam safety and risk assessment, and for achieving sustainability of reservoir operation through comprehensive sediment management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is among the most hazardous climatic disasters that significantly influence various aspects of the environment and human life. Qualitative and reliable drought forecasting is important worldwide for effective planning and decision-making in disaster-prone regions. Data-driven models have been extensively used for drought forecasting, but due to the inadequacy of information on model performance, the selection of an appropriate forecasting model remains a challenge. This study concerns a comparative analysis of six machine learning (ML) techniques widely used for hydrological drought forecasting. The standardized runoff index (SRI) was calculated at a seasonal (3-month) time scale for the period 1973 to 2016 in four selected watersheds of the Han River basin in South Korea. The ML models employed were built-ins, using precipitation, temperature, and humidity as input variables and the SRI as the target variable. The results indicated that all the ML models were able to map the relationship for seasonal SRI using the applied input vectors. The decision tree (DT) technique outperformed in all the watersheds with an average mean absolute error (MAE)=0.26 , root mean square error (RMSE)=0.34 , Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE)=0.87 , and coefficient of determination (R2)=0.89. The performances of the support vector machine (SVM) and deep learning neural network (DLNN) were similar, whereas the fuzzy rule-based system (FRBS) performed very well compared to the artificial neural network (ANN) and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The overall findings of this study indicate that, considering performance criteria and computation time, the DT was the most accurate ML technique for hydrological drought forecasting in the Han River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find out the factors affecting the production of apricot in district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan. Data were collected from 132 respondents belonging to the district Mansehra's five agriculture circles through a pre-tested interview schedule. Results were obtained through frequency, percentage and multiple regression with a dummy variable model. The majority (46.2%) apricot growers cultivated apricot on 01 kanal of land and major group (31.8%) were getting 51-70 Kg yields per tree. Moreover, 68.9% of apricot growers used chemical fertilizers, and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) application was also in practice by 62.9%. Apricot growers in major cases (59.1%) irrigated their crops in drought periods. In the majority of cases through wells/tube wells followed by canals, while onethird of total cases were only rain water-dependent. Further, more than 50% of the cases aphids, scale and flat-headed borer insect/pest attacks were reported on the apricot crop. Besides scab, brown rot and shot hole were reported by more than 60%, apricot growers. Regarding dormant practices, 65.2% apricot growers pruned their trees, 67.4% applied winter oil and 69.7% Bordeaux mixture while unfortunately, 60.6% of the respondents were not doing hoeing practice. The Regression analysis results reported application of chemical fertilizers, FYM, irrigation in drought periods, pruning, winter oil and Bordeaux mixture application were positively and significantly related to apricot production while simultaneously flat-headed borer and brown rot were found inversely but significantly related. The study recommends special attention to improve stone fruit production through increased contacts with agricultural extension and research. Moreover, proper use and availability of chemical fertilizers, FYM and irrigation, and timely use of insecticides/pesticides, healthy hoeing practices with the elimination of weeds. Access to micro-level credit by introducing in farm techniques of intercropping, proper division and allocation of lands suitable to stone fruits, vegetables, grain crops, and other cash crops and relaxation in criteria for the government's establishment orchard and non-government agriculture departments/agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find out the factors affecting the production of apricot in district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa- Pakistan. Data were collected from 132 respondents belonging to the district Mansehra’s five agriculture circles through a pre-tested interview schedule. Results were obtained through frequency, percentage and multiple regression with a dummy variable model. The majority (46.2%) apricot growers cultivated apricot on 01 kanal of land and major group (31.8%) were getting 51- 70 Kg yields per tree. Moreover, 68.9% of apricot growers used chemical fertilizers, and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) application was also in practice by 62.9%. Apricot growers in major cases (59.1%) irrigated their crops in drought periods.In the majority of cases through wells/tube wells followed by canals, while onethird of total cases were only rain water-dependent. Further, more than 50% of the cases aphids, scale and flat-headed borer insect/pest attacks were reported on the apricot crop. Besides scab, brown rot and shot hole were reported by more than 60%, apricot growers.Regarding dormant practices, 65.2% apricot growers pruned their trees, 67.4% applied winter oil and 69.7% Bordeaux mixture while unfortunately,60.6% of the respondents were not doing hoeing practice. The Regression analysis results reported application of chemical fertilizers, FYM, irrigation in drought periods, pruning, winter oil and Bordeaux mixture application were positively and significantly related to apricot production while simultaneously flat-headed borer and brown rot were found inversely but significantly related. The study recommends special attention to improve stone fruit production through increased contacts with agricultural extension and research. Moreover,proper use and availability of chemical fertilizers, FYM and irrigation, and timely use of insecticides/pesticides, healthy hoeing practices with the elimination of weeds.Access to micro-level credit by introducing in farm techniques of intercropping, proper division and allocation of lands suitable to stone fruits, vegetables, grain crops, and other cash crops and relaxation in criteria for the government’s establishment orchard and non-government agriculture