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The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture of Troyan, with the aim of determining the correlation and regression dependences between some basic chemical indicators and the energy nutritional value of perennial ryegrass and legume fodder crop grown in monoculture and mixed grasslands. Data analysis shows that the amount of crude protein has a statistically significant impact on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (r = 0.82) and the number of feed units (r = 0.88 - for FUM and r = 0.87 - for FUG). The yield of fresh matter was positively correlated with the dry matter yield (r = 0.83), the amount of NDF (r = 0.74) and hemicellulose (r = 0.80). The high correlation and dependence between fiber components of perennial grasses and legume fodder crops gives a clear assessment for forage quality. The coefficients of determination between structural fiber components and crude fiber concentration ranged from R² = 0.5176 to R² = 0.9186, with very well-proven statistical significance of the equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the botanical composition and quality of fodder from perennial forage grasses (Festuca rubra L., Lolium perenne L., Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pretense L.) grown in monoculture and in two-component mixtures with Trifolium pratense L. (50:50%) under mountain conditions. It was established that the studied grass species showed good adaptability and resistance to the specific soil and climate conditions of the experimental area. The relative share of grass species in monoculture meadows varied between 92.3% and 98.8%. The highest CP content in dry matter was recorded in Dactylis glomerata L. (101.4 g kg-1) and Phleum pratense L. (97.9 g kg-1). CP values exceeded the average by 6.1% and 2.4%, respectively. For the conditions of the Central Balkan Mountains, the mixtures of Festuca rubra L. and Phleum pretense L. with Trifolium pratense L. had the most balanced botanical composition (the ratio of grasses and legumes in the forage mass was 39.7:44.8% and 37.8:41.2%) and with the highest CP content. The indicator exceeded the average value by 37.8%, respectively 36.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted at the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan (Bulgaria) with the aim of establishing the impact of the fertilizers Nano Sulfur and Panamin Agro on the height, productivity and composition of sown grass stand from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The perennial ryegrass plants have proven to form the highest grass stand with the application of Panamin Agro biofertilizer (250 g/da). The harvested biomass registered 4.05 cm (at P <0.05) higher values of the trait compared to the control (67.18 cm). The highest average yield of fresh matter was registered in the grass stand of Lolium perenne L. treated with Panamin Agro - 250 g/da. The values of the trait significantly exceeded the unfertilized control by 16.87% (P <0.05). No significant difference was proven in the amount of dry matter was found between the fertilized variants and the untreated control of perennial ryegrass. Lolium perenne L. occupied the highest relative share in the variants treated with Nano Sulfur (200 ml/da) and Panamin Agro (250 g/da). The percentage share of the grass crop was respectively 89.94% and 88.71% (in the control variant - 79.95%). The specified variants had the lowest degree of weed infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period 2016-2019, at the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture, Troyan (Bulgaria), a field experiment was conducted to establish the impact of annual mineral fertilization on the bioproductive indicators of a degraded grassland with a predominant participation of grasses in mountain conditions. The data analysis shows a significant excess in dry mass yield in the variants with annual application of the combination N12P12 (4.03 t/ha) followed by the annual application of combined fertilization by N8P8 (3.41 t/ha). The values of the indicator exceeded the control by 156.77% and 124.71% (P < 0.001), respectively. The grasslands with combined application of N10P10 (3.34 t/ha) and with alternative alternation of nitrogen and phosphorus (N7/I P7/II P7/III/N7/IV - 3.31 t/ha) had a slight difference in the values of the studied trait, but with high provability compared to the control 120.10% and 118.47%, respectively (P < 0.001). The lowest productivity (2.91 t/ha) (but with a proven excess compared to the control) were the treated grasslands from the second alternative variant (P6/I N6/II P6/III/N6/IV). The excess over the control was 92.06% (P < 0.001). The applied fertilization rates contributed to the desired changes in the individual groups and species of the botanical composition of the degraded grassland. The dominant legume species were: Trifolium hybridum L., Vicia sativa L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Medicago lupulina L., and of grasses - Festuca arundinaceae Scherb., Festuca rubra L. and Agrostis capillaris L. The highest share of motley grasses were registered in the grasslands treated annually with N8P8 (by 39.3% compared to the control) and the lowest in the grasslands treated annually with N12P12 (by 18.4% compared to the control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment is to determine the staged annual mowing of a population of Pteridium acuilinum (harmful species), in a natural grass stand of Chrysopogon gryllus type. The results of the conducted research show a progressive reduction of the harmful species from the first to the last experimental years, ranging from 72.0-78.0 pcs. of plants/m2 (2014) up to 14.2-15.9 pcs. of plants/m2 (2019). A positive trend was established regarding the recovery of grass cover and an increase in the number of useful fodder species such as: Festuca arundinaceae Scherb, Agrostis alba L., Dactylis glomerata L., Trifolium hybridum L. and Chrysopogon gryllus L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data