152 results on '"Illicit crops"'
Search Results
2. Desafíos del programa de sustitución de cultivos ilícitos: el caso del municipio Valle del Guamuez, Colombia.
- Author
-
Miguez-Lopez, Fredy Alexander
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT programs , *DRUG control , *CIVIC leaders , *INFORMATION resources , *CULTIVATORS - Abstract
This article aims to describe the accounts of farmers, collectors, and community social leaders regarding the impact of the Comprehensive National Program for the Substitution of Illicit Crops (PNIS for its acronym in spanish) on social, economic, environmental, and institutional issues in Valle del Guamuez Municipality, Putumayo, Colombia. The research approach is qualitative, employing a comprehensive hermeneutic method, and the textual sources of information include the narratives of four cultivators, collectors, and social leaders from the region. The achieved results are presented under four analytical categories: social, economic, environmental, and institutional. Among the main findings, it is highlighted that, according to the accounts, the PNIS has not had a significant impact on improving the conditions of the communities affected by coca crops, primarily due to the non-compliance of certain commitments by the government and program beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. El crimen organizado como determinante de los homicidios en Guerrero.
- Author
-
CARLOS HERNÁNDEZ-GUTIÉRREZ, JOSÉ and LÓPEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, GUILLERMO
- Published
- 2024
4. Mobile application for reporting information on the illicit crops' eradication process.
- Author
-
Guerrero Córdoba, Saul J., García Rodríguez, Cristhian C., Rincón Morantes, Jhon F., Niño Arias, Jeisson A., Molina Martínez, Daniel F., García, José A., and Pulido-Herrera, Edith
- Subjects
- *
FOREST reserves , *CROPS , *MOBILE apps , *ERROR rates , *CROP growth , *INFORMATION resources management - Abstract
This paper presents a mobile application called SIREG, which is part of a bigger concept of a management system called SIREG (for its acronym in Spanish) for digital information management of eradication of illicit crops. Hence, the app is considered as the first step in developing the concept. Specifically, the app supports capturing and sending relevant information about the eradication process. This process is usually manually collected and reported by voice, which can result to errors in the reports. To this end, the main components of the process were identified, such as patrol information, crop characteristics, photographic record, and georeferenced information of the eradicated areas. These components were used to define the application's functionality through modules associated with each component. The implementation was performed on a Trimble TDC100, an Android device with suitable features for challenging field conditions. Preliminary tests show good performance in positioning, with an error rate below 0.3%. The application transparently supports information reporting, allowing traceability of the process and monitoring. Likewise, this is valuable information for decision-makers, such as military commanders or authorities. In addition, this digitized information would provide reliable data on areas affected by the growth of illicit crops, such as forests or protected natural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Peace through coca? Decolonial peacebuilding ecologies and rural development in the Territory of Conviviality and Peace of Lerma, Colombia.
- Author
-
Valencia, Óscar E. and Courtheyn, Christopher
- Subjects
- *
PEACEBUILDING , *COCA industry , *RURAL development , *DRUG traffic , *FOOD sovereignty - Abstract
While illicit crops like the coca leaf can be vehicles of conflict and income for armed groups across the Global South, this article reveals that coca has alternative uses based on its nutritional and cultural value. Drawing on the experience of the Territory of Conviviality and Peace of Lerma in Colombia, the country's first community to receive state authorisation to experiment with coca for non-alkaloid purposes, we ponder whether coca can be a catalyst for peace. Lerma has been a large coca producer for decades, which enveloped it in relations of subordination and exploitation tied to illicit economies and armed conflict. Based on qualitative research over a six-year period, we analyse Lerma's project to overcome capitalist logics driving peasant dispossession through Colombian history and intra-community violence by diverging from production for the drug economy in favour of agroecological coca. In conjunction with other community-based programmes, Lerma's production of organic coca as part of its food sovereignty project suggests a process of decolonial peace at work, whereby the community breaks from oppressions tied to the rule of armed groups and capitalist markets. This reveals the ecological dimensions of peace, which requires community organising and sustainable relations between humans and land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The ‘carrot’ and the ‘stick’ to reduce coca plantations in Colombia: An empirical investigation
- Author
-
Hernán Borrero and Jairo Parada
- Subjects
illicit crops ,forced eradication ,air-spraying ,manual eradication ,interdiction ,alternative development ,territorial transformations ,plan colombia ,paz colombia ,colombia ,Economic history and conditions ,HC10-1085 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
In Colombia, efforts to reduce coca cultivation include forced eradication (FE), interdiction, alternative development (AD), and a series of territorial transformations (TT). Whereas some of these policies have been assessed separately by the empirical literature, no attention has been paid to their possible complementarities. Following an economics of crime approach, we argue that people’s choice to grow coca depends on both the costs imposed by FE and interdiction, on the one hand, and the benefits arising from AD and TT, on the other. To test this, we collect data on the country’s 291 municipalities with net positive levels of coca cultivation from 2005 to 2015 and estimate a panel data regression model with fixed effects. The results suggest that, besides being complementary, these groups of policies also depend on each other to be effective.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Chains of dispossession and communities in struggle: the illegal opiate market in Guerrero (Mexico)
- Author
-
Inés Giménez-Delgado
- Subjects
structural violence ,drug policy ,illicit crops ,rural survival ,dispossession ,mexico ,Social Sciences - Abstract
In this paper, it is explored the impact of militarized and punitive methods of drug control on indigenous and peasant communities engaged in the cultivation of poppies in Guerrero (Mexico), within a context of neoliberal agrarian counter-reform and state repression, operating through a multi-level range of power brokers. Through the lens of ethnography and mixed methodology, it is examined the dynamics and changing characteristics of the commodity chain of heroin, from field production to consumption and money laundering, and it is analysed the different logics of dispossession involved, as well as the rationales of normative discourses in producing communities and their survival strategies. The framework of analysis behind is drawn from studies regarding the anthropology of the state, the anthropology of the «illicit», and of capitalism, and critical development studies.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Economic study on the export of cape gooseberry produced by Colombian indigenous communities in post-conflict areas to Spain and Europe
- Author
-
Gomez, Ligia, Duran, Julian, and Tobasura, Isaias
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Machine learning model for the classification of municipalities by illicit crops in Colombia from 2010 to 2020.