departments/agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically investigate two-dimensional (2D) atomic microscopy by the superposition of three probe coherences and three standing-wave fields in a five-level atomic system. For the first time, we use such a unique configuration for the precise atomic microscopy. Under suitable conditions, the localization behavior is improved significantly having maximum probability. We reveal multiple localized peaks in a single wavelength domain through the absorption spectrum of the weak probe fields. We theoretically obtain the high-resolution and high-precision 2D atomic microscopy with 100% localization probability in a specific region of 2D space. The spatial resolution of the atom is enhanced in the proposed atomic system with significant probability and minimum uncertainty. The results might have vital role in laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms and nano-lithography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Heremites Gray, 1845 is endemic to the Western Palearctic region, containing morphologically similar species with a not well resolved taxonomy. The genus has a broad distribution from North Africa to Central Asia, with the only known record from northeastern Afghanistan. Three species are currently recognized in the genus with one, H. septemtaeniatus (Reuss, 1834), representing populations at the eastern edge of the genus range. During extensive fieldwork, we discovered H. septemtaeniatus from northwestern Pakistan and provisionally suggest that this population could be morphologically defined as H. septemtaeniatus transcaucasicus (Chernov, 1926). This important contribution to the knowledge regarding the family Scincidae in Pakistan, however, needs further investigation using an integrative approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Carcinomas found in urinary diversion specimens are uncommon, particularly new primary tumours. New primary tumours primarily occur when the large intestine is utilised, whereas the occurrence is infrequent with the use of the ileum. These tumours include both the recurrence of primary malignancy or the development of a new primary malignancy originating from the small intestine. Design: A search was performed within the pathology laboratory system to identify cases of malignancies involving ileal conduit/reconstruction from 2002 to 2022. Data on demographics, clinical details, pathology and management was recorded. Results: A total of 13 male patients, with a mean age of 67 years (range = 49–81 years) were included in the study. The initial procedure performed included cystoprostatectomy (n = 10, including one case with right nephroureterectomy) and cystectomy (n = 3, including one case for bladder exstrophy) for initial diagnoses including urothelial carcinoma (n = 11; conventional, 6; sarcomatoid, 1; glandular 1; plasmacytoid, 1; micropapillary, 2) and adenocarcinoma (n = 1). The initial management included radical surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy/immunotherapy (n = 1), adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 3), intravesical adjuvant BCG (n = 2) and intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 1). Malignancies in ileal conduit or orthotopic ileal neobladder included recurrent urothelial carcinoma (n = 10) and new secondary adenocarcinomas (n = 3), which developed as early as 3 months (usually recurrence) and up to 13, 33 and 45 years (new primary malignancy) following primary resection. Conclusions: Utilising the ileum as conduit/neobladder presents a viable alternative for urinary diversion with a reduced malignancy risk compared to using a segment of the large intestine. However, there remains a potential for malignancy, either tumour recurrence or a new primary malignancy. In our study, tumour recurrence occurred up to 4 years following the initial diagnosis and the development of a new primary malignancy occurred up to 45 years after the initial diagnosis. Consequently, it is crucial to prioritise long‐term follow‐up for these patients undergoing this procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been significant developments in clinical, experimental, and theoretical approaches to understand the biomechanics of tumor cells and immune cells. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are regarded as a major antitumor mechanism of immune cells. Mathematical modeling of tumor growth is an important and useful tool to observe and understand clinical phenomena analytically. This work develops a novel two-variable mathematical model to describe the interaction of tumor cells and CTLs. The designed model is providing an integrated framework to investigate the complexity of tumor progression and answer clinical questions that cannot always be reached with experimental tools. The parameters of the model are estimated from experimental study and stability analysis of the model is performed through nullclines. A global sensitivity analysis is also performed to check the uncertainty of the parameters. The results of numerical simulations of the model support the importance of the CTLs and demonstrate that CTLs can eliminate small tumors. The proposed model provides efficacious information to study and demonstrate the complex dynamics of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrene interaction with a group of selected amines such as i.e. benzylamine, phenethylamine, trimethylamine, 1-phenylethylamine was studied in aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate. All the four amines quenched the fluorescence intensity of pyrene in aqueous SDS. Pyrene acts as a sensitive and selective sensor for the detection of amines in environmental samples. Two different SDS concentrations (0.05 mol L− 1 and 0.1 mol L− 1) were used to get the optimum SDS concentration for maximum quenching and best detection and quantification limits. Lower SDS concentration (0.05 mol L− 1) was found the optimum for maximum quenching, lower detection and quantification limits. Fluorescence quenching of pyrene by the studied amines was treated with the Stern-Volmer equation that resulted in a Stern-Volmer constants (Ksv). Ksv reflects the sensitivity of pyrene for studied amines. Ksv varied between 1.962 × 104 − 0.020 × 103 mol L− 1. A sensitivity, detection limit (DL), quantification limit (QL) of pyrene for studied amines was found in the order Benzylamine > phenethylamie > trimethylamine > 1-phenylethylamine. DL varied from 4.53 × 10− 7 to 4.55 × 10− 4 mol L− 1 and QL varied from 1.51 × 10− 6 to 1.52 × 10− 3 mol L− 1. Method showed excellent reproducibility and is fruitful for the studied amines in environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects when exposed to sublethal applications of pesticides exhibit hormoligosis in their various biological activities. The present research was conducted to evaluate the hormoligosis impacts of IGR's pesticides including pyriproxyfen (Priority 10.8 EC) and lufenuron (Ardent 5 EC) on cotton mealybug in laboratory conditions at IPM Laboratory, Department of Entomology University of Agriculture. The results revealed that concentration-dependent mortality in cotton mealybug of 1st instars and adults was observed that decrease after generations at sub-lethal dilutions of Priority ® and Ardent ® pesticide which retained development of resistance from G1 to G2. Maximum hormoligosis revealed at 3 days post treatments interval (PAI) Priority ® in fecundity at LC10 (0.07%) in G5 (63.17 crawlers/female) and at 7 days Priority ® in G5 (68.13 crawlers/female). At 7 days lufenuron of sub-lethal concentration of LC10 (0.01%) in G5 (73.18). At 3rd and 7th days post treatments interval Priority® and Ardent® demonstrated maximum hormoligosis in longevity at LC10 (0.07%) in G5 (57.29, 57.14 days), (54.07, 58.10 days) respectively, and hormoligosis of sex ratio was not determined against Priority® and Ardent®. We conclude that hormoligosis development is fast at sub-lethal dilutions of Ardent and Priority® at LC10, LC20 and LC30 with respect to mortality, fecundity, and longevity. While hormoligosis development was fast at sub-lethal dilutions of priority® and ardent® at LC30, LC40 and LC50 with respect to the mortality of adult female. In Pakistan, pesticide resistance in cotton mealybug can be achieved if the effective and different pesticides are used along with other Integrated Pest Management techniques in rotation and at the early stage of resistance improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Primary renal mesenchymal neoplasms are rare but diverse. Several neoplasms of mesenchymal derivation can arise as a primary renal mass; however, incidental tumors are identified in nephrectomies performed for end-stage renal disease or other malignant epithelial renal neoplasms. In this article, we document their frequencies with demographic information in nephrectomy specimens. Design. We retrospectively searched our database for nephrectomy specimens from the year 2000 to 2016. Results. A total of 224 cases were identified with an incidence rate of 4.4% (224/5128). One hundred ninety (85%) neoplasms were benign, 27 (12%) were malignant, and 7 (3%) were of intermediate biologic behavior. The majority of cases occurred in adults (93%, 208/224), and 39% of cases represented an incidental finding. The most common neoplasms were angiomyolipoma (58%) and renomedullary interstitial cell tumor (17%). Malignant mesenchymal kidney tumors are rare (0.39% of nephrectomy specimens). The most common adults' malignant tumors in our survey were synovial sarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Conclusion. Primary renal mesenchymal tumors are rare and are mostly benign in nature with many incidentally identified lesions. They arise in different age groups with malignant lesions usually presenting at a younger mean age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an increasing trend among farmers from apple growing to peach (P. persica L.) production in the Swat valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the last couple of years. However, these peach growers face various contraints in peach marketing. The farmers are reverting to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to overcome marketing hurdles. This research investigates the farmers' awareness and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) vis-à-vis the association between ICTs use and farmers' socioeconomic and farm level variables. A sample of 70 peach (P. persica L.) growers was taken. Face to face interviews were held using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and χ ² tests were used for data analysis. The results showed a greater awareness level among the peach (P. persica L.) growers about ICTs. Moreover, the analysis indicated that more than 75 % of farmers are in use of a single or multiple type of ICTs. Among the sampled farmers, 70% of the farmers perceived ICTs as useful for farming activities. The analysis also revealed that 58.5% of the farmers are of the view that ICTs have facilitated their access to markets and information. While others 78.6 % opinioned that ICTs have reduced the influence of the middle man in peach (P. persica L.) marketing. The findings further show a positive association between ICTs use and farmers' socioeconomic and farm-level characteristics. More educated farmers and those who receive foreign remittances are more likely to use ICTs. Farmers' awareness level is a significant determinant of the adoption of the ICTs for farming and peach (P. persica L.) marketing. Farmers who perceive ICTs to be more useful, they are more likely to adopt ICTs for peach (P. persica L.) farming and marketing. It is concluded that ICTs have influenced the farmers' farming practices and their access to information and market accessibility. It is recommended that the government shall devise strategies for provision of ICTs. It is further recommended that peach farmers shall be trained using the governments' digital initiative program to build farmers capacity about the use of the ICTs in agriculture practices and marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we develop a novel framework to study for a new class of preinvex functions depending on arbitrary nonnegative function, which is called n -polynomial preinvex functions. We use the n -polynomial preinvex functions to develop q 1 q 2 -analogues of the Ostrowski-type integral inequalities on coordinates. Different features and properties of excitement for quantum calculus have been examined through a systematic way. We are discussing about the suggestions and different results of the quantum inequalities of the Ostrowski-type by inferring a new identity for q 1 q 2 -differentiable function. However, the problem has been proven to utilize the obtained identity, we give q 1 q 2 -analogues of the Ostrowski-type integrals inequalities which are connected with the n -polynomial preinvex functions on coordinates. Our results are the generalizations of the results in earlier papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]