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Sluznični melanom je redka bolezen. Za njo najpogosteje zbolijo starejši ljudje, ženske bolj kot moški. Incidence ja relativno stabilna. Ob postavitvi diagnoze ima četrtina bolnikov s sluzničnim melanom napredovalo obliko bolezni, kar je posledica agresivnosti bolezni in ˝skritih˝ lezij s posledično zapoznelo diagnozo. 5-letno preživetje je najnižje v primerjavi z drugimi oblikami melanoma, če izključimo najredkejšo obliko melanoma, primarni leptomeningealni melanom. Biološke lastnosti sluzničnega melanoma se precej razlikujejo od lastnosti kožnega melanoma. Adjuvantno sistemsko zdravljenje je nujno potrebno, zaenkrat ni dovolj podatkov o njem. Kombinirana imunoterapija je terapija izbora zdravljenja metastatske oblike bolezni. Tarčna terapija ima svoje mesto le pri zdravljenju bolnikov z natančno določenimi tarčami (V600 Braf mutacija oz. cKIT mutacija).

Sluznični melanom je redka bolezen. Najpogosteje se pojavi na sluznici področja glave in vratu, genitalnega trakta in anorektalni sluznici. Bolniki imajo ob diagnozi v večjem deležu prisotne regionalne ali oddaljene zasevke (najpogosteje v jetrih in pljučih). Sluznični melanom se od kožnega melanoma razlikuje v biologiji, kliničnem poteku in prognozi. Aktivirajoče mutacije gena c-KIT so prisotne pri večjem številu bolnikov s sluzničnim melanomom. V primeru prisotne c-KIT mutacije pride v poštev tarčno zdravljenje z imatinibom.

Rak trebušne slinavke je v 90% primerov pankreatični duktalni adenokarcinom (PDAC). Čeprav ta predstavlja 3% vseh malignomov, je odgovoren za 5% smrti zaradi rakavih bolezni. Je ˝tihi˝rak, zato ga po navadi odkrijemo v napredovali fazi bolezni, ko radikalna operacija ni več možna. Le 25% bolnikov ima ob postavitvi diagnoze potencialno ozdravljivo bolezen. Neoadjuvantna sistemska terapija je indicirana za zdravljenje bolnikov z mejno resektabilnim PDAC. Adjuvantna sistemska terapija se priporoča pri vseh bolnikih, vključno s tumorji stadija 1, ki niso bili zdravljenji z neoadjuvantno sistemsko terapijo in so po resekciji PADC. Paliativna sistemska terapija je edina možnost zdravljenja bolnikov z lokalno napredovalim neresktabilnim in metastatskim PDAC.

Dill (Anethum graveolens L., Apiaceae) has been used for centuries as a spice, as well as a remedy for gastrointestinal problems in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Anethum graveolens L. (AGEE) on the smooth muscle contractile activity of rat isolated ileal and tracheal strips. AGEE was obtained by using ultrasonic extraction from air-dried and powdered leaves of cultivated Anethum graveolens L. This study examined the effects of AGE on the spontaneous, KCl (80 mM), Acetylcholine and CaCl2-induced smooth muscle contraction of isolated rat ileum, as well as on the contractile activity of isolated rat trachea induced by Carbachol and KCl (80 mM). Results showed that AGEE produced significant (p < 0.01) concentration-dependent relaxation of spontaneous and induced contractions of ileal smooth muscle. Addition of AGEE significantly (p < 0.01) reduced in a dose dependent manner the contractile effects of the carbachol and KCl on the isolated rat trachea. Our findings indicate that AGEE decreased contractile response of rat ileal and tracheal smooth muscle.

no abstract, Onkologija : a medical-scientific journal, Vol. 26 No. 2 (2022)