- Author
-
Figueroa, Andrés Eduardo Narváez, Castellano, Gustavo Cáceres, and Sanabria, Juan Sebastián González
- Subjects
- *
MACHINE learning , *CITIES & towns , *DRUG traffic , *K-means clustering , *PRINCIPAL components analysis , *CLASSIFICATION algorithms - Abstract
Introduction-- The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) classifies Colombia as one of the countries where drug trafficking and crime threaten the security, peace and development opportunities of its citizens. Objective-- This article presents the application of the unsupervised K-means classification algorithm to categorize municipalities with coca cultivation presence in Colombia. Methodology- The CRISP-DM methodology was used for data mining, and the PCA (Principal Component Analysis) algorithm was used for the correlation of variables. Results-- Multiple sources of information were used, such as: the number of hectares of coca per municipality, seizures, laboratories destroyed, manual eradication and fumigation, monitored by national institutions, in order to make crosses with socioeconomic and performance variables of the municipalities with coca crops in the period from 2010 to 2020. Based on the classification, the scenarios of each category were analyzed to find scenarios that allow elucidating the dynamics of the territories suffering from this scourge. Conclusions-- It was found that the behavior of coca-producing municipalities responds mainly to 4 groups. It was also found that the municipality of Tumaco in Nariño does not fit into any category since it exceeds the production with respect to the other municipalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Coca Plantations: Economy and Violence in Municipalities of Colombia 2012-2019.
- Author
-
Arias Barrera, Cristian José, Núñez Gómez, Nicolás Arturo, and Muñoz Velasco, Luis Alfredo
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,PLANTATIONS ,DRUG control ,FINANCIAL management ,PANEL analysis ,VIOLENCE ,RURAL geography - Abstract
Copyright of Económicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The effect of illicit crops on forest cover in Colombia.
- Author
-
Quiroga Angel, Viviana, Pablo, Stevenson, and Wagner, Helene H.
- Abstract
Many armed conflicts worldwide occur in biodiversity hotspots and nearly 50% of those conflicts occur in forested regions. In Colombia, the armed conflict has implied the clearing of large forest tracts for the establishment of illicit crops. The aim of this study was to assess the role that illicit crops played in the deforestation dynamics in Colombia between 2001 and 2014. We established a database with the annual deforestation rates and nine predictors for 1120 municipalities and built fixed effects models that take spatial autocorrelation into account. Model selection with AIC suggested that the area cultivated with coca crops was the best predictor of annual rates of deforestation, whereas coca crop removal was associated with increasing forest cover. According to our results, coca crops promoted deforestation in Colombia between 2001 and 2014 through indirect (spilling-over to nearby areas), immediate and temporally-lagged mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The effect of illicit crops on forest cover in Colombia
- Author
-
Viviana Quiroga Angel, Stevenson Pablo, and Helene H. Wagner
- Subjects
Deforestation ,illicit crops ,armed conflict ,Land use ,HD101-1395.5 - Abstract
ABSTRACTMany armed conflicts worldwide occur in biodiversity hotspots and nearly 50% of those conflicts occur in forested regions. In Colombia, the armed conflict has implied the clearing of large forest tracts for the establishment of illicit crops. The aim of this study was to assess the role that illicit crops played in the deforestation dynamics in Colombia between 2001 and 2014. We established a database with the annual deforestation rates and nine predictors for 1120 municipalities and built fixed effects models that take spatial autocorrelation into account. Model selection with AIC suggested that the area cultivated with coca crops was the best predictor of annual rates of deforestation, whereas coca crop removal was associated with increasing forest cover.According to our results, coca crops promoted deforestation in Colombia between 2001 and 2014 through indirect (spilling-over to nearby areas), immediate and temporally-lagged mechanisms.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Machine learning model for the classification of municipalities by illicit crops in Colombia from 2010 to 2020
- Author
-
Andrés Eduardo Narváez Figueroa, Gustavo Cáceres Castellanos, and Juan Sebastián González Sanabria
- Subjects
unsupervised classification ,illicit crops ,data mining ,fight against drugs ,cocaine ,colombia ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
For the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Colombia is one of the top countries where drug trafficking and crime jeopardize security, peace and development opportunities of citizens. Initially, an account of the history of coca crops in Colombia will be developed. Starting with the period known as “bonanza marimbera” in the 60s, it will be described how the country transformed from a marijuana producer to being one of the main cocaine producers in the world. Multiple sources of information are crossed, such as the number of hectares of coca per municipality, seizures, destroyed laboratories, manual eradication and fumigation monitored by the national institutions, crossed with socio-economic variables and performance of the municipalities that have coca crops in Colombia in the period from 2010 to 2020. Data mining algorithms were used to identify correlations and patterns that allowed the classification of municipalities with coca and starting from the classification it was possible to analyze the scenarios of each category found, to find scenarios that shed light on the dynamics of the territories that suffer from this scourge.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The 'carrot' and the 'stick' to reduce coca plantations in Colombia: An empirical investigation.
- Author
-
Borrero, Hernán and Parada, Jairo
- Subjects
- *
FIXED effects model , *PLANTATIONS , *PANEL analysis , *DATA modeling , *REGRESSION analysis , *ACQUISITION of data - Abstract
In Colombia, efforts to reduce coca cultivation include forced eradication (FE), interdiction, alternative development (AD), and a series of territorial transformations (TT). Whereas some of these policies have been assessed separately by the empirical literature, no attention has been paid to their possible complementarities. Following an economics of crime approach, we argue that people's choice to grow coca depends on both the costs imposed by FE and interdiction, on the one hand, and the benefits arising from AD and TT, on the other. To test this, we collect data on the country's 291 municipalities with net positive levels of coca cultivation from 2005 to 2015 and estimate a panel data regression model with fixed effects. The results suggest that, besides being complementary, these groups of policies also depend on each other to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Impactos del conflicto armado colombiano sobre el medio ambiente y acciones para su efectiva reparación.
- Author
-
Eduardo Molina-Orjuela, Douglas, Chavarro Ospina, Sharon Gabriela, and Guzmán Alvarado, Bertsy Oriana
- Subjects
- *
WAR , *COMMUNITIES , *PEASANTS , *PUBLIC institutions , *INDIGENOUS peoples , *DEFORESTATION , *SOCIAL clubs - Abstract
This article addresses the deforestation phenomenon in Colombia and the armed conflict's influence on it, identifying reparation actions that State institutions, social organizations, and the affected local communities themselves can implement. First, a qualitative documentary review methodology is used to analyze the conflict's impacts on deforestation, its relationship with illicit economic activities, and the involved actors' roles. Then, the relationship between ecosystems and communities is addressed, focused primarily on the indigenous and peasant populations inhabiting the affected territories and the grave consequences experienced. Finally, some environmental reparation actions are studied, such as the Army's Operation Artemisa and other initiatives developed from the local communities' perspective, knowledge, and specific needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Diseño de una caja de herramientas para la transición de cultivos ilícitos a cultivos de cannabis no psicoactivo en Colombia
- Author
-
Correa Mahecha, Felipe, Martínez Guayacán, Martha Viviana, Rondano Corena, Remberto, Correa Mahecha, Felipe, Martínez Guayacán, Martha Viviana, and Rondano Corena, Remberto
- Abstract
El problema del cultivo ilícito en Colombia ha perdurado a lo largo de los años debido a diversos factores sociales, económicos y políticos que lo han fomentado en el país. El programa actual de desarrollo alternativo ha demostrado ser insuficiente en la resolución de esta problemática. Mientras tanto, el mercado del cannabis no psicoactivo está en constante crecimiento y ofrece oportunidades económicas significativas. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar un conjunto de herramientas que simplifiquen la transición de los cultivos ilícitos hacia el cultivo de cannabis no psicoactivo en Colombia. Para diseñar estas herramientas, se han tenido en cuenta varios aspectos clave, como la utilización de un lenguaje claro para llegar a un público amplio, la provisión de asesoramiento técnico, legal y económico, la inclusión de un componente de formación y la introducción de un personaje llamado "ecobot" para mejorar la comunicación y el acceso a información relevante.
