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5. O2 (а1Δg) Airglow at 1.27 μM and upper Mesosphere Dynamics on the Night Side of Venus.

Author

Shakun, A. V., Zasova, L. V., Gorinov, D. A., Khatuntsev, I. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Patsaeva, M. V., and Turin, A. V.

Subjects
MESOSPHERE, AIRGLOW, VENUSIAN atmosphere, VENUS (Planet), ATMOSPHERIC boundary layer
Abstract

This research studies the O2 (a1Δg) nightglow distribution in 1.27 μm to understand the dynamics of the atmosphere of Venus. Several factors were considered in the retrieval process, such as thermal emission of the lower atmosphere, reflection by the clouds. Results show deviation from SS-AS circulation mode: the area where horizontal flows from the dayside converge and where oxygen recombines and emits shifts from the midnight to 22–23 hours local time. This shift is caused by solar-induced thermal tide on Venus nightside. Some conclusions about the upper mesosphere dynamics are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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6. The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., Merzlyakov, D., Moiseev, P. P., Nikolskiy, Y., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Santos-Skripko, A., Sazonov, O., Semena, N., Semenov, A., Shashkin, V., Sidorov, A., Stepanov, A. V., Stupin, I., Timonin, D., Titov, A. Y., Viktorov, A., Zharkov, A., Altieri, F., Arnold, G., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, J. L., Betsis, D. S., Duxbury, N., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Gérard, J.-C., Grassi, D., Guerlet, S., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Khatuntsev, I., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Kuzmin, R. O., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luginin, M., Määttänen, A., Marcq, E., Martin Torres, J., Medvedev, A. S., Millour, E., Olsen, K. S., Patel, M. R., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rodin, A. V., Shematovich, V. I., Thomas, I., Thomas, N., Vazquez, L., Vincendon, M., Wilquet, V., Wilson, C. F., Zasova, L. V., Zelenyi, L. M., and Zorzano, M. P.

Published
2017
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10. AOST: Fourier spectrometer for studying mars and phobos

Author

Korablev, O. I., Grigor’ev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Zasova, L. V., Montmessin, F., Gvozdev, A. B., Shashkin, V. N., Patsaev, D. V., Makarov, V. S., Maksimenko, S. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Fedorova, A. A., Arnold, G., Shakun, A. V., Terentiev, A. I., Zharkov, A. V., Mayorov, B. S., Nikol’sky, Yu. V., Khatuntsev, I. V., Bellucci, G., Giuranna, M., Kuz’min, R. O., and Rodin, A. V.

Published
2012
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11. New in the physics of planetary atmosphere

Author

Korablev, O. I., Zasova, L. V., Fedorova, A. A., Rodin, A. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Breus, T. K., Izakov, M. N., Maiorov, B. S., Krivolutsky, A. A., Petrova, E. V., Ivanov, A. Yu., and Trokhimovskii, A. Yu.

Published
2009
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12. South-polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole

Author

Piccioni, G., Drossart, P., Sanchez-Lavega, A., Hueso, R., Taylor, F. W., Wilson, C. F., Grassi, D., Zasova, L., Moriconi, M., Adriani, A., Lebonnois, S., Coradini, A., Bézard, B., Angrilli, F., Arnold, G., Baines, K. H., Bellucci, G., Benkhoff, J., Bibring, J. P., Blanco, A., Blecka, M. I., Carlson, R. W., Di Lellis, A., Encrenaz, T., Erard, S., Fonti, S., Formisano, V., Fouchet, T., Garcia, R., Haus, R., Helbert, J., Ignatiev, N. I., Irwin, P. G. J., Langevin, Y., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luz, D., Marinangeli, L., Orofino, V., Rodin, A. V., Roos-Serote, M. C., Saggin, B., Stam, D. M., Titov, D., Visconti, G., and Zambelli, M.

Published
2007
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13. A dynamic upper atmosphere of Venus as revealed by VIRTIS on Venus Express

Author

Drossart, P., Piccioni, G., Gérard, J. C., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Sanchez-Lavega, A., Zasova, L., Hueso, R., Taylor, F. W., Bézard, B., Adriani, A., Angrilli, F., Arnold, G., Baines, K. H., Bellucci, G., Benkhoff, J., Bibring, J. P., Blanco, A., Blecka, M. I., Carlson, R. W., Coradini, A., Di Lellis, A., Encrenaz, T., Erard, S., Fonti, S., Formisano, V., Fouchet, T., Garcia, R., Haus, R., Helbert, J., Ignatiev, N. I., Irwin, P., Langevin, Y., Lebonnois, S., Luz, D., Marinangeli, L., Orofino, V., Rodin, A. V., Roos-Serote, M. C., Saggin, B., Stam, D. M., Titov, D., Visconti, G., Zambelli, M., and Tsang, C.