U Srbiji trihineloza je jedna od najznačajnijih zoonoza koje se prenose hranom. Prvi izveštaj o nalazu kod svinja je iz 1918. godine, a prvi slučaj kod ljudi 1923. godine u Zemunu. Detekcija prisustva trihinele je prvobitno vršena trihineloskopijom. Od 1984. uvedena je veštačka digestija. Savremeni sistemi proizvodnje svinjskog mesa, mere kontrole, metoda veštačke digestije eliminisali su meso svinja sa velikih farmi kao izvor trihineloze. Prvi put u Srbiji Nacionalna referentna laboratorija za trihinelozu (NRLT) organizovala je 2017. godine kontrolu kvaliteta rada za detekciju larvi trihinele u mesu metodom magnetne mešalice (MSM). Svi učesnici (veterinarski instituti) uspešno su prošli testiranje. Članovi tima NRLT napravili su (2019. godine) novi cELISA test za otkrivanje infekcije trihinelom kod životinja i ljudi i Svetska komisija za trihinelozu ga je prepoznala kao koristan za međunarodnu upotrebu. Epidemiološki podaci iz poslednjih decenija ukazuju da je broj obolelih ljudi kao i broj zaraženih životinja značajno smanjen. Svinjsko meso je godinama najčešći izvor infekcije ljudi u Srbiji. Slučajevi se javljaju u porodičnim epidemijama i rizik je povezan sa konzumacijom svinjskog mesa u kome se nalaze larve Trichinella, a uzgajaju se bez primene higijenskih pravila i životinje nisu veterinarski testirane (epidemija u Obrenovcu i Parizu, Francuska). U većini slučajeva T. spiralis je bila etiološki agens infekcije, ali smo u 2016. godini imali veliku epidemiju izazvanu konzumacijom mesa divljih svinja koje je sadržalo larve T britovi (Čajetina, 123 osobe). Važno je: 1. Lovce i potrošače mesa svinja i mesa divljači u Srbiji edukovati o riziku u vezi sa konzumiranjem neproverenog mesa. 2. Kontrola sistema kvaliteta kod veterinarskih subjekata koji rade testiranje na prisustvo larvi trihinele u uzorcima mesa, kao i redovno učešće u PT. In Serbia Trichinellosis is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases. The first report of swine infection was in 1918 and first human case was in 1923. From 1984 artificial digestion was adopted for use in preventing human trichinellosis. Modern pork production systems, implemented control measures, artificial digestion method have eliminated farm pork as a source for trichinellosis. For the first time in Serbia National Reference Laboratory for trichinellosis (NRLT) organized in 2017 proficiency test (PT) for the detection of Trichinella larvae in meat by Magnetic Stirrer Method (MSM). All participants (veterinary institutes) successfully passed the testing. Members of NRLT team made (in 2019) new cELISA test for detection of Trichinella infection in animals and humans and the ICT recognized the test as useful for international use. Epidemiological data from the last decades indicate that the number of human cases as well as the number of infected animals has decreased significantly. Over the years, pork was the most frequent source of human trichinellosis. Cases generally occurred in family outbreaks and risk is linked to untested backyard pork consumption. Meat and meat products offered to relatives and friends may be source of infection with Trichinella when backyard pigs are raised without any compliance with hygienic rules and animals are not veterinary tested. In most numbers of outbreaks T. spiralis were the etiological agent of infection but in 2016 we had a large outbreak provoked by consumption of wild boar meat containing T britovi larvae. It is important that: 1. Hunters and consumers of backyard pigs and wild game meat should be educated about the risk associated with consumption of untested meat. 2. Control of Trichinella QA system in veterinary subjects (testing for Trichinella presence in meat samples) and regularly participation in PTs are needed to achieve safe food for consumers.

Generally speaking, the hereditarily-legal position of a wife in all phases of Roman law evolution was very bad. The reason lies in the fact that a wife, almost throughout the whole Roman history, was considered a stranger in a family. On the other hand, the possibility of getting remarried i.e. getting married again, after the death of the husband posed a constant threat for the family property, because it would compromise the fate of the family property. Unlike that “the marriage in Istrian fashion” represents the marital property union which makes the wife a co-acquisitor in the marriage and that improves her position in property when she becomes a widow. The influence on this legal solution can be found in the Frankish law and the wife‟s right for the third of the property – tertia. But, the solution in Istra went one step further. It admits to the surviving spouse, which benefits the widow, the right to the half of the property, which also takes into the account premarital property brought to the marriage