- Published
- 2024
17. El debate sobre el glifosato en Colombia: controversia científico-tecnológica y ciencia regulativa.
- Author
-
Torres González, Obdulia and Rodríguez Martínez, Carmen Elena
- Subjects
GLYPHOSATE ,DRUG traffic ,DECISION making ,PEASANTS ,NATIONAL security ,FUMIGATION ,MARIJUANA growing - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
18. Chains of dispossession and communities in struggle: the illegal opiate market in Guerrero (Mexico).
- Author
-
GIMÉNEZ-DELGADO, Inés
- Subjects
PHARMACEUTICAL policy ,POLITICAL persecution ,COMMODITY chains ,POWER (Social sciences) ,MONEY laundering ,DRUG control - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. REVIEW ON MAXIMUM LIMITS OF CADMIUM IN COCOA (THEOBRAMA CACAO L.).
- Author
-
Florida Rofner, Nelino
- Subjects
- *
COCOA , *COCOA products , *CADMIUM , *CACAO , *CACAO beans , *BEANS - Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) tends to bioaccumulate in Thebroma cacao beans, affecting human health and its marketing possibilities. For this reason, the European Union (EU) approved Regulation No 488/2014 for processed cocoa products, which applies from January 2019, and motivated authors to conduct research on its bioaccumulation in beans, the potential risks to health, quality, and its export possibilities. The results show high levels in different regions of the main Latin American (LA) producing countries: Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Honduras, and others. However, EU regulation does not stipulate maximum limits for raw cocoa. In the absence of it, research has been classified by reference to the limits for processed cocoa, generating oversized metal levels, controversies in the producer's and setback in replacing illegal coca cultivation in this region. Thus, this review article will detail research on Cd levels in cocoa beans in major Latin American producing countries, the application of EU regulation No 488/2014 to raw cocoa, proposals to set maximum limits on raw beans and their implications for replacing illicit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Illicit Crop Cultivation in Colombia’s National Natural Parks: Dynamics, Drivers, and Policy Responses
- Author
-
José Bernal, Jerónimo Sudarsky, and Catalina Riveros
- Subjects
illicit crops ,protected areas ,national parks ,colombia ,drug policy ,eradication ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 ,Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform ,HN1-995 - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to understand the dynamics behind the expansion and consolidation of coca crops in the National Natural Parks of the Colombian National System of Protected Areas –SINAP-, based on fieldwork carried out in the national parks Catatumbo Barí (Norte de Santander), Alto Fragua Indi Wasi (Caquetá), and Farallones de Cali (Valle del Cauca), which have approximately 1.500 hectares of coca crops. This fieldwork has allowed us to identify the drivers behind the growth of coca in areas destined for environmental protection, as well as the different policies and programs that the Colombian Government has designed to respond to the presence of coca crops in these territories. Based on these inputs, we opened the discussion on the need to rethink the governance model for Colombia’s protected areas. To this end, we propose the formulation of a Special and Transitional Management Regime for Peasants (REMC) in protected areas, which will allow for a balance between the conservation objectives of these territories and respect for the rights of the peasants who have historically settled there.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Colombia’s Contested Grounds
- Author
-
Mol, Hanneke, Nurse, Angus, Series editor, White, Rob, Series editor, Jarrell, Melissa, Series editor, and Mol, Hanneke
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Cannabis plantations as an aspect of population survival and as a public policy and security issue in the northeast region of Brazil
- Author
-
Paulo Fraga and Rogéria Martins
- Subjects
illicit crops ,drugs ,public policy ,Brazil ,police ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 - Abstract
Based on historical and structural data, this article aims to discuss the cultivation of cannabis as a social and political issue in Brazil. The objective was to analyze the genesis of the issue of illegal plantations, its evolution, the governmental response and its consequences for public security and agricultural policies in the São Francisco Valley region, in the Northeast of Brazil. Qualitative methodologies were used with emphasis on the descriptive analysis of the phenomenon. The result is that the state steps that affected the environment, the Brazilian drug policy, the inefficient agricultural policy for the semi-arid region and the plantation eradication measures are directly and indirectly related to the continuation of the plantations as relevant economic and criminal activities.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Incidencia del proceso de paz con las FARC en la política antidrogas de Colombia.
- Author
-
Sarmiento Hernández, Edwar Alexander, Ulises Rojas-Guevara, Jorge, and Rojas Guevara, Pedro Javier
- Subjects
- *
DRUG control , *GOVERNMENT report writing , *ECONOMICS of war , *ARMED Forces , *DRUG traffic , *ORGANIZED crime , *SMUGGLING - Abstract
This article examines how the Colombian Government's peace negotiations with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) have impacted the country's anti-drug policy. To this end, it reviews the literature on civil war economics and the economics of crime as a profession. It also examines anti-drug policy studies over the past two decades and analyzes the official figures in government and international reports on illicit crops, production, and trafficking. The results show that the State's anti-drug policy during the Santos administration, fundamentally based on voluntary eradication and crop substitution and a decrease in aerial spraying (forced eradication), was a determining factor in the increase of cocaine crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Desafíos del Estado colombiano en torno al aprovechamiento ilícito de oro y los cultivos de uso ilícito en la Amazonía: estudio de caso de San José del Fragua (Caquetá).
- Author
-
GÜIZA, LEONARDO, PEÑUELA, NATALIA ROMERO, and RÍOS, JULIÁN
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Hacia un nuevo concepto de política pública.
- Author
-
Galvis, Andrés Figueroa and Holguín Cardozo, Julián Alberto
- Subjects
DRUG traffic ,GOVERNMENT policy ,NATIONAL territory ,CROPS ,GLYPHOSATE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Jurídica Piélagus is the property of Universidad Surcolombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Colombia in 2019: The Paradox of Plenty.