from the analysis indicate that T. pratense in a pure crop shows the highest resistance and adaptability in foot-hill conditions, and in mixed with L. perenne maintains the highest presence. Grass stands of T. repens had the highest CP content (210.9 g kg-1). The excess was by 9.6% (compared to L. corniculatus), 16.6% (compared to T. pratense) and 32.1% (compared to the average value). It is the crop with the lowest content of CFr (a decrease of 27.2% compared to the average value). The highest protein content was found in the biomass of L. perenne with T. pratense (151.5 g kg-1), followed by the mixture with L. corniculatus (144.8 g kg-1) and T. repens (129.7 g kg-1). Grass stands of L. corniculatus and its mixtures with L. perenne had the highest content of DM. T. repens (63.7 g kg-1) and the mixture of L. perenne with T. pratense (63.4 g kg-1) had the highest ash content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was found that the dry mass of grasslands with organic fertilizing was by 2.0% higher in vitro digestibility of dry matter, higher content of CP (by 0.1%), CFr (by 1.7%) and N (by 0.1%), and a lower concentration of cellulose (by 0.3%) compared with of the mineral fertilizing variants, which led to a more in the concentration of NFE (by 1.2%), NDF (by 2.9%), hemicellulose (by 2.8%), Ca (by 0.3%) and P (0.2%). The energy nutritional value of fodder with of the mineral fertilizing of exceeded that of control with 0.4-2.8% and at Grganic fertilizing with 0.5-0.8%. A high correlation was found between the nitrogen content and CP (r = 1.0) of the grasslands with mineral fertilizing. The theoretical regression line and the equation of the regression dependence between the values of the indicators show y = 7.2224x -0.4841 at a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9988). For the variants with manure, the concentration of CP registered proven correlation (r = 1.0) and regression dependence with the nitrogen content: y = 6.9861x - 0.0815 at R² = 0.9999 (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the amount of crude protein yield and the yield of feed units in the fodder biomass of six variants of two-component legume-grass mixtures (Lotus corniculatus- Festuca rubra; Trifolium repens - Lolium perenne; Trifolium repens - Poa pratensis; Trifolium pretense - Phleum pretense; Medicago sativa - Dactylis glomerata; Trifolium pretense - Festuca pratensis) that would provide high-quality fodder in the conditions of the Central Balkan Mountain. The highest crude protein yield is for the mixtures Tr. pratense L. + F. pratensis L. and Tr. repens L. + P. pratensis L. The legume crop predominated in the regrowths of both variants during the entire experimental period from 7.4% to 48.4%, respectively, and the ratio of legume:grass in the mixed grass stands was 47.7:40.3% (Tr. pratense L. - F. pratensis L.) and 62.3:13.9% (Tr. repens L.- P. pratensis L.). A proven difference in crude protein yield was found between Tr. repens L. - P. pratensis L. and M. sativa L. - D. glomerata L. mixtures. The highest yield of feed units for milk and growth was found in the forage mixture of Tr. pratense L. with Ph. pratense L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of a composted mixture of Pteridium aquilinum L. with cattle manure on the composition and quality of natural grass stand, transitional type Chrysopogon gryllus- Agrostis capillaris in the conditions of the Central Balkan Mountain in Bulgaria was observed. Surface treatment with the composted mixture increased the share of useful legumes and grass fodder species. The percentage share of the components in the grass mass increased by 24.15 and 9.00%, respectively. Graphical regression models were developed to predict the amount of calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus and cellulose through the percentage of legumes and grasses in the treated grass stands, which in practice is significantly more economical and fast. Grass stands fertilized with 2000 kg/da composted mixture (with the highest share of legumes) had the highest content of crude protein (with 29.9%), crude fat (with 44.0%) and minerals (with 10.6%). The highest in vitro digestibility of the dry matter was observed in the variants treated with 1000 kg/da and 3000 kg/da composted mixture, where the excess in the values of the indicator was from 4.0 to 4.7% compared to the control. A high positive correlation was found between the indicators of dry matter yield with the content of crude protein (r = 0.84), minerals (r = 0.82), calcium (r = 0.96), phosphorus (r = 0.95), nitrogen (r = 0.84) and cellulose (r = 0.93) in the dry matter of the treated grass stands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foliar fertilizing of meadow grass stand of type Chrusopogon gryllus L. type and pasture grass stand of Nardus stricta L. type with humate fertilizer, such as Biostim (400 ml/da) increases the crude protein content in dry matter by 34.2% and 31.3%, respectively. The highest energy and fodder nutritional value is the fodder mass of the variants treated with a dose of 400 ml/da (for Chrusopogon gryllus L.) and 200 and 300 ml/da (for Nardus stricta L.). The amount of gross energy in meadow grass stands is 1.0% lower than in pastures. The efficiency of the applied biofertilizer is most pronounced in the variants with 100 ml/da dose, where the amount of dry matter and crude protein reaches 808.80 kg and 79.55 kg - for meadow and 509.60 kg and 28.79 kg - for pasture grasslands. There is no difference in the total costs (7.87 BGN/da) regarding the application of foliar fertilizers in pasture and meadow grass stands. The total revenue, total profit, profitability and critical level of the yield from the conducted agrotechnical measure in the meadow grass stands are higher by 19.9%, 25.4%, 27.7% and 92.1% respectively compared to those of the pastures, but at a lower cost price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of mineral fertilizing with nitrogen (N6) and phosphorus (P6) on the changes