Extracellular nucleotides affect female reproductive functions, fertilization, and pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate biochemical characteristics of ATP and ADP hydrolysis and identify E-NTPDases in myometrial cell membranes from Wistar albino rats. The apparent K (m) values were 506.4 +/- A 62.1 and 638.8 +/- A 31.3 mu M, with a calculated V (max) (app) of 3,973.0 +/- A 279.5 and 2,853.9 +/- A 79.8 nmol/min/mg for ATP and ADP, respectively. The enzyme activity described here has common properties characteristic for NTPDases: divalent cation dependence; alkaline pH optimum for both substrates, insensitivity to some of classical ATPase inhibitors (ouabain, oligomycine, theophylline, levamisole) and significant inhibition by suramine and high concentration of sodium azides (5 mM). According to similar apparent K-m values for both substrates, the ATP/ADP hydrolysis ratio, and Chevillard competition plot, NTPDase1 is dominant ATP/ADP hydrolyzing enzyme in myometrial cell membranes. RT-PCR analysis revealed expression of three members of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family (NTPDase 1, 2, and 8) in rat uterus. These findings may further elucidate the role of NTPDases and ATP in reproductive physiology. Serbian Ministry of Education and Science [173044, 41014]

The protection of human and minority rights has been one of the most serious and important issues since the Roman law until today. Historically speaking, minority groups have always been part of the population of different countries throughout human history and they have always had their distinctive ethical, religious, cultural or linguistic features which differentiated them from the majority population in their countries. Within the framework of a specific legal system, their human rights’ protection is a complex issue considering that it necessarily has to be interpreted in light of the basic constitutional principles and that the protection of their rights actually implies a compromise between the existing legal system and the diversity of their cultural, ethical, linguistic, racial and national characteristics which are the fundamental elements in defining the concept of minority. In this paper, the author explores the human and minority rights’ protection in the Roman law by considering the role of the Roman legislation in the period of the Roman Republic in providing for the protection of human and minority rights as well as the contribution of the Roman legislation from this period to establishing the basic legal principles in the area of contemporary civil and constitutional law. Concurrently, these two significant features illustrate of the universal nature of Roman law.

Given the considerable interest of the international community in the protection of national minorities, this issue has been re-addressed and made the focal point of extensive scientific study. In fact, the protection of human and minority rights has always been an issue of concern and interest. Historically speaking, minority groups have always been part of the population of different countries throughout human history and they have always had their distinctive ethical, religious, cultural or linguistic features which differentiated them from the majority population in their countries. In the states of the ancient world, the human rights protection of this category of population was subject to a more or less extensive debate, primarily depending on the level of social development of each state. In the Roman slavery system of government, this issue became prominent only after the expansion of the state in the second period of the Roman Empire, particularly after the fall of the Carthaginian Empire in the Second Punic War of 201 BC. In this paper, the author provides a brief overview of the social circumstances in the second period of the Roman Empire particularly and elaborates on the protection of minority rights, with specific reference to the legal position of peregrines as a minority group in the Roman law.