- Author
-
RETTBERG, ANGELIKA
- Subjects
- *
CIVIL society , *SOCIAL unrest , *POLARIZATION (Social sciences) ,COLOMBIAN history ,COLOMBIAN politics & government - Abstract
2019 was a significant year for Colombian politics and the country's political debate was dominated by four intertwined issues: (a) the implementation of the historic peace agreement between the Colombian government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) and all its economic, judicial, and political ramifications, (b) the ongoing presence of illicit crops and the impact of the drug trade on domestic and international security, (c) the tense bilateral relation between Colombia and Venezuela, and, similar to other Latin American countries, (d) social unrest caused by multiple and widespread frustration about public education, health, corruption, governance, and the environment. At the same time, the country was marked by steady economic growth, above the Latin American average. In addition, much of the political debate took place within and among the institutions of Colombian state and society, illustrating growing state capacity and a mature civil society. In this article, I describe the different aspects of this Colombian paradox-- high levels of domestic unrest and political polarization surrounding unsolved structural issues and pending expectations about peace combined with superior economic performance and growing institutional strength--in an effort to provide an overview of the challenges overcome as well as those lying ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Differentiated impacts of environmental policies on the Colombian Frontier: coercive conservation and containment of illicit activities in the Pacific and the Ariari region.
- Author
-
Lugo, Diego Andrés
- Abstract
This article, through the use of political ecology perspectives on coercive conservation, aims to explain how in two separate Colombian Natural Parks and buffer zones, environmental policies designed to (re)take control of the frontier, have produced a similar territorial differentiation in the contention of illicit activities. Los Farallones in the Colombian Pacific and La Macarena/Puerto Rico in the Ariari region have experienced different stages of the armed conflict and are at the center of this analysis. I argue that in the contexts of both conflict escalation (1998–2007) and conflict de-escalation (2008–2016), the State in its attempt to control the frontier has not only had military intervention in areas of conservation but has also reinforced environmental programs that attack illegal mining and coca, producing both a territorially differentiated containment of illicit activities and an uneven progression of the illicit frontier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Peace-Making Amidst an Unfinished Social Contract: The Case of Colombia.
- Author
-
Rettberg, Angelika
- Abstract
After more than fifty years of conflict, in 2016 a peace agreement was signed by the Colombian government and the leftist group FARC. The agreement created important opportunities for addressing historical inequalities. However, some of the aspirations of the peace agreement may be too ambitious and generate expectations that exceed the capacities of existing state institutions. In addition, there has been opposition by political and social actors. This article examines the challenges to building a comprehensive and inclusive social contract through the lens of two 'core conflict issues': land, and illicit crops and the drug trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Money laundering in rural areas with illicit crops: empirical evidence for Colombia.
- Author
-
Bayona-Rodríguez, Hernando
- Subjects
RURAL geography ,CROPS ,PANEL analysis ,MONEY laundering ,ECONOMIC activity ,FINANCIAL statements - Abstract
This research presents the first evidence on the existence of money laundering in rural areas dedicated to the production of illicit crops. This paper uses, as money laundering (ML) measure, Financial Intelligence Reports (FIR). FIR is a more accurate ML measure than Suspicious Transaction Report (STR) since it implies more rigorous and detail analysis. The present research uses a new panel of municipal data for the period 2000–2013 which has information that measure: ML dynamics, economic activity, violence, conflicts, institutional presence and interdiction. Using a fixed-effects model by municipality and year, this study found a positive relationship between ML, measured as the value of FIR, and illicit crops. The results are maintained throughout specifications and robustness exercises. This paper found that a 1% increase in cultivated area in the municipality implies 3.04% increase in the FIR value. If one representative municipality of the sample is taken, an increase of 1% in cultivated area would be translated into 641 million COP (342.705 USD) in money laundering reported in FIR. Thus, the existence of money laundering in rural areas dedicated to illicit crops is concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. ¿Son los cultivos ilícitos la causa de la pobreza en los municipios colombianos?
- Author
-
Duncan Cruz, Gustavo, Caly Amador, Tatiana Isabel, Acosta Vera, Laura Valentina, Pérez Ceballos, Maritza, Duncan Cruz, Gustavo, Caly Amador, Tatiana Isabel, Acosta Vera, Laura Valentina, and Pérez Ceballos, Maritza
- Abstract
Este documento busca establecer un argumento para explicar cómo la presencia de cultivos ilícitos en un grupo de municipios de Colombia ha fomentado altos niveles de NBI (Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas). Para ello, se estima un modelo de Efectos fijos usando datos tipo panel para 2005 y 2018, con el fin de calcular el efecto sobre los niveles de NBI en municipios con presencia de cultivos ilícitos, específicamente de cocaína. Además, se observa el efecto de la densidad poblacional, la presencia de programas de erradicación de coca y la priorización de municipios por el Programa de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial (PDET). Los principales hallazgos demuestran que los cultivos ilícitos causan incrementos en el NBI de los municipios y que la erradicación tiene un efecto aún más importante sobre el aumento del NBI, lo que según la literatura se explica por las características de los municipios cultivadores, la reubicación de cultivos en otros municipios y la faltad de otras fuentes de financiamientos para los campesinos que cultivan coca. Finalmente, se concluye que la erradicación con un adecuado acompañamiento estatal (a través de PDET, por ejemplo) es de gran utilidad para disminuir el NBI de los municipios., This paper seeks to stablish an argument to explain how the presence of illicit crops in a group of municipalities of Colombia had encouraged the high UBN (Unmet Basic Needs) levels. To do this, it has been estimated a model of Fixed Effects using dashboard data to 2005 and 2018, to calculate the effect over the UBN levels in the municipalities with presence of illicit crops, specifically of cocaine. In addition, it observed the effect of the population density, the presence of programs of cocaine eradication and the prioritization of municipalities by the Program of Development with Territorial Approach (PDET acronyms in Spanish). The principal finds, show that the illicit crops cause increments in UBN of the municipalities and that the eradication has an even more important effect over the increases of UBN, what it proves according to the literature, it explained by the characteristics of the cultivating municipalities, the relocation of crops to other municipalities and the lack of other sources of financing for peasants who grow coca. Finally, it is concluded that eradication with adequate state accompaniment (through PDET, for example) is especially useful to reduce the UBN of the municipalities.
- Published
- 2023
31. La relación entre la reincorporación económica y los cultivos de uso ilícito en los departamentos de Caquetá, Meta y Nariño (2018-2020)
- Author
-
Vélez Zapata, Sara, Burgos Sánchez, Valentina, Vélez Zapata, Sara, and Burgos Sánchez, Valentina
- Published
- 2023
32. Narrativas comunitarias y dinámicas territoriales del proceso de implementación del Acuerdo de Paz en Miranda, Cauca (2016-2018).