Published
2007
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15. Results of measurements with the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express: Clouds and dust at the end of southern summer. A comparison with OMEGA images

Author

Zasova, L. V., Formisano, V., Moroz, V. I., Bibring, J. -P., Grassi, D., Ignatiev, N. I., Giuranna, M., Bellucci, G., Altieri, F., Blecka, M., Gnedykh, V. N., Grigoriev, A. V., Lellouch, E., Mattana, A., Maturilli, A., Moshkin, B. E., Nikolsky, Yu. V., Patsaev, D. V., Piccioni, G., Ratai, M., Saggin, B., Fonti, S., Khatuntsev, I. V., Hirsh, H., and Ekonomov, A. P.

Published
2006
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16. Winds From the Visible (513 nm) Images Obtained by the Venus Monitoring Camera Onboard Venus Express.

Author

Khatuntsev, I. V., Patsaeva, M. V., Zasova, L. V., Titov, D. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Gorinov, D. A., and Turin, A. V.

Subjects
VENUS (Planet), VENUSIAN atmosphere, ZONAL winds, MERIDIONAL winds, WIND speed
Abstract

We present more than 250,000 wind vectors derived from the visible (513 nm) images captured by the Venus Monitoring Camera (VMC) onboard ESA's Venus Express orbiter in the Southern hemisphere from 01 July 2007 to 29 January 2013. From comparison to the wind velocity derived from tracking of the descent probes, these measurements correspond to 60 ± 3 km altitude, being between two levels 70 ± 2 km and 55 ± 2 km, probed by VMC in ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm) and NIR (965 nm) channels, respectively. The mean zonal wind suggests retrograde circulation with mean zonal wind speed decreasing from 76.5 to 61.5 m/s at 30°–65°S. In low latitudes, 10–20°S, it increased to 82 m/s over the course of the mission. The mean zonal flow depends on local solar time and latitude and is affected by the large‐scale topography. The meridional winds indicated equatorward flow of up to 7 m/s in the middle and low cloud opposite to that derived from simultaneous UV observations at the cloud top. Plain Language Summary: Dynamics of the Venus atmosphere is dominated by a strong zonal retrograde circulation called "superrotation." The physical mechanisms maintaining this unique regime are poorly understood due to insufficient observational data. For about eight years, the Venus Monitoring Camera onboard ESA's Venus Express orbiter monitored motions of the cloud features in three spectral ranges: ultraviolet (UV) (365 nm), visible (513 nm), and near‐infrared (915 nm). These wavelengths probed different altitudes: 70 ± 2 km, 60 ± 3 km, and 55 ± 2 km correspondingly, thus providing wind field tomography. In this paper, we present more than 250,000 wind vectors derived from the visible images. The results suggest decrease of the retrograde mean zonal wind speed from 76.5 to 61.5 m/s at 30°–65°S, and its increase up to 82 m/s at 10–20°S and show pronounced variations with local solar time, latitude, and surface topography. Interestingly, the meridional winds indicate equatorward flow of up to 7 m/s in the deep cloud opposite to that previously derived from UV images at the cloud top. Key Points: More than 250,000 wind vectors at 57–63 km altitude were derived from the images taken by the Venus Monitoring Camera /Venus Express visible (513 nm) channelMean zonal wind speed accelerated by ∼18.5 m/s at 30 ± 5°S over 8 Venusian yearsZonal wind speed decreased from 85 m/s at the equator to 35 m/s at 80°S, meridional wind of up to 7 m/s velocity is directed equatorward [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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17. One Year of ACS/TGO Observations of the Mars Atmosphere

Author

Korablev, O. I., Montmessin, Franck, Fedorova, A. A., Trokhimovskiy, Alexander, Luginin, M., Ignatiev, N. I., Lefèvre, Franck, Shakun, A., Patrakeev, A., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, Jean-Loup, Olsen, Kevin, Baggio, Lucio, Alday, J., Wilson, C. F., Guerlet, S., Young, R. M. B., Millour, E., Forget, F., Grigoriev, A. V., Maslov, I., Patsaev, D., Arnold, G., Grassi, Davide, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), DLR Institut für Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; ACS onboard the ExoMars TGO) observes the martian atmosphere, using solar occultations and nadir. Status update of the ACS results obtained during one year of observations with the emphasis on trace gases, and the major dust event will be given.