Contract of mandate is a contract by which one party (the proxy) requires that without or for a fee undertakes certain legal transactions in the name and on behalf of another party (authoriser), which gives authority to the job. The subject of this contract is not material, but a legal transaction. This means that the proxy in the name and for the account of the principal states will, in terms of the conclusion of a specific legal transaction. However, by taking legal work on behalf of the principal, the proxy does not become a creditor or the debtor, but it remains authoriser. In other words, undertaking legal work on behalf of others, means that legal facts organized in this way, or performed legal transactions directly satisfy the principal and at the same time and all of the possible effects that these products belong to the principal legal affairs, since the attorney concluded legal work on behalf of the principal. In modern law the scope of legal activities that can be undertaken through a representative, it is really great and distinct. Today, in contemporary law, accepted rule is that legal issues can take proxies unless law expressly does not prohibit it. For example, the possibility of representation is not permissible in the will. This definition of the term contract authorization point to the fact that this is only one possible way of representation. Representing such a legal relationship on the basis of which a person takes legal affairs in the name and on behalf of another person, based not only on the agreement of the contracting parties but also on other acts, such as the law, the statute of the legal person, court decisions etc. Contract of mandate has its origins in Roman times, and therefore from the Roman law. At the time this contract had certain peculiarities that today, the contemporary law does not recognize. First of all, the old Roman law does not recognize the principle on which basis legal matters can be taken in someone else's name and for someone else, but it was thought that the legal work is done by only those persons who directly conclude a specific legal transaction. Even later, when there was a need for guidance of else’s affairs, the principle used provided that the attorney takes legal affairs for the grantor always in his own (the attorney’s) name. In further, this meant that the attorney from the moment of conclusion of the legal transaction became a creditor or a debtor, with the obligation to transfer effect of a legal transaction to the grantor. In Roman law, the authorized person could undertake factual jobs, not just legal, provided that he is not seeking any reward for the undertaken work. In further, this meant that, in the initial stage of development of Roman law, this agreement was amicable and based on trust and, therefore belongs to the group of good legal jobs. So, mandatum was concluded with a friend or a person that owed a favor. According to Romans, this mandate was more an `empirical constatation ` than a` rational principle`. In the further development of Roman law, this agreement was a twosided unequal binding contract (contractus bilateralis inaequalis), since the proxy obliged to perform free some job on behalf of the principal, who gave the warrant for that job to the proxy. Despite the fact that there was no legal obligation on the side of the principal in terms of the award, mandatum was considered contractus bilateralis inaequalis, since the authoriser had an obligation to the attorney, in case that the proxy had costs for the completed work. This agreement belonged to the group of consensual contracts. In short, mandatum in Roman law was a bonded relationship. Its definition is: Mandatum is a contract by which one party (authoriser, mandant) requires the other party (representative, mandator) to perform some affair in its account, and the other side undertakes to perform the obligation for free. When we are talking about the realization of demands of the mandate, the representative had at his disposal actio mandati directa. Mandatum was based on the bearing of personal trust between authoriser and representative, so the death of any of them, led to the termination of authorization given the contract extinguished. Mandator had no right to continue using the authorization if mandant died, nor the heirs of the mandator were obliged to execute the orders which he received from a client. But the obligations of both parties which were in some way completed while they were alive are crossing to the successors of both parties. Also, whenever one party wished to terminate the contract through unilateral cancellation, mandatum would be extinguished. In modern law, the power of attorney has a broad application, and in a practical legal system it occurs frequently. With this contract the person who does not want to, guided by any reasons, participate in a specific legal affair (eg. for reasons of incompetence, incapacity or absence) authorizes another person to work in someone else's name and the account, and in this way, all legal and property effects that would have been achieved in the presence of authoriser, belong to an authoriser. The contemporary law provides an award for the proxy (eg. award for the attorney). The subject of this dissertation will also be the analysis of the development of the power of attorney, in medieval society, through the French Code Civil, the Austrian civil code, the Serbian civil code, the German and the Swiss civil code. In the legal provisions that determine the power of attorney in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia there are no big differences. The only difference is the number of the articles of the Law on Obligations, as well as in other laws that contain provisions devoted to the power of attorney. For example, in the Republic of Macedonia these are the articles 81-86, and in the Republic of Serbia, under number 89-94. Legal provisions that determine the power of attorney in both republics come to the fact that the power of attorney represents an authorization for representation, that authoriser gives to an attorney by the legal transaction. The existence and scope of the power of attorney are independent of the legal relationship on which basis they are given. By law, the proxy may be a legal entity. The attorney can undertake only those legal transactions for which he is authorized. Authoriser can narrow or revoke his authorization, even if he renounced this right in the contract. Revocation of power of attorney and its narrowing has no influence on the third person who has concluded a contract with a representative, or perform other legal work, and did not know nor had to know that the power of attorney is revoked, or narrowed. The power of attorney ceases by termination of a legal entity as a proxy, as well as by the death of a representative. The reason of the similarity of these provisions in the two republics is in the fact that they were once part of the same large country. Thus, legislators are now, in separate states, considering this problem in a similar way.