- Author
-
Vélez-Torres, Irene
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. ‘If Ya Wanna End War and Stuff, You Gotta Sing Loud’—A Survey of the Provisional Agreement between FARC and Colombia on Illicit Drugs
- Author
-
Francesco Seatzu
- Subjects
illicit drugs ,farc and colombia ,non ,international armed conflict (niac) ,peace process ,illicit crops ,human rights ,war on drugs ,drug trafficking ,latin america ,History of scholarship and learning. The humanities ,AZ20-999 ,Political science ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Although still neglected in legal writings, the 2014 agreement on illicit drugs between the FARC and the Colombian Government deserves attention for a number of reasons, including that it was conceived as an essential part of the broader strategy for peace in Colombia, as well as because of its aim of eradicating illicit crops. Starting with some remarks on the Colombian ‘drug war’ and the policy and legal arguments for classifying the Colombian armed conflict as a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), the paper will then proceed with an analysis of the main reasons behind the drafting of a partial agreement on illicit drugs between the FARC and Colombia in 2014. Next, the paper will address the relevant sections and enforcement mechanisms for putting the provisions of the agreement into effect. An assessment of how the 2014 agreement has addressed the issue of drug trafficking and the issues concerning drug related crimes will also be considered. The paper will conclude with the lessons to be drawn from the new Agreement on illicit drugs.
- Published
- 2016
34. ¿Son los cultivos ilícitos la causa de la pobreza en los municipios colombianos?
- Author
-
Acosta Vera, Laura Valentina, Pérez Ceballos, Maritza, Duncan Cruz, Gustavo, and Caly Amador, Tatiana Isabel
- Subjects
Cultivos ilícitos ,Illegal groups ,Grupos ilegales ,NBI ,ERRADICACIÓN DE CULTIVOS ILÍCITOS ,PROBLEMAS SOCIALES ,Illicit crops ,Pobreza ,UBN ,Poverty ,COCAÍNA ,MUNICIPIOS - INVESTIGACIONES - Abstract
Este documento busca establecer un argumento para explicar cómo la presencia de cultivos ilícitos en un grupo de municipios de Colombia ha fomentado altos niveles de NBI (Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas). Para ello, se estima un modelo de Efectos fijos usando datos tipo panel para 2005 y 2018, con el fin de calcular el efecto sobre los niveles de NBI en municipios con presencia de cultivos ilícitos, específicamente de cocaína. Además, se observa el efecto de la densidad poblacional, la presencia de programas de erradicación de coca y la priorización de municipios por el Programa de Desarrollo con Enfoque Territorial (PDET). Los principales hallazgos demuestran que los cultivos ilícitos causan incrementos en el NBI de los municipios y que la erradicación tiene un efecto aún más importante sobre el aumento del NBI, lo que según la literatura se explica por las características de los municipios cultivadores, la reubicación de cultivos en otros municipios y la faltad de otras fuentes de financiamientos para los campesinos que cultivan coca. Finalmente, se concluye que la erradicación con un adecuado acompañamiento estatal (a través de PDET, por ejemplo) es de gran utilidad para disminuir el NBI de los municipios., This paper seeks to stablish an argument to explain how the presence of illicit crops in a group of municipalities of Colombia had encouraged the high UBN (Unmet Basic Needs) levels. To do this, it has been estimated a model of Fixed Effects using dashboard data to 2005 and 2018, to calculate the effect over the UBN levels in the municipalities with presence of illicit crops, specifically of cocaine. In addition, it observed the effect of the population density, the presence of programs of cocaine eradication and the prioritization of municipalities by the Program of Development with Territorial Approach (PDET acronyms in Spanish). The principal finds, show that the illicit crops cause increments in UBN of the municipalities and that the eradication has an even more important effect over the increases of UBN, what it proves according to the literature, it explained by the characteristics of the cultivating municipalities, the relocation of crops to other municipalities and the lack of other sources of financing for peasants who grow coca. Finally, it is concluded that eradication with adequate state accompaniment (through PDET, for example) is especially useful to reduce the UBN of the municipalities.
- Published
- 2023
35. Importance of international cooperation for the substitution of illicit crops responsibly social in border areas
- Author
-
Durán Rubio, César Alejandro and Quitian Bustos, Ruth Mery
- Subjects
Cooperación internacional ,CULTIVOS ILICITOS ,COOPERACION INTERNACIONAL ,Cultivos ilícitos ,Sustitución de cultivos ,Zonas fronterizas ,Crop substitution ,Border areas ,Illicit crops ,LIMITES ,International cooperation - Abstract
Los cultivos ilícitos han dejado una estela de dolor y muerte lamentable en los países cultivadores así como en los países vecinos, además de propiciar graves problemas ambientales, sociales, económicos e incluso culturales. En Latinoamérica los principales cultivos de coca y marihuana se ubican en zonas limítrofes de Colombia y Perú, impactando recientemente sobre Ecuador y Venezuela. El presente ensayo considera el tema de los cultivos ilícitos y la opción de su sustitución por cultivos lícitos dentro de los programas y estrategias de cada uno de los países mencionados, sus antecedentes y la cooperación internacional a que ha dado lugar esta lucha contra las drogas. A través de una metodología cualitativa y recurriendo a un enfoque de estudio de casos y revisión de la literatura se busca un acercamiento al problema en las zonas fronterizas de Colombia (Ecuador, Perú, y Venezuela) mediante estrategias conjuntas de sustitución, su implementación y desarrollo. Los cultivos ilícitos traen consecuencias calamitosas a nivel ambiental, social, político y cultural, el enfoque militarista no ha resultado fructífero como lo demuestran las cifras al respecto, por lo que la vía más apropiada para combatirlo parece ser la sustitución de estos por cultivos lícitos con apoyo gubernamental. Colombia es el principal productor y exportador de drogas y este problema ha rebasado sus fronteras nacionales, por lo que resulta necesario un enfoque conjunto con los países vecinos para combatirlo, que incluya voluntad política de las partes y una reingeniería de sus relaciones comerciales internacionales. Illegal crops have left a trail of regrettable pain and death in the cultivating countries as well as in neighboring countries, in addition to causing serious environmental, social, economic and even cultural problems. In Latin America, the main coca and marijuana crops are located in border areas of Colombia and Peru, recently impacting Ecuador and Venezuela. This essay considers the issue of illicit crops and the option of replacing them with legal crops within the programs and strategies of each of the mentioned countries, their background and the international cooperation that this fight against drugs has given rise to. Through a qualitative methodology and resorting to a case study approach and review of the literature, an approach to the problem in the border areas of Colombia (Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) is sought through joint substitution strategies, their implementation and development. . Illegal crops bring calamitous consequences at an environmental, social, political and cultural level, the militaristic approach has not been fruitful as the figures show in this regard, so the most appropriate way to combat it seems to be the substitution of these for licit crops with government support. Colombia is the main producer and exporter of drugs and this problem has exceeded its national borders, which is why a joint approach with neighboring countries is necessary to combat it, which includes the political will of the parties and a reengineering of their international trade relations. Pregrado
- Published
- 2022
36. REMOTE SENSING DATA FUSION TO DETECT ILLICIT CROPS AND UNAUTHORIZED AIRSTRIPS.
- Author
-
Pena, J. A., Yumin, T., Huaqing Liu, Binbin Zhao, Garcia, J. A., and Pinto, J.