Published
2019

18. First Results Of The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) Experiment On Board The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Korablev, Oleg, Montmessin, Franck, Fedorova, A., Trokhimovskiy, Alexander, Ignatiev, N. I., Grigoriev, A. V., Shakun, A. V., Luginin, Mikhail, Olsen, Kevin, Baggio, Lucio, Bertaux, Jean-Loup, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Planetary meteorology, Mars, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract

International audience; The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS), one of four science experiments on board ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission has started science operations in March 2018. ACS consists of three infrared spectrometers targeting the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. ACS channels feature very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and broad spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm). The near-infrared (NIR) channel covers the 0.7-1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ≥20,000. This channel is operated in solar occultation and nadir. In nadir NIR is mostly measuring water vapor and dayside oxygen emission. In solar occultation NIR demonstrates profiling of CO2, H2O with high accuracy and in a broad altitude range, and also the molecular oxygen O2, the first ever profiling in the lower atmosphere. NIR observes occultations together with the two other ACS channels MIR and TIRVIM, either together with another spectrometer aboard TGO, NOMAD, and TIRVIM. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a high spectral resolution (resolving power of 50,000) instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2-4.4 μm range. MIR is conceived to accomplish the most sensitive measurements of the trace gases in the Martian atmosphere, allowing also parallel profiling of the abundant components such as CO2, H2O and their isotopologues. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a Fourier-transform spectrometer with cryogenically-cooled detector encompassing the spectral range of 1.7-17 μm. Observing the CO2 15-µm band in nadir TIRVIM returns temperature profiles from the surface up to 50-60 km, together with the dust and water ice optical depth. Also the surface temperature is measured. In solar occultation TIRVIM delivers profiles of CO2, CO, H2O and aerosols, as well allowing to distinguish between mineral and condensate aerosols. ACS has monitored the state of the martian atmosphere before and during the dust event 2018A. The status of the experiment and key findings available by the time of the conference will be reported.

Published
2018

19. No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations

Author

Belgian Science Policy Office, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, UK Space Agency, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Roscosmos, Russian Government, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, European Space Agency, Korablev, O., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Montmessin, Franck, Fedorova, A. A., Trokhimovskiy, A., Forget, François, Lefèvre, F., Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, L., Erwin, Justin T., Aoki, Shohei, Robert, S., Neary, L., Viscardy, S., Grigoriev, A.V., Ignatiev, N. I., Shakun, Alexey, Patrakeev, A., Belyaev, D.A., Bertaux, J.L., Olsen, K. S., Baggio, L., Alday, J., Ivanov, Y. S., Ristic, Bojan, Mason, J., Willame, Y., Depiesse, C., Hetey, L., Berkenbosch, S., Clairquin, R., Queirolo, C., Beeckman, B., Neefs, E., Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, Wilson, C. F., Etiope, G., Zelenyi, Lev, Svedhem, H., Vago, J. L., Alonso-Rodrigo, G., Altieri, F., Anufreychik, K., Arnold, G., Bauduin, S., Bolsée, D., Funke, Bernd, García Comas, Maia, González-Galindo, F., López-Puertas, Manuel, López-Valverde, M. A., Martín-Torres, F. J., Vazquez, L., Zorzano, María Paz, Belgian Science Policy Office, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, UK Space Agency, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Roscosmos, Russian Government, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, European Space Agency, Korablev, O., Vandaele, Ann Carine, Montmessin, Franck, Fedorova, A. A., Trokhimovskiy, A., Forget, François, Lefèvre, F., Daerden, Frank, Thomas, Ian R., Trompet, L., Erwin, Justin T., Aoki, Shohei, Robert, S., Neary, L., Viscardy, S., Grigoriev, A.V., Ignatiev, N. I., Shakun, Alexey, Patrakeev, A., Belyaev, D.A., Bertaux, J.L., Olsen, K. S., Baggio, L., Alday, J., Ivanov, Y. S., Ristic, Bojan, Mason, J., Willame, Y., Depiesse, C., Hetey, L., Berkenbosch, S., Clairquin, R., Queirolo, C., Beeckman, B., Neefs, E., Patel, Manish R., Bellucci, Giancarlo, López-Moreno, José Juan, Wilson, C. F., Etiope, G., Zelenyi, Lev, Svedhem, H., Vago, J. L., Alonso-Rodrigo, G., Altieri, F., Anufreychik, K., Arnold, G., Bauduin, S., Bolsée, D., Funke, Bernd, García Comas, Maia, González-Galindo, F., López-Puertas, Manuel, López-Valverde, M. A., Martín-Torres, F. J., Vazquez, L., and Zorzano, María Paz

