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This paper introduces development and implementation of Maritime Satellite Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) of GPS or GLONASS for enhancement of safety and emergency systems including security and control of vessels, logistic and freight at sea, on inland waters and the security of crew and passengers onboard oceangoing ships, cruisers, boats, rigs and hovercrafts. These improvements include many applications for the better management and operation of vessels and they are needed more than ever because of world merchant fleet expansion. Just the top 20 world ships registers have more than 40,000 units under their national flags. Above all, the biggest problem today is that merchant ships and their crews are targets of the types of crime traditionally associated with the maritime industries, such as piracy, robbery and recently, a target for terrorist attacks. Thus, International Maritime Organization (IMO) and flag states will have a vital role in developing International Ship and Port Security (ISPS). The best way to implement ISPS is to design an Approaching and Port Control System (APCS) by special code augmentation satellite CNS for all ships including tracking and monitoring of all vehicle circulation in and out of the seaport area. The establishment of Maritime CNS is discussed as a part of Global Satellite Augmentation Systems (GSAS) of the US GPS and Russian GLONASS for integration of the existing Regional Satellite Augmentation Systems (RSAS) such as the US WAAS, European EGNOS and Japanese MSAS, and for development new RSAS such as the Russian SDMC, Chinese SNAS, Indian GAGAN and African ASAS. This research has also to include RSAS for Australia and South America, to meet all requirements for GSAS and to complement the services already provided by Differential GPS (DGPS) for Maritime application of the US Coast Guard by development Local Satellite Augmentation System (LSAS) in seaports areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the main technical characteristics of current Radio Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) and development new Satellite AIS (S-AIS) as more reliable solution for enhanced tracking and detecting systems for maritime applications. The technical parameters and comparison of current Radio AIS (R-AIS) and new developed Satellite AIS (S-AIS) with their advantages and disadvantages are described. The possibility in upgrading of a particular AIS configuration depends mainly on its mission objectives, development trends of radio and satellite mobile tracking and surveillance service, modernization of onboard and coastal equipment and characteristics of the satellite payloads for S-AIS. The R-AIS network provides local coverage in coastal waters of VHF-band range, while new S-AIS will be able to provide global beam coverage using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or even Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) spacecraft. In this paper is introduced the R-AIS network and its classes, basic technical details of AIS transponder, Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Systems for AIS Base Station (BS) and software, The S-AIS Network, enhancements of surveillance and security, improvement of counter piracy and suspicious movement of ships, better facilitated fisheries and environmental monitoring, more Reliable Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and Nano satellite AIS (Nano S-AIS) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main technical characteristics and working performances of coastal maritime surveillance radars, such as low-power High-Frequency Surface Wave Radars (HFSWR) and Over the Horizon Radars (OTHR). These radars have demonstrated to be a cost-effective long-range early-warning sensor for ship detection and tracking in coastal waters, sea channels and passages. In this work, multi-target tracking and data fusion techniques are applied to live-recorded data from a network of oceanographic HFSWR stations installed in Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN), Wellen Radar (WERA) in Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea), CODAR Ocean Sebsorsin and in the German Bight (North Sea). The coastal Imaging Sciences Research (ISR) HFSWR system, Multi-static ISR HF Radar, Ship Classification using Multi-Frequency HF Radar, Coastal HF radar surveillance of pirate boats and Different projects of coastal HF radars for vessels detecting are described.

This paper introduces the main technical characteristics and possible applications of Modern Ships Tracking and Detections systems for maritime applications. As is evident, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) network is designed by integrated radio and satellite systems for ships safety, distress alert and Search and Rescue (SAR) communications. However, this system is not enough effective to provide a real tracking and detection system of ships for every day navigation aids, positions of adjacent ships, for enhanced safety and security and for more effective collision avoidance of ships in very critical weather and awareness conditions. The Modern Space Tracking and Detection Systems and Equipment are usually using VHF, UHF and SHF-band integrated or autonomous onboard mobiles space Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) equipment that are introduced in the following sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the main technical characteristics of current Radio Automatic Identification System (R-AIS) and development new Satellite AIS (S-AIS) as more reliable solution for enhanced tracking and detecting systems for maritime applications. The technical parameters and comparison of current Radio AIS (R-AIS) and new developed Satellite AIS (S-AIS) with their advantages and disadvantages are described. The possibility in upgrading of a particular AIS configuration depends mainly on its mission objectives, development trends of radio and satellite mobile tracking and surveillance service, modernization of onboard and coastal equipment and characteristics of the satellite payloads for S-AIS. The R-AIS network provides local coverage in coastal waters of VHF-band range, while new S-AIS will be able to provide global beam coverage using Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or even Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) spacecraft. In this paper is introduced the R-AIS network and its classes, basic technical details of AIS transponder, Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) Systems for AIS Base Station (BS) and software, The S-AIS Network, enhancements of surveillance and security, improvement of counter piracy and suspicious movement of ships, better facilitated fisheries and environmental monitoring, more Reliable Search and Rescue (SAR) operations and Nano satellite AIS (Nano S-AIS) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the specific influence of adjacent satellite interference (ASI) as a unique negative propagation consideration affecting all types of satellite networks including global mobile satellite communication (GMSC) systems, which particularly negatively affects geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellite constellations. Any satellite network including GMSC could potentially cause ASI effects to their fixed and mobile users. There are two types of ASI effects, namely uplink and downlink ASI, which are discussed and examined in this paper. Downlink ASI occurs when the mobile receiving antenna beamwidth is large enough to receive additional signal levels from adjacent GEO satellites. On the other hand, uplink ASI occurs when adjacent satellites receive and rebroadcast strong uplink signals from mobile Earth station (MES) antennas, often because the antennas are either too small or improperly pointed. Modern mobile satellite terminals use very small antennas mounted onboard ships, land vehicles (road and rail), and aircrafts, including mobile military platforms. In practice, these mobile satellite communication terminals and antennas need to be small to increase transportability and facilitate easy installation. Antennas of this dimension greatly limit the achievable link budgets of satellite networks. In addition, the pointing error and focus of such antennas often requires using efficient modulation and power spectral density reduction technology successfully to mitigate all ASI influences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the effects of atmospheric attenuation and environmental influence as very important particulars for aeronautical Mobile Satellite Communications (MSC), because such factors generally tend to impair the performance of satellite links, although signal enhancements are also occasionally observed. As a radio frequency (RF) signal radiates through an Earth-to-sky communication link, its quality degrades as it propagates through the satellite link caused by the atmospheric attenuation, special propagation effects, environmental influence and many other interference considerations in space. This degradation significantly affects satellite transmission links, particularly the extent of degradation depends on the link, atmosphere, transmitted signal and receiver antenna parameters. The specific effects of clear sky, transionospheric propagation and path depolarization causes are examined and explained, focusing on important propagation characteristics in aeronautical MSC, reflection, fading, interference from adjacent satellite systems and specific local environmental influence caused by aircraft onboard superstructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces modern projects and solutions of space systems for military and civilian Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS) at sea, on the ground and in the air. Deploying new CNS technologies and techniques, military mobile assets, such as ships, land vehicles and aircrafts, including their personnel, will be connected, controlled and managed in more tactical, reliable and safe ways. The new satellite communication and navigation transponders onboard Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites will able to provide connection and control of all military vehicles and personnel, enhance traffic control and management, improve safety and security of movements, and augment collision avoidance, especially for navy and air forces assets. The integrated CNS components for military applications described in this paper are solutions that provide reliable Mobile Satellite Communications (MSC), Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) and augmentation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Separately, modern satellite CNS applications for the navy, ground and air forces with their technical concepts and advantages are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]