- Subjects
PLANTING ,RUNWAYS (Aeronautics) ,REMOTE sensing - Abstract
Remote sensing data fusion has been playing a more and more important role in crop planting area monitoring, especially for crop area information acquisition. Multi-temporal data and multi-spectral time series are two major aspects for improving crop identification accuracy. Remote sensing fusion provides high quality multi-spectral and panchromatic images in terms of spectral and spatial information, respectively. In this paper, we take one step further and prove the application of remote sensing data fusion in detecting illicit crop through LSMM, GOBIA, and MCE analyzing of strategic information. This methodology emerges as a complementary and effective strategy to control and eradicate illicit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Illicit crops substitution and rural prosperity in armed conflict areas: A conceptual proposal based on the Working With People model in Colombia.
- Author
-
Ceron, Carlos Alberto Avila, De los Rios-Carmenado, Ignacio, and Martín Fernández, Susana
- Subjects
RURAL development ,WELL-being ,SOCIAL conflict ,SUSTAINABILITY ,SOCIAL learning - Abstract
The methods of substituting illicit crops in conflict areas have been debated at an international level in various studies. However, not many studies have focused on the effects of substituting illicit crops with regards to the concept of rural prosperity. The paper presents a new methodological focus for substituting illicit crops in conflict areas, based on the “Working with People” (WWP) model. It incorporates expert knowledge relating to planning activities for substituting illicit crops, and links between prosperity and rural development. The study is based on a region of Colombia called La Macarena. The social base consists of 2503 families affected by the historic conflict involving illegal armed groups (FARC) for more than 50 years. We present the different phases and historic milestones that have occurred in relation to Alternative Development policies in Colombia (1964–2016). The empirical evidence presented indicates that WWP model provides process of social learning, and can be effective for substituting illicit crops, to alternative development projects by the public and private sectors. Establishing trust by working with people was the main condition, which facilitated the creation of prosperity and rural development with a sustainability vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Ambiente y paz hoy en Colombia.
- Author
-
Carrizosa, Julio
- Abstract
Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Chains of dispossession and communities in struggle: the illegal opiate market in Guerrero (Mexico)
- Author
-
Giménez Delgado, Inés and Giménez Delgado, Inés
- Abstract
In this paper, it is explored the impact of militarized and punitive methods of drug control on indigenous and peasant communities engaged in the cultivation of poppies in Guerrero (Mexico), within a context of neoliberal agrarian counter-reform and state repression, operating through a multi-level range of power brokers. Through the lens of ethnography and mixed methodology, it is examined the dynamics and changing characteristics of the commodity chain of heroin, from field production to consumption and money laundering, and it is analysed the different logics of dispossession involved, as well as the rationales of normative discourses in producing communities and their survival strategies. The framework of analysis behind is drawn from studies regarding the anthropology of the state, the anthropology of the «illicit», and of capitalism, and critical development studies., En este trabajo se explora el impacto de los métodos militarizados y punitivos de control de drogas en las comunidades indígenas y campesinas dedicadas al cultivo de amapola en Guerrero (México), dentro de un contexto de contrarreforma agraria neoliberal y represión estatal, operando a través de una gama multinivel de corredores de poder. A través de la lente de la etnografía y la metodología mixta, se examinan las dinámicas y características cambiantes de la cadena mercantil de la heroína, desde la producción en el campo hasta el consumo y el lavado de dinero, y se analizan las diferentes lógicas de despojo involucradas, así como sus principales fundamentos, los discursos normativos en las comunidades productoras y las estrategias de supervivencia. El marco de análisis subyacente proviene de estudios sobre antropología del Estado, antropología de lo «ilícito» y del capitalismo, además de estudios críticos del desarrollo.
- Published
- 2022
40. Mujeres y criminalidad: un estudio sobre la participación de las mujeres en el cultivo de cannabis en el Vale do São Francisco, Brasil.
- Author
-
Pontes Fraga, Paulo Cesar, do Nascimento Silva, Joyce Keli, and da Silva Martins, Rogéria
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Deforestation and Coca Cultivation Rooted in Twentieth-Century Development Projects.
- Author
-
DÁVALOS, LILIANA M., SANCHEZ, KARINA M., and ARMENTERAS, DOLORS
- Subjects
- *
DEFORESTATION , *ERYTHROXYLUM , *COCA , *DESERTIFICATION , *TWENTIETH century - Abstract
Most of the world's coca--the source of cocaine--is grown in the Amazonian forests of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. As cultivation continues despite eradication, a shift to giving farmers more incentives to abandon coca is currently proposed. Assuming coca cultivation is an important cause of migration and deforestation, new alternative development projects also aim to conserve forests. We show coca cultivation strongly increases near never-completed 1960s-1970s state-sponsored projects to settle the Amazon. Improved roads and colonization projects opened the western Amazon frontier to migration, generating deforestation and, once support dwindled, setting the stage for coca cultivation. New studies also show coca cultivation generates negligible direct or indirect forest loss and fails to explain migration, whereas expanding legal agriculture, roads, displacement, and eradication increase deforestation. These findings highlight the urgent need to both commit development investment for the long term and set explicit conservation goals in western Amazonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. 'If Ya Wanna End War and Stuff, You Gotta Sing Loud'--A Survey of the Provisional Agreement between FARC and Colombia on Illicit Drugs.
- Author
-
Seatzu, Francesco
- Subjects
DRUGS of abuse ,DRUG traffic - Abstract
Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Supervised classification of a satellite image supplied by the National Police for the identification of possible poppy crops in the municipality of La Cruz - Nariño
- Author
-
Becerra Fonseca, Diviam Rocio and León Reyes, Freddy
- Subjects
PROCESAMIENTO DE IMAGENES ,SENSORES REMOTOS ,CULTIVOS ILICITOS ,Cultivos ilícitos ,AMAPOLA ,Poppy ,Illicit crops ,Satellite imagery ,Imagen Satelital ,Supervised sorting ,Clasificacion Supervisada ,Remote sensing - Abstract
La presente investigación describe la metodología para la identificación de posibles zonas de cultivos de amapola en el Municipio de la Cruz Departamento de Nariño, desarrollada mediante clasificación multiespectral mediante el método de clasificación supervisada de una imagen Satelital Planet, suministrada por la Dirección de Antinarcóticos de la Policía Nacional, el procesamiento de la imagen se realizó con el software ERDAS IMAGE 2020, licenciado por la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, permitiendo identificar y analizar visualmente el comportamiento de los cultivos de amapola y su ciclo de crecimiento, para su respectiva interpretación de firma espectral, los resultados estadísticos arrojados por el programa y una aproximación de posibles zona de cultivos de amapola en el municipio de La Cruz. This research describes the methodology for the identification of possible areas of poppy cultivation in the Municipality of La Cruz, Department of Nariño, developed by multispectral classification using the supervised classification method of a Planet Satellite image, provided by the Anti-Narcotics Directorate of the National Police, the image processing was carried out with the ERDAS IMAGE 2020 software, licensed by the Nueva Granada Military University, allowing to visually identify and analyze the behavior of poppy crops and their growth cycle, for their respective interpretation of spectral signature , the statistical results produced by the program and an approximation of possible poppy cultivation areas in the municipality of La Cruz. Especialización
- Published
- 2021
44. RURAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING IN COLOMBIA'S CONFLICT ZONES: A PROPOSAL FROM THE WWP MODEL.