Abstract

The detection of methane on Mars has been interpreted as indicating that geochemical or biotic activities could persist on Mars today1. A number of different measurements of methane show evidence of transient, locally elevated methane concentrations and seasonal variations in background methane concentrations2–5. These measurements, however, are difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of the chemistry and physics of the Martian atmosphere6,7, which—given methane’s lifetime of several centuries—predicts an even, well mixed distribution of methane1,6,8. Here we report highly sensitive measurements of the atmosphere of Mars in an attempt to detect methane, using the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter from April to August 2018. We did not detect any methane over a range of latitudes in both hemispheres, obtaining an upper limit for methane of about 0.05 parts per billion by volume, which is 10 to 100 times lower than previously reported positive detections2,4. We suggest that reconciliation between the present findings and the background methane concentrations found in the Gale crater4 would require an unknown process that can rapidly remove or sequester methane from the lower atmosphere before it spreads globally. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Published
2019

20. Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H2O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Space Agency, Belgian Science Policy Office, European Commission, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Roscosmos, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Russian Government, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Korablev, O., Daerden, Frank, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian R., Altieri, F., López-Valverde, M. A., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Smith, M. D., Erwin, Justin T., Trompet, L., Fedorova, A. A., Montmessin, Franck, Trokhimovskiy, A., Belyaev, D.A., Ignatiev, N. I., Luginin, M., Olsen, K. S., Baggio, L., Alday, J., Bertaux, J.L., Betsis, D., Bolsée, D., Clancy, R. Todd, Cloutis, E., Depiesse, C., Funke, Bernd, García Comas, Maia, Gérard, Jean-Claude, Giuranna, M., González-Galindo, F., Grigoriev, A.V., Ivanov, Y. S., Kaminski, J., Karatekin, O., Lefèvre, F., Lewis, S., López-Puertas, Manuel, Mahieux, A., Maslov, I., Mason, J., Mumma, M.J., Neary, L., Neefs, E., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Ristic, Bojan, Robert, S., López-Moreno, José Juan, Alonso-Rodrigo, G., Martín-Torres, F. J., Vazquez, L., Zorzano, María Paz, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Space Agency, Belgian Science Policy Office, European Commission, UK Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles), Roscosmos, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France), Russian Government, Vandaele, Ann Carine, Korablev, O., Daerden, Frank, Aoki, Shohei, Thomas, Ian R., Altieri, F., López-Valverde, M. A., Villanueva, Geronimo L., Liuzzi, Giuliano, Smith, M. D., Erwin, Justin T., Trompet, L., Fedorova, A. A., Montmessin, Franck, Trokhimovskiy, A., Belyaev, D.A., Ignatiev, N. I., Luginin, M., Olsen, K. S., Baggio, L., Alday, J., Bertaux, J.L., Betsis, D., Bolsée, D., Clancy, R. Todd, Cloutis, E., Depiesse, C., Funke, Bernd, García Comas, Maia, Gérard, Jean-Claude, Giuranna, M., González-Galindo, F., Grigoriev, A.V., Ivanov, Y. S., Kaminski, J., Karatekin, O., Lefèvre, F., Lewis, S., López-Puertas, Manuel, Mahieux, A., Maslov, I., Mason, J., Mumma, M.J., Neary, L., Neefs, E., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Ristic, Bojan, Robert, S., López-Moreno, José Juan, Alonso-Rodrigo, G., Martín-Torres, F. J., Vazquez, L., and Zorzano, María Paz

