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Hisaka Igarashi,1 Mamoru Shibata,2 Akichika Ozeki,3 Kathleen Ann Day,4 Taka Matsumura3 1Department of Internal Medicine, Fujitsu Clinic, Kawasaki, Japan; 2Department of Neurology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Ichikawa, Japan; 3Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Kobe, Japan; 4Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USACorrespondence: Taka MatsumuraMedical Science, Medicines Development Unit Japan, Eli Lilly Japan K.K., 4-15-1 Akasaka, Akasaka Garden City 13F, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-0052, JapanTel +81 3 5574 9169Fax +81 3 5574 9979Email matsumura_taka@lilly.comPurpose: This study aimed to extensively evaluate the onset and maintenance effect of galcanezumab compared with placebo for the prevention of episodic migraine in Japanese patients.Patients and Methods: This was a post-hoc analysis of a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted between December 2016 and January 2019 (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02959177). Patients aged between 18 and 65 years with episodic migraine were randomized to receive a monthly injection of galcanezumab (120 mg: N = 115, 240 mg: N = 114) or placebo (N = 230) for 6 months. Outcome measures included onset of effect at weekly and daily intervals—assessed by change from baseline in the number of migraine headache days and the proportion of patients with migraine headache—with galcanezumab versus placebo. To further confirm the onset and maintenance effect, the 50% response rate was also evaluated.Results: The mean change from baseline in weekly migraine headache days was significantly reduced with galcanezumab (– 0.97 days) compared with placebo (– 0.10 days) at week 1 (p ≤ 0.0001), which was maintained at all subsequent weeks up to week 4 (all p ≤ 0.0001 vs placebo). A significantly smaller proportion of galcanezumab-treated patients had migraine headache compared with placebo-treated patients at day 1 after the first injection (13.6% vs 31.4%, respectively; p ≤ 0.0001), which was also maintained at all subsequent days during the first week after the first injection. Furthermore, the 50% response rate was significantly higher with galcanezumab compared with placebo from week 1 through month 6.Conclusion: The onset of the migraine preventive effect of galcanezumab was rapid compared with placebo, starting from day 1 after the first injection in Japanese patients with episodic migraine. The effect was maintained during the first week and first month, and throughout 6 months of monthly injections of galcanezumab. Galcanezumab is a promising preventive treatment in Japanese patients with episodic migraine.Keywords: calcitonin gene-related peptide, galcanezumab, Japan, migraine disorders, onset of effect, maintenance effect

Hiroshi Igarashi, Naoki Nago, Hiromichi Kiyokawa, Motoharu Fukushi Musashi Kokubunji Park Clinic, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan Objectives: This study was designed to assess the accuracy of gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, in the diagnosis of Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in children and to determine differences in diagnostic accuracy in boys versus girls.Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 5,755 consecutive patients aged

This paper describes topology optimization of electromagnetic systems using the multigrid method. The topology optimization employs uniform rectangular finite elements, in which the multigrid method works effectively as a fast linear solver. Moreover, the present method uses a new optimization algorithm, based on the artificial immune systems paradigm, in which the multilevel search is carried out. Index Terms--Finite-element method (FEM), immune algorithm, multigrid method, topology optimization.

This paper discusses the comparison between the geometric multigrid (GMG) method and the algebraic multigrid (AMG) method in edge-based finite-element (FE) analysis. The GMG method requires the hierarchical meshes. On the other hand, the AMG method requires the only a single mesh information. The system matrices of the coarse grids are generated using algebraic operation in AMG. The numerical results show that both multigrid methods are faster than the conventional solvers in large-scale analysis. Although multigrid methods require the setup procedures, the calculation time of these procedures is comparatively short and increase linearly with the number of unknowns. Index Terms--Algebraic multigrid (AMG), edge element, finite-element method (FEM), geometric multigrid (GMG).

This paper describes a finite-element analysis of surface microwaves coupled to a cold nonmagnetized plasma for chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The microwave-plasma coupling is taken into account by introducing the frequency-dependent permittivity. The computed resonant modes of the surface wave on the interface between the dielectric and plasma in a cylindrical vessel are shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical ones. Moreover, the computed field distribution for a waveguide loaded cylindrical vessel agrees well with that computed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Index Terms--Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), finite-difference time-domain (FDTD), finite-element method (FEM), plasma, surface wave.