in the chemical composition of the grass cover was monitored. The highest concentration of crude fat (24.75 g/kg DM) and phosphorus (1.57 g/kg DM) was registered in the dry matter of biomass fertilized with N6 (first and third year) and P6 (second year), average for the period. The excess in the values of the indicators compared to the unfertilized control was by 18.5 and 28.7%, respectively. The grassland treated with P6 (first and third year) and N6 (second year) had the highest content of nitrogen-free extracts (482.56 g/kg DM) and the lowest of crude fiber (354.92 g/kg DM). The difference in the values of the traits expressed in percentages is 3.0% (for NFE) and 4.7% (for CFr), respectively. The introduction of P6 (first and second year) and N6 (third year) increased the mineral content to the highest degree (65.52 g/kg DM). The amount of ash in dry matter of the extracted biomass was 12.3% higher than the control. The applied variable mineral fertilizing significantly increased the yield of crude protein. For the experimental period, its values (26.72 and 26.99 kg/ha-1) exceeded the non-treated control by 157.2% and 159.8%, respectively, in the variants with annual fertilizing with macrominerals N6 and P6 and in those with imported P6 (first and second year) and N6 (third experimental year) which implies a higher nutritional value of the natural grassland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture (Bulgaria) to establish the impact of annual organic fertilizing on the bioproductive characteristics of a degraded grassland with a predominant share of grasses in mountain conditions. A significant effect on the biological productivity of the at all levels of fertilizing was found. The excess in the values of the indicator compared to the control was from 49.1% to 98.8%. Desired changes in the individual groups and species of the botanical composition of the pastures were observed. Lotus corniculatus, Vicia sativa, Trifolium hybridum (from legumes) and Festuca arundinaceae Scherb., Festuca rubra, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis capillaris (grasses) showed the highest resistance and adaptability to mountain conditions. The elimination of Trifolium repens, Trifolium aureum Pollich., Vicia villosa Roth. (second year), Vicia cracca, Medicago lupulina (third year) and Trifolium pratense (fourth year) from the composition of the grass mass affected the fodder and nutritional value of the grasslands. The grasslands treated with 1000 and 4000 kg/da dose of manure have the highest concentration of crude protein, respectively 14.39 and 14.05%. The values of the indicator exceeded the control by 20.0% and 17.2%, respectively. With a slight difference in protein content were grasslands treated with 2000 kg/da (12.03%) and 3000 kg/da (12.52%). The excess compared to the control variants was 0.3% и 4.4%, respectively. The highest fiber (44.37%) is the biomass with an imported dose of 3000 kg/da. The fertilizing variants registered with 2.3% to 11.4% higher content of crude ash compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the experiment was to observe the impact of the different management practices applied on natural meadow grassland (Chrysopogon gryllus L.) under mountain conditions and their impact on the qualitative composition of the formed biomass. The share of grasses in the composition of natural grassland decreased in grazing (up to 10.3%) and haymaking (up to 14.3%) mode of use from the first to the fifth experimental year. During the last two experimental years, there was a higher share (39.8-55.5% - in grazing and 38.6-52.0% - haymaking mode) of the representatives of genus Fabaceae, which is a prerequisite for higher quality and nutritional value of the formed mass for grazin g and hay. The amount of crude protein exceeded by 10.1% (in grazing mode) and by 10.8 to 25.4% (in haymaking mode) the average annual values of the indicator. The amount of crude protein in the dry matter of grassland with pasture management practice was 5.1% higher than that in grassland with haymaking mode. A high positive correlation was found between the percentage share of legumes in the grassland in the pasture mode of use with the concentration of crude protein (r = 0.82) and the gross energy value (r = 0.95) of the feed mass. In hay-making variants, the weight percentage of legumes correlated positively with the indicators characterizing the energy nutritional value (GE - r = 0.81; ЕE - r = 0.79; FUM - r = 0.77 and FUG - r = 0.69) of the formed aboveground mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period 2011-2013, the impact of some factors on the productivity of natural grassland under the conditions of mineral and organic foliar fertilization was studied in the Central Balkan Mountain region. The summarized multifactor analysis shows that in the Central Balkan Mountains, the productivity of natural grasslands (a meadow of Chrysopogon gryllus L. type and a pasture of Nardus stricta L. type) was influenced by the type of grassland (63.42%) at first place, followed by the agroecological conditions during the year (20.32%) and the fertilizing method (mineral with N and P or foliar with Biostim) - 8.82%. The level of fertilization (7.43%) had the least effect on the yield of the studied grassland. The data obtained through the summarized RSM analysis indicated a slightly higher efficiency of foliar fertilizing than the variable mineral fertilization for both types of grassland. A relatively high regressional dependence between productivity and moisture supply of the natural grass biomass has been established, which allows for an approximate prediction of the yields of natural grasslands with applied mineral and foliar fertilizing. The coefficients of determination (R = 0.7-0.8) were high enough for practical determination of productivity, by the precipitation amount during the critical months for Bulgaria (April - July). When using the annual or seasonal precipitation amount, the accuracy is less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]