Abstract

Global dust storms on Mars are rare1,2 but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere3, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust3. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, with potential implications for the atmospheric photochemistry and climate on Mars4. Recent observations of the water vapour abundance in the Martian atmosphere during dust storm conditions revealed a high-altitude increase in atmospheric water vapour that was more pronounced at high northern latitudes5,6, as well as a decrease in the water column at low latitudes7,8. Here we present concurrent, high-resolution measurements of dust, water and semiheavy water (HDO) at the onset of a global dust storm, obtained by the NOMAD and ACS instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. We report the vertical distribution of the HDO/H2O ratio (D/H) from the planetary boundary layer up to an altitude of 80 kilometres. Our findings suggest that before the onset of the dust storm, HDO abundances were reduced to levels below detectability at altitudes above 40 kilometres. This decrease in HDO coincided with the presence of water-ice clouds. During the storm, an increase in the abundance of H2O and HDO was observed at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometres. We propose that these increased abundances may be the result of warmer temperatures during the dust storm causing stronger atmospheric circulation and preventing ice cloud formation, which may confine water vapour to lower altitudes through gravitational fall and subsequent sublimation of ice crystals3. The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere. © 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Published
2019

21. The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of three spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., Merzlyakov, D., Moiseev, P. P., Nikolskiy, Y., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Santos-Skripko, A., Sazonov, O., Semena, N., Semenov, A., Shashkin, V., Sidorov, A., Stepanov, A. V., Stupin, I., Timonin, D., Titov, A. Y., Viktorov, A., Zharkov, A., Altieri, F., Arnold, G., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, J. L., Betsis, D. S., Duxbury, N., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Gérard, J.-C., Grassi, D., Guerlet, S., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Khatuntsev, I., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Kuzmin, R. O., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luginin, M., Määttänen, A., Marcq, E., Martin Torres, J., Medvedev, A. S., Millour, E., Olsen, K. S., Patel, M. R., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rodin, A. V., Shematovich, V. I., Thomas, I., Thomas, N., Vazquez, L., Vincendon, M., Wilquet, V., Wilson, C. F., Zasova, L. V., Zelenyi, L. M., Zorzano, M. P., Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Main Astronomical Observatory of NAS of Ukraine (MAO), National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), National Research Institute for Physical-technical and Radiotechnical Measurements (VNIIFTRI), Scientific Production Enterprise Astron Electronics, Faculty of Physics [MSU, Moscow], Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Berlin] (DLR), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire (LPAP), Université de Liège, Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tohoku University [Sendai], Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology [Moscow] (MIPT), Catholic University of America, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI), Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Department of Computer Science [Kiruna], Luleå University of Technology (LUT), Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (IACT), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INASAN), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Universität Bern [Bern], Facultad de Informática [Madrid], Universidad Complutense de Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (IAS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), PLANETO - LATMOS, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), University of Oxford, and Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)

Subjects
Cross-dispersion, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Atmosphere, 520 Astronomy, Mars, Echelle, Fourier-spectrometer, 620 Engineering, High-resolution spectrometer, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SPACE-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Space Physics [physics.space-ph]
Abstract

International audience; The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.

Published
2018

23. Toward a coherent set of radiative transfer tools for the analysis of planetary atmospheres

Author

Grassi, D., Ignatiev, N. I., Zasova, L. V., Piccioni, G., Adriani, A., Moriconi, M. L., Sindoni, G., D'Aversa, E., Snels, M., Altieri, F., Migliorini, A., Stefani, S., Politi, R., Dinelli, B. M., Geminale, A., and Rinaldi, G.

Subjects
trasferimento radiativo
Abstract

The IAPS experience in the field of analysis of planetary atmospheres from visual and infrared measurements dates back to the early '90 in the frame of the IFSI participation to the Mars96 program. Since then, the forward models as well as retrieval schemes have been constantly updated and have seen a large usage in the analysis of data from Mars Express, Venus Express and Cassini missions. At the eve of a new series of missions (Juno, ExoMars, JUICE), we review the tools currently available to the Italian community, the latest developments and future perspectives. Notably, recent reanalysis of PFS-MEX and VIRTIS-VEX data \citep{Grassi2014} leaded to a full convergence of complete Bayesian retrieval schemes and approximate forward models, achieving a degree of maturity and flexibility quite close to the state-of-the-art NEMESIS package \citep{Irwin2007}. As a test case, the retrieval code for the JIRAM observations of hot-spots will be discussed, with extensive validation against simulated observations.

Published
2016

25. The radiative forcing variability caused by the changes of the upper cloud vertical structure in the Venus mesosphere

Author

Lee, Y. J., Titov, D. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Tellmann, S., Paetzold, M., Piccioni, G., Lee, Y. J., Titov, D. V., Ignatiev, N. I., Tellmann, S., Paetzold, M., and Piccioni, G.