- Author
-
ÁVILA CERÓN, Carlos Alberto, DE LOS RÍOS-CARMENADO, Ignacio, RIVERA, Maria, and MARTÍN, Susana
- Subjects
- *
RURAL development , *WAR , *SOCIAL capital , *LOGGING , *DRUG traffic ,COLOMBIAN social conditions - Abstract
During the past fifty years, Colombia has endured an internal armed conflict. It has left as a result massive forced displacements, destruction of the social capital and indiscriminate logging of forests in regions affected by illicit crops and a strong presence of illegal armed groups supported by drug trafficking. In spite of a number of national policies and programs against illicit crops, the issue still persists, along with all the social implications it carries with. This paper presents a model for planning rural development projects in regions with illicit crops. The methodology applied is based on the model "Working With People (WWP)" and integrates the knowledge and experience gathered throughout the implementation of various projects in the region of La Macarena, Colombia. It takes into account eight years of continuous work with the communities, in one of the areas of greatest social unrest in Colombia, due to illicit crops, on-going criminal activity and violence by illegal armed groups and a weak presence of State institutions. Some of the factors hindering successful advancement of rural development policies include the breakdown of the social fabric, deterioration of moral values, family disintegration and lack of confidence. The conceptual framework applied integrates elements from policy analysis and social learning (Friedmann, 1991; Cazorla et al., 2015), proposed as a reaction from traditional and ineffective social reform models (Friedmann, 1991) developed in this type of scenarios. Following a thorough review of rural development planning theories regarding illicit crops areas, we carried out an analysis of the experience in the Macarena region under the WWP model. The results show the effects of the WWP model and the necessity to develop a strategy for the eradication of illicit crops in a post-conflict scenario, taking into account various social variables. Findings denote a greater relevance of the ethical-social and political-contextual dimensions in terms of sustainable rural development. Trust building, the enhancement of social relationships and direct interaction with target communities are the basic factors to the reconstruction of the social fabric and value systems, fostering sustainable rural development and stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Illicit Crop Cultivation in Colombia’s National Natural Parks: Dynamics, Drivers, and Policy Responses
- Author
-
Catalina Riveros, Jerónimo Sudarsky, and José Bernal
- Subjects
Government ,biology ,Agroforestry ,Corporate governance ,Crop cultivation ,biology.organism_classification ,Natural (archaeology) ,Coca ,Geography ,national parks ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,National system ,colombia ,eradication ,illicit crops ,protected areas ,drug policy ,HV1-9960 ,Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform ,HN1-995 - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to understand the dynamics behind the expansion and consolidation of coca crops in the National Natural Parks of the Colombian National System of Protected Areas –SINAP-, based on fieldwork carried out in the national parks Catatumbo Barí (Norte de Santander), Alto Fragua Indi Wasi (Caquetá), and Farallones de Cali (Valle del Cauca), which have approximately 1.500 hectares of coca crops. This fieldwork has allowed us to identify the drivers behind the growth of coca in areas destined for environmental protection, as well as the different policies and programs that the Colombian Government has designed to respond to the presence of coca crops in these territories. Based on these inputs, we opened the discussion on the need to rethink the governance model for Colombia’s protected areas. To this end, we propose the formulation of a Special and Transitional Management Regime for Peasants (REMC) in protected areas, which will allow for a balance between the conservation objectives of these territories and respect for the rights of the peasants who have historically settled there.
- Published
- 2021
46. Desafíos del Estado colombiano en torno al aprovechamiento ilícito de oro y los cultivos de uso ilícito en la Amazonía: estudio de caso de San José del Fragua (Caquetá)
- Author
-
Natalia Romero Peñuela, Julián Camilo Ríos Monroy, and Leonardo Güiza Suárez
- Subjects
Amazônia colombiana ,Ilegal gold mining ,mineração aurífera ilegal ,lcsh:Law ,cultivos ilícitos ,Minería aurífera ilegal ,Amazonía colombiana ,lcsh:K1-7720 ,estudio de caso ,lcsh:Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence ,illicit crops ,minería aurífera ilegal ,Colombian Amazon ,lcsh:K - Abstract
RESUMEN Las características geográficas de la Amazonía colombiana, sumadas a las dificultades de acceso al territorio y la baja presencia gubernamental, han creado un escenario en el que resulta posible el desarrollo de economías ilícitas, que en muchas ocasiones son fuente de financiación de agrupaciones criminales. En este orden de ideas, en este artículo se analiza el papel del Estado en torno a las actividades de minería aurífera ilegal en la región y su relación con los cultivos de uso ilícito. Todo esto a partir del análisis de bases de datos oficiales, revisión de la producción científica existente, entrevistas semiestructuradas a mineros y cocaleros que se realizaron en el marco de un estudio de caso en San José del Fragua (Caquetá) y derechos de petición a las autoridades ambientales. En este estudio, se muestra que en la región las dos actividades ilícitas tienen un alto impacto sobre la deforestación de los bosques naturales. Además, estas actividades son usuales entre la población por sus altos ingresos. En el caso de estudio, las comunidades alternan las dos actividades (minería ilegal y cultivos ilícitos). ABSTRACT The geographical features of Colombian Amazon, the access difficulties to this territory, and a low governmental presence have created a scenario in which it is possible to perform illicit economies, which are a financing source for armed groups. Bearing this in mind, this research analyzes the role of the state regarding illegal gold mining activities in the region and its link with crops for illicit use through the official database analysis, a review of the present academic production, semi-structured interviews with miners and coca growers, and fieldwork in San José del Fragua (Caquetá). This study shows that in the region, both illegal activities have a high impact on the deforestation of natural forests. Furthermore, these activities are common among the population due to the high income they generate. In the case study, the communities alternate the two activities (illegal mining and illicit crops). RESUMO As características geográficas da Amazônia colombiana, somadas às dificuldades de acesso a ao território e a baixa presença governamental, têm criado um cenário no qual resulta possível o desenvolvimento de economias ilícitas, que em muitas ocasiões são fonte de financiamento de grupos criminais. Nesta ordem de ideias, neste artigo se analisa o papel do Estado em torno às atividades de mineração aurífera ilegal na região e sua relação com os cultivos de uso ilícito. Todo isto, a partir da análise de bases de dados oficiais, revisão da produção científica existente, entrevistas semiestruturadas a mineiros e cocaleiros que se realizaram no marco de um estudo de caso em San José del Fragua (Caquetá), e direitos de petição às autoridades ambientais. Neste estudo se mostra que na região, a duas atividades ilícitas têm um alto impacto sobre a deflorestação dos bosques naturais. Para além, estas atividades são usuais entre a população por seus altos rendimentos. No caso de estudo, as comunidades alternam as duas atividades (mineração ilegal e cultivos ilícitos).
