Search

Modern cultivated strawberry is propagated vegetatively using stolons and crowns, but this clonal propagation of strawberry makes propagation labor-intensive and time-consuming, and introduces the risk of the virus and pathogen transfer from the mother plant to the nursery plant. Therefore, there has long been a need for seed–propagated strawberry cultivars. We tested the genetic similarity of seed-propagated F1 hybrids strawberry using seven simple sequence repeat markers. We detected high (> 0.90) genetic similarity among individuals of F1 hybrids developed by crossbreeding between these inbred lines and individuals of S9 or S11 inbred lines derived from ‘Benihoppe’, ‘Toyonoka’, and ‘Akihime’, original cultivars. The genetic similarity among inbred lines increased with the advancement of selfing generations, and that of F1 hybrids produced through hybridization between inbred lines was also very high. Although the genetic similarity among these individual of inbred lines and F1 hybrids was very high, some variation was detected, but it did not result in morphological differences. With the advancement of selfing generations, the yield and fruit weight tended to decrease in the F1 hybrids. To develop commercially useful seed-propagated cultivars, the effects of different cross combinations or crossing among and within selfing generations should be investigated.

Organic fertilizers were applied in four different forms: mixed organic matter, fermentation cake, bacterial culture, and rice husks, excluding conventional chemical fertilizer and non-treatment used as control. The results showed that soil pH was acidified after fermentation cake and chemical fertilizer treatment. Specifically, chemical fertilizer treatment showed higher phosphoric-acid content than other treatments, while total N content was higher in fermentation cake, mixed organic matter and chemical fertilizer. Growth of Codonopsis lanceolata showed superior tendency in the treatment of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake. Lancemacides, the major saponin of C. lanceolata, could be identified as foetidissimoside A, lancemaside A, lancemaside B, and lancemaside D. However, among them, quantitative analysis could not be conducted on foetidissimoside A due to its very low content, and lancemaside A was the most abundant saponin in the root from all the treatments. The content of lancemaisde A according to organic fertilizer application showed the highest value of 0.12 mg g−1 in the treatment of mixed organic matter, followed by the fermentation cake, bacterial culture, non-treatment, rice husks and chemical fertilizer, in that order. The content of lancemaside B and D was very low compared to lancemaside A, and there was no difference among treatments. Therefore, it was verified that the growth of C. lanceolata was superior in application of mixed organic matter and fermentation cake, and the major saponin, lancemaside A, was also increased.

The levels of major bioactive compounds, such as amino acids and antioxidants, were investigated in okra sprouts and seeds of the varieties ‘Green Sword’ and ‘Benny’. Total polyphenol content was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, followed by ‘Benny’ hypocotyls and ‘Green Sword’ cotyledons. Polyphenol and flavonoid content in the two varieties were approximately 5- to 6-fold higher in sprouts than in seeds, and were higher in the cotyledons than in other tissues within the sprout. Activity of the radical scavenger DPPH was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, and mean values were 7.3-fold higher in sprouts than in seeds. Total amino acid content in both varieties was the highest in hypocotyls, followed by cotyledons and seeds. This content was about 40-fold higher in hypocotyls than in seeds. Alanine and Glycyrrhizin were the most abundant amino acids. Total vitamin C content was the highest in ‘Benny’ cotyledons, followed by ‘Green Sword’ cotyledons, and the lowest in hypocotyls of both varieties. In ‘Green Sword’ seeds, the levels of vitamins B1, B3, B5, and B6 were higher than the levels of B2 and B9. In ‘Benny’, B1 and B3 content were higher in the cotyledon, while B2, B5, and B9 content were higher in the hypocotyl. This study demonstrates the potential of okra sprouts to be used as a functional food ingredient and as a source of antioxidants.