Abstract

The upper cloud layer of Venus is a key factor affecting radiative energy balance of the mesosphere. Observations of the temperature and the cloud top structure by Venus Express revealed their strong variability with latitude. We used the 1-D radiative transfer model to study the dependence of the radiative forcing on the cloud top structure. The cloud top altitude effectively controls outgoing thermal fluxes. Sharp cloud top boundary can produce a pronounced peak of both solar heating and thermal cooling that suggests a radiative origin of temperature inversions in the cold collar. Strong diurnal variation of net forcing at low latitudes can be responsible for the origin of convective cells observed in UV images. Latitudinal contrasts in the radiative forcing in the mesosphere can drive meridional Hadley-type circulation with meridional winds of few m/s and vertical motions with speed of few cm/s. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

27. South polar features on Venus similar to those near the north pole

Author

Piccioni, Giuseppe, Drossart, Pierre, Sanchez-Lavega, A., Hueso, R., Taylor, F. W., Wilson, C. F., Grassi, D., Zasova, L., Moriconi, M., Adriani, A., Lebonnois, Sébastien, Coradini, A., Bézard, B., Angrilli, F., Virtis Venus Express, T., Arnold, G., Baines, K. H., Bellucci, G., Benkhoff, J., Bibring, J. P., Blecka, M. I., Blanco, A., Carlson, R. W., Di Lellis, A., Encrenaz, T., Erard, S., Fonti, S., Formisano, V., Fouchet, T., Garcia, R., Haus, R., Helbert, J., Ignatiev, N. I., Irwin, P. G. J., Langevin, Y., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luz, D., Marinangeli, L., Rodin, A. V., Orofino, V., Roos-Serote, M. C., Saggin, B., Stam, D. M., Titov, D., Visconti, G., Zambelli, M., Ammannito, Eleonora, Barbis, Alessandra, Berlin, Rainer, Luiz, D., Bettanini, Carlo, Boccaccini, Angelo, Bonnello, Guillaume, Bouye, Marc, Capaccioni, Fabrizio, Cardesin Moinelo, Alejandro, Carraro, Francesco, Cherubini, Giovanni, Cosi, Massimo, Dami, Michele, De Nino, Maurizio, Del Vento, Davide, Di Giampietro, Marco, Donati, Alessandro, Dupuis, Olivier, Espinasse, Sylvie, Fabbri, Anna, Veltroni, Iacopo Ficai, Fave, Agnes, Filacchione, Gianrico, Garceran, Katia, Ghomchi, Yamina, Giustini, Maurizio, Gondet, Brigitte, Hello, Yann, Henry, Florence, Hofer, Stefan, Huntzinger, Gerard, Kachlicki, Juergen, Knoll, René, Driss, Kouach, Mazzoni, Alessandro, Melchiorri, Riccardo, Mondello, Giuseppe, Monti, Francesco, Neumann, Christian, Nuccilli, Fabrizio, Parisot, Jerome, Pompei, Carlo, Pasqui, Claudio, Reess, Jean-Michel, Perferi, Stefano, Rivet, Jean-Pierre, Peter, Gisbert, Romano, Antonio, Piacentino, Alain, Russ, Natalie, Santoni, Massimo, Scarpelli, Adelmo, Semery, Alain, Soufflot, Alain, Stefanovitch, Douchane, Suetta, Enrico, Tarchi, Fabio, Tonetti, Nazzareno, Tosi, Federico, Be' Zard, B., Ulmer, Bernd, and A.-L., Et

Subjects
Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

Venus has no seasons, slow rotation and a very massive atmosphere, which is mainly carbon dioxide with clouds primarily of sulphuric acid droplets. Infrared observations by previous missions to Venus revealed a bright 'dipole' feature surrounded by a cold 'collar' at its north pole (1–4). The polar dipole is a 'double-eye' feature at the centre of a vast vortex that rotates around the pole, and is possibly associated with rapid downwelling. The polar cold collar is a wide, shallow river of cold air that circulates around the polar vortex. One outstanding question has been whether the global circulation was symmetric, such that a dipole feature existed at the south pole. Here we report observations of Venus' south-polar region, where we have seen clouds with morphology much like those around the north pole, but rotating somewhat faster than the northern dipole. The vortex may extend down to the lower cloud layers that lie at about 50km height and perhaps deeper. The spectroscopic properties of the clouds around the south pole are compatible with a sulphuric acid composition.