- Published
- 2021
47. Spatial analysis of deforestation in the northern part of the Guadalupe - Porce biological corridor.
- Author
-
Martínez Forero, Camilo Enrique, Jaramillo Mazo, Esteban, and Suárez Gómez, July Andrea
- Subjects
- *
DEFORESTATION , *SOCIAL dynamics , *DAM failures , *FORESTS & forestry , *RANCHING , *RANCHES , *FOREST productivity , *CHI-squared test , *CORRIDORS (Ecology) - Abstract
The study area is located in the northeast of the department of Antioquia, downstream of the Porce III dam, in the jurisdiction of the municipalities of Amalfi, Anorí, and Zaragoza and is part of what EPM calls the Guadalupe-Porce biological corridor. The area has a series of social dynamics such as an unusual population increase, activities such as mining, cattle ranching and illicit crops that result in high levels of deforestation. The spatial distribution patterns of deforestation hotspots were analyzed using Ripley's K function and a quadrat count for evaluation using the Chi-square test. The annual rate of deforestation was calculated and the probability of deforestation was modeled as a binary variable as a function of social and environmental covariates. Deforestation occurred throughout the study area with a gregarious spatial pattern, reaching a deforestation rate of -0.95%, with a total forest loss of 1820.78 ha between 2017-2022. The mining deforestation model was 79% correct at the same probability threshold, indicating a higher reliability of predictions. Slope is an influential factor in the probability of deforestation, associated with land productivity and forest accessibility. Distance to illicit crops, pastures and mining extraction zones were significant in the deforestation models evaluated, reflecting spatial dependence of these processes. Evidence was found of spatial heterogeneity in the main determinants of deforestation in the corridor caused by mining, conversion to pasture, or illicit crops. This project was developed within the framework cooperation agreement CT-2020-000469 between Empresas Públicas de Medellín E.S.P. and Universidad Nacional de Colombia - sede Medellín. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
48. Criminalized crops: Environmentally-justified illicit crop interventions and the cyclical marginalization of smallholders.
- Author
-
Lu, Juliet, Dev, Laura, and Petersen-Rockney, Margiana
- Subjects
- *
FARMERS , *CROPS , *POLITICAL geography , *SELF-fulfilling prophecy , *OPIUM poppy , *CANNABIS (Genus) , *SHIFTING cultivation - Abstract
Despite decades of efforts to curb the global supply of illicit drugs and significant shifts in how those efforts are designed and implemented, illicit crop cultivation persists. In this paper, we examine state and international development efforts to eradicate coca in Peru, opium poppies in Laos, and cannabis in California, USA and the ever-changing discourses used to justify and design these interventions. Scholarship in political geography frames eradication interventions as serving ongoing efforts to extend state and market power into the regions in which illicit crops are grown and to marginalize the people growing them. We find that environmental discourses are increasingly used to assert the need for continued illicit crop interventions, and that these discourses articulate with historical and ongoing portrayals of smallholders as environmentally destructive. Environmental harm narratives that justify enforcement and eradication efforts under the guise of protecting ecosystems from illicit crop farmers can become self-fulfilling prophecies when they disproportionately impact smallholders and push them into marginal geographic and economic positions. Our cases illustrate that environmentally-justified interventions drive cycles of marginalization for illicit crop smallholders, often conditioned by race or ethnicity, who are then portrayed as environmental criminals. Meanwhile, new state-sanctioned spaces of opportunity and profit are created for more powerful actors who are able to capitalize on the removal of illicit crop growers from the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. New answers to an old problem: Social investment and coca crops in Colombia.
- Author
-
Davalos, Eleonora
- Subjects
- *
COCA , *ETHICAL investments , *DRUG control , *DRUGS of abuse , *PUBLIC welfare , *AERIAL spraying & dusting in agriculture , *ECONOMIC impact of crime , *POVERTY , *AEROSOLS , *BIOTIC communities , *COCAINE , *DECISION making , *HERBICIDES , *MATHEMATICAL models , *MEDICINAL plants , *EDIBLE plants , *TIME , *THEORY , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *ECONOMICS ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Background: For more than 30 years, the main strategy to control illicit coca crops has been forced eradication. Despite the importance of social investment and persistent poverty in areas where illicit crops are grown, there is no empirical evidence of the effect of social expenditures on preventing and reducing the expansion of illicit crops.Methods: This paper analyses how social investment in conjunction with eradication affects new coca crops. The model is tested using a dataset consisting of annual data for 440 contiguous municipalities that had coca in any year between 2001 and 2010. The analysis includes the two main techniques used to control illicit crops, manual eradication and aerial spraying.Results: Aerial spraying is effective in deterring farmers from increasing the size of their new coca fields, but this effect is small. Social investment, in addition to generating social welfare, has a significant negative relationship with new coca crops, 0.09-hectare reduction in new coca crops per additional 50-cent spent in social investment (human capital and infrastructure) per inhabitant.Conclusion: Social investment emerges as a complementary and effective strategy to control illicit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Evaluación de los principales impactos ambientales del uso del glifosato como agente plaguicida de cultivos ilícitos en zonas rurales del país
- Author
-
Cely Garzón, Juan Camilo, Caicedo Amazo, Laura Melisa, Cely Garzón, Juan Camilo, and Caicedo Amazo, Laura Melisa
- Abstract
El tema de los cultivos de marihuana, coca y amapola tipificados como ilícitos, ha sido abordado de manera constante en los últimos años; sobre todo en Colombia en el gobierno del presidente Iván duque por que la erradicación mediante fumigaciones aéreas con productos químicos ha sido la estrategia más utilizada, dentro de un esquema que se ha dedicado a atacar principalmente la oferta de drogas en lugar de programas para prevenir el consumo compulsivo, combatir a los narcotraficantes, el suministro de precursores químicos y el lavado de dólares que nutren el sistema financiero internacional.
- Published
- 2021
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.