Fragaria × ananassa (Duch). cultivars ‘,Wongyo 3115 a’nd ‘Wongyo 3116 ,’were bred as an intermediate parent line using heterosis of F 1 hybrids in octoploid strawberry. These two new cultivars were developed as inbred lines (S 9 generation) propagated from both seed and runners/stolons. ‘Wongyo 3115’, an inbred line derived from the ‘Benihoppe’ cultivar, has a semi-upright plant shape showing a vigorless growth habit, weaker than the original ‘Benihoppe’ cultivar; it has early flower bud differentiation and produces 10 flowers per cluster when grown from healthy seed. ‘Wongyo 3115’ has low yields of conical type fruit with pink colored skin; average fruit weight is approximately 11 g. The important characteristic of ‘Wongyo 3115’is its excellent fruit firmness, firmer than the original variety. ‘Wongyo 3116’, an inbred line derived from the ‘Doyonoka’ cu ltivar, has an upright plant shape, vigorless growth habit, weaker than that of the original ‘Doyonoka’ cultivar; it has early flower bud differentiation and produces 8 flowers per cluster when grown from healthy seed ‘.Wongyo 3116 ’has oblate type fruits with red skin and an average weight of approximately 12 g. The important characteristics of ‘Wongyo 3116’ are excellent fruit shape and higher yield than other inbred lines, although it produces small fruits compared to the original cultivar. Both culti vars have excellent taste, high sugar/acid ratio, and good texture. In regards to disease and pest resistance, ‘Wongyo 3115’ and ‘Wongyo 3116’ have a tendency to be sensitive to powdery mildew, anthracnose and the two-spotted spider mite.Additional key words

‘Seeberry’ is a short-day F 1 hybrid strawberry for seed propagation, that was released by the Protected Horticulture Experiment Station (RDA, Republic of Korea) in 2013. Inbred lines derived from domestic germplasms and selected varieties were used to develop this cultivar. ‘Seeberry’ originated from a cross of two inbred lines: a male parent ‘Wongyo 3115’ with high firmness and a female parent ‘Wongyo 3116’ with excellent fruit shape and high yield. ‘Seeberry’ cultivar should be grown with a crown diameter of over 10 mm to reveal its unique characteristics. ‘Seeberry’ has an upright plant shape with elliptic leaves, 12-15 flowers per cluster, vigorless growth habit, and average flower bud differentiation compared to vegetatively prop agated cultivars. Fruits of ‘Seeberry’ are conical, having light skin color and approximately 15-16 g in average weight. Yield of this cultivar is about 92% lower than that of ‘Akihime’, but ‘Seeberry’ has excellent taste, sugar content of 9.7 °Bx, acidity of 0. 6%, and good texture. With regard to disease and pest resistance, ‘Seeberry’ is sensitive to powdery mildew, aphids, and the two-sp otted spider mite, and is resistant to anthracnose.Additional key words

Background: Immature fruit of Rubus coreanus, also known as “Bokbunja” in Korea, have been used as traditional medicinal plant in East-Asia. Although several studies have been conducted to the fruit composition of R. coreanus, research on the antioxidant composition of branch and leaves are limited. Objectives: We aimed to analyze the contents of five antioxidants in leaves and branches of R. coreanus using different extraction method. Materials and Methods: R. coreanus were cultivated at the research farm of the Gyeongsang National University. R. coreanus plants were harvested in May and July, and leaf and branch extracts were prepared using the ultrasonic bath and reflux extraction methods and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The ultrasonic bath extraction method extracted 7.1 and 1.5 mg/100 g gallic acid from leaves and branches, respectively, whereas the reflux extraction method yielded 12.4 and 16.5 mg/100 g, respectively. Thus, reflux extraction was superior to ultrasonic bath for both leaf and branch parts. In the extracts prepared by reflux extraction, contents of all five compounds were higher in leaves than in branches. In leaves extracted with the reflux extraction method, ellagic acid was the most abundant, followed by quercetin-3-O-glucoside (24.7 mg/100 g), gallic acid (12.4 mg/100 g), quercetin (7.3 mg/100 g), and kaempferol (1.5 mg/100 g). Contents of all compounds were higher in May (1.1 mg/g) than in July (0.7 mg/g). Conclusion: R. coreanus plant was identified to show antioxidant activity and to present abundantly five antioxidants not only in fruit but also in leaves and branches in May. Specially, quercetin was three-fold higher in leaves than in fruit juice.

The bacterial pathogen Pantoea sp. strain PPE7 causes severe soft rot disease in the king oyster mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii. Typical symptoms of the disease include a dark-brown water drop at early stages of infection, ultimately leading to soft rot accompanied with an offensive odour. In this study, we showed that inoculation of Flammulina velutipes and Agaricus bisporus mushrooms with Pantoea sp. strain PPE7 also resulted in severe disease, including water-soaked lesions and soft rot symptoms. Treatment with chlorine solution (175 to 700 ppm active chlorine) significantly reduced the incidence of soft rot symptoms in Pleurotus eryngii. However, exposure to concentrations greater than 350 ppm caused harmful effects such as bleaching on the cap of the fruit body. Calcium hypochlorite solutions with 175 ppm active chlorine were effective for reducing soft rot disease of Pleurotus eryngii without affecting the mushroom yield.

Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence analysis was used to assess stress tolerance in wild and cultivated strawberry species. We found that the parameters, photochemical quenching (1-qP), non-photochemical quenching (qN), and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), can serve as stress indicators because they are sensitive to early responses to stress. The most sensitive region used for measuring Chl fluorescence in strawberry leaves was the upper surfaces of leaflets located in the middle of new leaves. An analysis of the Chl fluorescence characteristics of strawberry species showed that octoploid species had greater stress tolerance than diploid species. The ‘Whiteberry’ maintained high levels of 1-qP and qN through the dissipation of excess excitation energy as heat during early stress treatment. These results suggest that ‘Whiteberry’ has a photoinhibition system that allows it to respond to stress in a more sensitive manner than other cultivars. Therefore, among the Chl fluorescence parameters examined, 1-qP and qN, can serve as good indicators for comparing stress tolerance, and they can be used to simultaneously screen many plants for stress tolerance in strawberry breeding programs.

Seed viability testing provides valuable information for assessing seed lot germinability. However, most testing methods require destruction of seed prior to test. Because the dissected seeds for viability test cannot be used further evaluation, the nondestructively X-ray photography technique that can be applied for the evaluation of seed quality has been developed. In order to know the validity and accuracy of X-ray photography technique in seed evaluation test that conducted to remove the abnormal seed from a seed lot, we have compared the results from tetrazolium viability test, germination test and X-ray contrast method in cotton. Metallic salts treatment increased the efficiency of X-ray photographic method by enhancing the penetration of X-ray in abnormal or damaged seeds rather than normal seeds that have strong and well-organized tissues in seed. Cotton seeds presoaked for 16 hr in distilled water followed by soaking into metallic salt solution (5% NaI in water) for 60 min were easily classified seeds into dead seed and viable seed based on the radio-graphy images obtained by X-ray radiation. We concluded that soft X-ray photography was reliable to find out the various defective characters due to heat and mechanical damage of seeds.

A new cultivar 'Daewang' strawberry was developed by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science for forcing culture in 2010. The cultivar 'Daewang' was originated from the cross between 'Maehyang', a high firmness cultivar and 'Wongyo 3111', a high sugar content in 2006. The cultivar shows erect plant type, vigorous growth habit, early flower bud differentiation with 12-15 flowers per cluster from planting on healthy nursery. Fruits of 'Daewang' are conical type having a bright red skin color, and 16-17 g in an average weight. 'Daewang' is suitable for forcing culture as time required for dormancy breaking ranged between 50 and 100 hours. This cultivar has excellent taste for high sugar/acid ratio as sugar content of 11.1 °Brix, acidity of 0.39% with abundant texture and can be harvested by late spring because the fruit firmness of 'Daewang' was 18.2 g·mm -2 that was about 7.9 g·mm -2 higher than 10.3 g·mm -2 of 'Akihime' cultivar. But although total yield is not significantly different from 'Akihime' cultivar, its marketable yield is remarkably higher than that of 'Akihime' cultivar. Disease and pest resistance of 'Daewang' have a tendency to sensitive powdery mildew, anthracnose and spotted spider.

With 4 figures and 3 tables Abstract The strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) plant is an octoploid vegetative propagated plant, and its cultivation is labour intensive in comparison with other plants propagated from seeds. The aims of this study were to develop an inbred line from octoploid strawberry and to generate an F1 hybrid cultivar through the combination of inbred lines. All inbred lines were obtained through selfing using five cultivars. Inbred lines were produced by selecting the best individuals for further inbreeding from each of the previous generations. Plant vigour and yield in inbred lines were low compared with the original cultivar, but completely recovered in the F1 hybrid. Breeding of inbred lines in octoploid strawberry can be achieved if individuals showing inbreeding depression are eliminated and vigorous individuals are selected, resulting in a strong heterosis of F1 hybrids through crossing between inbred lines.

