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Increasing requirements in the field of monitoring the impact of machines contributes to the analysis of production processes in order to verify their environmental loads. The research carried out in this area is aimed at identifying the negative impact of the tested object to be able to introduce changes in the consumption of raw materials and energy while limiting the negative impact on the environment. The article will present the results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) of the process of mass, thermo-shrinkable packaging of beverage bags depending on the change in the way the packaging machine is powered. In addition, as part of the analysis, it was indicated which stage of the process has the biggest negative impact on the environment. LCA results are presented at the stage of endpoint characterization.

This work is a Copper oxide (CuO) thin films were effectively produced using cold spray technique. The process take place in an inert gas (helium) without using catalyst. Nano CuO was deposited on a glass slide, using helium as carrier gas heated to 100, 200, 300, and 400 °C, respectively on heated glass substrates at 300°C. The effect of structural and electrical properties was examined at each temperature for each film. AFM images show that the CuO thin film have different diameters ranging from 80 to 600 nm, and low surface roughness about 20.9 nm. The measured value of copper oxide resistivity was found to be decrease very much with the increasing temperature. All the result showed that copper oxide is suitable material for photovoltaic applications. This research is part of a larger work for the solar cells industry. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the electrical properties of solar cells in the primary stages of manufacturing from available materials at low costs.

In this paper, the authors focused on the analysis and evaluation of factors affecting the level of occupational risk in “small” enterprises, with a particular emphasis on psychophysical factors in the manufacturing sector. The study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The results were verified using the strucla interview method with elements of observation. The purpose of the paper was to draw attention to – often overlooked in the assessment of occupational risks by employers – psychophysical hazards with particular emphasis on psychosocial hazards. Respondents – employees of enterprises with a particular focus on the manufacturing sector – point to psycho-physical hazards as those that, right after hazardous (accident) hazards, significantly affect the level of occupational risk. However, the assessment of factors determining the level of occupational risk changes with the age of respondents. Older workers, more often than younger ones, perceive the factors that affect the level of occupational risk. Their experience and ability to reliably identify risks can be very useful in creating awareness of safe behavior among the youngest workers, who are most vulnerable to occupational accidents. The article also presents analyses and assessments of the symptoms of occupational stress, which is one of the factors shaping psycho-physical risk that is so often underestimated by many workers and employers.

The paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of technical, organizational and human factors on accident rate in small-sized enterprises. The research was carried out using the authors’ questionnaire. The results were verified using the method of direct interview with elements of observation. The results were compared with the trends prevailing in enterprises of EU countries. The respondents, i.e. production company workers, indicate technical factors as those which most significantly affect the occurrence of accidents at work. However, the assessment of the factors changes with the age of the respondents. Older workers, more often than younger employees, indicate the ones related to man or work organization as the most important factors affecting accidents at work and, consequently, the level of occupational safety. The presented results are a part of a larger whole project the authors of this paper are working on.

In the paper an economic, ecological and energy analysis of a home photovoltaic on grid installation was presented. The increase in ecological awareness of the Polish society contributes to the continuous growth of interest in green energy. However, many people haven’t been aware of the ecological, economic and energy benefits of photovoltaic installations yet, so the following analysis is made. The analysis concerns a photovoltaic installation with a capacity of 3.96 kWp located in Ościęciny near Włocławek. The photovoltaic installation consists of 11 monocrystalline panels with a power of 360 Wp, a 4 KTLM Sofar Solar inverter and other necessary components. The first part presents basic issues related to photovoltaic installations. Parameters related to the proper functioning of the photo-voltaic installation were replaced. The analysis of the literature will help to understand the essence of the proper functioning of the photovoltaic installation. In the practical part, an analysis of a selected home photovoltaic installation was carried out. Based on the available data, it has been calculated that the installation will have a payback period of over 9 years. The photovoltaic installation will produce approximately 3 582.61 kWh of electricity and will contribute to the reduction of 70 tons of carbon dioxide during the entire operation.