Published
2007

30. Water vapour abundance in Martian atmosphere from revised Mariner 9 IRIS data

Author

Ignatiev N. I., Zasova L. V., Formisano V., Grassi D., and Maturilli A.

Abstract

After the correction for the instrumental effect, Mariner-9 IRIS data were analysed to retrieve water vapour abundance in the southern hemisphere in late summer. Seasonal, latitudinal and diurnal variability of water vapour is studied. The major detected effect is the diurnal peak of Hz0 abundance, which decreases during the period from L, =293’ to L, = 345”.

Published
2002

37. The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., Merzlyakov, D., Moiseev, P. P., Nikolskiy, Y., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Santos-Skripko, A., Sazonov, O., Semena, N., Semenov, A., Shashkin, V., Sidorov, A., Stepanov, A. V., Stupin, I., Timonin, D., Titov, A. Y., Viktorov, A., Zharkov, A., Altieri, F., Arnold, G., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, J. L., Betsis, D. S., Duxbury, N., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Gérard, J.-C., Grassi, D., Guerlet, S., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Khatuntsev, I., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Kuzmin, R. O., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luginin, M., Määttänen, A., Marcq, E., Martin Torres, J., Medvedev, A. S., Millour, E., Olsen, K. S., Patel, M. R., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rodin, A. V., Shematovich, V. I., Thomas, I., Thomas, Nicolas, Vazquez, L., Vincendon, M., Wilquet, V., Wilson, C. F., Zasova, L. V., Zelenyi, L. M., and Zorzano, M. P.

Subjects
520 Astronomy, 620 Engineering, 7. Clean energy
Abstract

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ~20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm⁻¹. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ~60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.

38. The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

Author

Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., Merzlyakov, D., Moiseev, P. P., Nikolskiy, Y., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Santos-Skripko, A., Sazonov, O., Semena, N., Semenov, A., Shashkin, V., Sidorov, A., Stepanov, A. V., Stupin, I., Timonin, D., Titov, A. Y., Viktorov, A., Zharkov, A., Altieri, F., Arnold, G., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, J. L., Betsis, D. S., Duxbury, N., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Gérard, J.-C., Grassi, D., Guerlet, S., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Khatuntsev, I., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Kuzmin, R. O., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luginin, M., Määttänen, A., Marcq, E., Martin Torres, J., Medvedev, A. S., Millour, E., Olsen, K. S., Patel, M. R., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rodin, A. V., Shematovich, V. I., Thomas, I., Thomas, N., Vazquez, L., Vincendon, M., Wilquet, V., Wilson, C. F., Zasova, L. V., Zelenyi, L. M., Zorzano, M. P., Korablev, O., Montmessin, F., Trokhimovskiy, A., Fedorova, A. A., Shakun, A. V., Grigoriev, A. V., Moshkin, B. E., Ignatiev, N. I., Forget, F., Lefèvre, F., Anufreychik, K., Dzuban, I., Ivanov, Y. S., Kalinnikov, Y. K., Kozlova, T. O., Kungurov, A., Makarov, V., Martynovich, F., Maslov, I., Merzlyakov, D., Moiseev, P. P., Nikolskiy, Y., Patrakeev, A., Patsaev, D., Santos-Skripko, A., Sazonov, O., Semena, N., Semenov, A., Shashkin, V., Sidorov, A., Stepanov, A. V., Stupin, I., Timonin, D., Titov, A. Y., Viktorov, A., Zharkov, A., Altieri, F., Arnold, G., Belyaev, D. A., Bertaux, J. L., Betsis, D. S., Duxbury, N., Encrenaz, T., Fouchet, T., Gérard, J.-C., Grassi, D., Guerlet, S., Hartogh, P., Kasaba, Y., Khatuntsev, I., Krasnopolsky, V. A., Kuzmin, R. O., Lellouch, E., Lopez-Valverde, M. A., Luginin, M., Määttänen, A., Marcq, E., Martin Torres, J., Medvedev, A. S., Millour, E., Olsen, K. S., Patel, M. R., Quantin-Nataf, C., Rodin, A. V., Shematovich, V. I., Thomas, I., Thomas, N., Vazquez, L., Vincendon, M., Wilquet, V., Wilson, C. F., Zasova, L. V., Zelenyi, L. M., and Zorzano, M. P.

Abstract

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrum

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