The karyotypes of Fragaria species, diploid (Fragaria vesca ‘UC-01’, ‘Hawaii-30’, Fragaria nilgerrensis ‘Whiteberry’) and octoploid (Fragaria × ananassa ‘Akihime’), were analyzed using a method based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using ribosomal DNA probes (5S rDNA and 45S rDNA). All diploid species of F. vesca and F. nilgerrensis had 2n = 14 chromosomes, while F. × ananassa, an octoploid species, were 2n = 56. The total length of somatic metaphase chromosome was measured as 12.22, 13.61, and 11.19 μm for ‘UC-01’, ‘Hawaii-30’, and ‘Whiteberry’, respectively, and ‘Akihime’ measured 94.23 μm. The karyotypes were composed of 6 pairs of metacentric and 1 pair of submetacentric in ‘UC-01’ and ‘Whiteberry’, and 5 pairs of metacentric and 2 pairs of submetacentric in ‘Hawaii-30’. 5S rDNA loci were detected in 1 pair from ‘UC-01’, ‘Hawaii-30’ and ‘Whiteberry’, and 45S rDNA loci were detected in 3 pairs from ‘UC-01’ and ‘Hawaii-30’, whereas 45S rDNA loci were detected in 2 pairs from ‘Whiteberry’. In octoploid strawberry ‘Akihime’, 45S rDNA signals were observed at 12 chromosomes, and 5S rDNA signals were observed at 2 chromosomes.

Interspecific crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberry species F. vesca and F. nilgerrensis and the cultivated strawberry, F. × ananassa, following reciprocal crossing. Crosses between both F. vesca species ‘Hawaii-30’ and ‘UC-01’ were successful regardless of the presence of reciprocal crossing, while crosses with ‘Whiteberry’ of the F. nilgerrensis species were not successful. In particular, intraspecific hybridization of ‘Hawaii-30’ and ‘UC-01’ in the F. vesca species produced a tetraploid plant. Although octoploid ‘Akihime’ did not cross with different species, it performed well with ‘Hawaii-30’ only through the parent seed. Progenies of interspecific hybridization between species of different ploidy, namely ‘Hawaii-30’ and ‘Akihime’, produced 12 pentaploid plants with an intermediate phenotype between the crossing parents and characterized by sterility. In addition, despite its poor hybridization, a cross-combination between ‘Akihime’ and ‘Whiteberry’ produced one pentaploid plant, which did not bloom.

Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJ) is traditionally used in folk medicines to treat patients suffering from skin disease in Korea and other parts of East Asia. However, the beneficial effect of RJ extract on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of RJ on AD in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with RJ inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-&kappa, B) in tumor necrosis factor-&alpha, (TNF-&alpha, ) stimulated in HaCaT cells. The five-week-old Balb/c mice were used as an AD-like mouse model by treating them with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Topical administration of RJ to DNCB-treated mice significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity, epidermal thickness, and decreased mast cell and eosinophil infiltration into skin and ear tissue. These results suggest that RJ inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions by regulating the skin inflammation responses in HaCaT cells and Balb/c mice. Thus, RJ may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

The leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni have attracted much attention as a source of natural sweeteners. This study was conducted to investigate the natural sweeteners contents and analyze antioxidant materials and activity according to harvest times and extraction methods in stevia.Stevia leaves were extracted using 5 extraction methods to identify the extraction with high extraction efficiency. Extraction yield was high in the order of hot water extraction (HWE), reflux extraction (RE), high temperature and pressure extraction (HTPE), ultrasonic extraction (UE) and vacuum extraction (VE). The contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside in stevia leaves had the highest in HTPE. Also, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents had the highest in HTPE and VE. Using the HTPE method, the result analyzed that the contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside of stevia leaves harvested between April and October exhibited the tendency to increase gradually between July and October. HTPE is considered to be an appropriate method for extracting stevia leaves. Also, it was confirmed that the stevia leaves of July, September and October, except for the high temperature period of August, had superior in quality and quantity.

In total, 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of 59 accessions of cultivated strawberry ( Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) from Korea, Germany, United States, United Kingdom, and Japan. In total, 101 alleles were detected with an average of 5.6 per locus and 21 specific alleles were identified. Notably, one genotype (Blonoli from Germany) possessed a maximum of 10 different unique alleles specific to each genotype. The gene diversity varied from 0.027 (EMPaEKO1B) to 0.791 (CFACT110), with an average value of 0.509. PIC values ranged from 0.026 to 0.762 (average 0.454). A model-based structure analysis revealed the presence of two populations. The accessions that were clearly assigned to a single population in which > 70% of their inferred ancestry was derived from one of the model-based populations. However, two accessions (3.4%) in the sample were categorized as having admixed ancestry. Here, we report detailed information on commercially grown strawberry accessions from five different origins using SSR markers. These results couldbe used for broadening the genetic base of commercially grown varieties.