The article deals with the use of the 5S methodology in an organization. It focuses on the implementation of 5S in an organization involved in the production and processing of metal components for the automotive industry. 5S is a Japanese methodology that was first applied in the automotive industry to improve productivity. The article is dedicated to the basic principles of lean manufacturing.The practical part analyses the state of the workplaces before the introduction of 5S and the actual implementation of this methodology. The implementation of 5S brings a number of benefits to the organization, including: - reducing time wasted searching for tools, - improving safety, - boosting employee morale, - building the culture of the organization. Keeping the workspace organized with visual aids helps to increase productivity and reduce waste. The ultimate goal of 5S is continuous improvement in the workplace. The final section evaluates the benefits to the organization after the implementation of 5S. By implementing this strategy, the workplace becomes clean and standardized, allowing employees to work as efficiently as possible. The 5S method creates a more efficient work environment by improving the organization and optimizing the system of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a large development of photovoltaics in Poland and in the world. This work shows how the energy profit of a high-power photovoltaic farm changes with the change of the angle of inclination of the panels on the example of a PV power plant project in the Siemiatycze districtin the Podlaskie Voivodeship. In order to verify the energy gain, measurements were made in the PVSyst program for panels with a power of 600 Wp, the spacing of 10 m or 6 m for angles from 20 ° to 25 °. Based on the analysis, the results were obtained, which indicate that with an increase in the angle of inclination in the studied range of angles, the annual production of energy by power plants increases. The difference between the production for the angle of 20 ° and the angle of 25 ° is 1010 MWh, which means profits higher by almost 1% per year. on the basis of the selected row spacing and angle, an analysis was carried out, which shows that the average amount of energy generated in a 140 MW installation will be approximately 149 246 MWh. The article also contains an analysis of losses which are generated during the work of PV panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the IMPACT WORLD+ life cycle impact assessment methodology, the impact of a facility's life can be analysed. All midpoint scores are expressed in units of substance and refer to twenty-one damage categories. The distinctive feature of this method is its regionalized nature covering the whole world, which distinguishes it from other methods that deal with selected geographical regions. The IMPACT WOLRD+ method, like other methods, emphasises which factors have a high impact on human health and which factors have a negligible share. The new method also introduced new indicators that were not included in other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brake systems of today motor vehicles are technical systems that are characterized by their comprehensive constructional and functional structure. These systems must meet the fundamental requirement, which is the requirement of tightness. Examining tightness of dispersed structurally confined working space (which the braking system of a motor vehicle is) poses a serious challenge for the diagnostics of this system's technical condition. In the natural fashion, it reveals the need to optimize (or to structure) the diagnosing process, in particular, of its tightness. In this article, the author presents an approach to this phenomenon in the light of the theory of logics, the theory of plurality, Boole's algebra and Boolean functions. This approach is illustrated at an example of a motor vehicle's double-circuit hydraulic brake system that consists of the front and rear wheel braking circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical products synthesised using polymer waste have a great significance in industry. Chemical modifications of this type of waste make it possible to obtain products having new properties and at the same time to decrease the amount of usually dangerous waste in the environment. The products can be used in the processes reducing environmental micro-pollutants and in particular in wastewater treatment processes. There are more and more possibilities to use new synthetic polymers in industrial effluents treatment due to dynamic development of the technology of water and sewage treatment. Besides, technological changes of production processes make it necessary to carry out research on new polymers used in the processes of industrial effluents treatment. Despite the fact that in wastewater treatment technologies small amounts of organic polyelectrolytes are used, their global consumption is still quite big. A new generation of chemical products: flocculants synthesised from polymer waste ware used in coal mine pit waters treatment with good results. In the chemical modification of polystyrene waste as well as of post-production waste of phenol–formaldehyde resins, the products of specific flocculation properties and reducing the indicators of macro and micro-pollutants in industrial effluents were obtained. The products appeared to be effective flocculants supporting the coagulation process of coal mine pit waters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Different construction brakes, or devices to reduce speed and stop the various moving parts (including vehicles, were known and used in technology long before the advent of the automotive industry. The essence is to change the braking kinetic energy of the other of them, mostly for heat. Already in the first motor vehicle Karl Benz revealed the importance of braking performance for road safety. With the increase in speed and weight of vehicles has increased the requirements for efficiency, durability and reliability of brakes and their effects on the stability of motion, and ease of control, maintenance and repairs. This resulted in constant improvement and cause design and technological solutions, as well as search and better construction materials and supplies. The paper discusses the causes of accidents, presents new electronic systems for enhancing active safety in vehicles and presents new technical solutions and design of hydraulic brake system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of cars on the road in recent years increased rapidly. It resulted in higher level of traffic hazards. This paper discusses the causes of accidents, presents new electronic systems for enhancing active safety in vehicles and the analysis of the most common failure of the hydraulic brake system, steering and suspension, and their impact on the conduct of the braking process and safety in traffic. Experiments were carried out in the Vehicle Inspection Station. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of specific damages above-mentioned systems to the process and safety of the braking. Cars and trucks with varying degrees of damage were examined for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]