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Introduction: Competences are a combination of knowledge in a specific area, skills and attitudes. The professional group most often assessed in this regard are doctors. After leaving the office, patients assess the competences of a healthcare professional in relation to their own observations. Aim of the study: Presentation of the society's assessment of physicians' competences. Material and methods: The research was carried out using an original questionnaire. 210 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Discussion of the results: Men (29%) and women (71%) participated in the study. The analysis showed that, according to a quarter of the respondents, doctors are not competent. Only 45.72% of people indicated positive feelings about the doctor's appointment. The respondents expressed their opinion in a similar way regarding the lack of time regarding the survey (48.10%). Almost 40% of them did not show trust in the health care system, as opposed to trust in a specialist, which is not displayed by 13% of respondents. Conclusions: The data suggest that doctors in their work are assessed quite well by patients, especially specialist doctors. However, there is controversy over how the health service is to be delivered.

Samek Ilona, Jańczyk Magdalena, Wójcik Anna, Białek Justyna, Krawiec Paulina, Milanowska Joanna. Public awareness of tropical diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(9):409-416. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.052 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.052 https://zenodo.org/record/5520098 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.09.2021. Revised: 21.09.2021. Accepted: 22.09.2021. Public awareness of tropical diseases Ilona Samek (1)*, Magdalena Jańczyk (1), Anna Wójcik (2), Justyna Białek (2), PaulinaKrawiec (2), dr n. o zdr. Joanna Milanowska (3) 1) Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2) Student Scientific Association at Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin 3) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin * E-mail address: samekilona@gmail.com ORCID ID: Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396 Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463 Anna Wójcik, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2697-8600 Justyna Białek, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-3395 Paulina Krawiec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-5837 Joanna Milanowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Abstract Introduction: Despite medical advances, the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases continue to be a current problem for communities. Purpose: To present the public awareness of tropical diseases. Material and method: The study was conducted by using an author's questionnaire. 158 questionnaires were collected and analysed. Results: The study included women (55.7%) and men (44.3%) of varying ages, nearly half of whom were studying or are studying a medical profession. The analysis showed that 92.4% of the respondents were aware of the factors causing contagious and parasitic diseases. Only 5.0% of respondents expressed opposition to prevention when travelling to tropical countries. Every fourth person planning a trip would not go to a specialist on this issue. Nearly 90% of respondents wanted to be vaccinated before travelling. On the other hand, only 15.2% of respondents knew that malaria is not currently prevented by a vaccine, but by chemoprophylaxis. One in five respondents said there was no need for hygienic food consumption, while more than half (53.8%) had not heard of the rule "cook, steam, peel or forget". Among the most important preventive measures, respondents most often selected hand washing (50.6%), taking care of hygiene (20.2%) and immunization (17.8%). Conclusions: Most of the respondents, especially those with medical education, demonstrated basic knowledge of tropical diseases. However, there is a great need for education, especially about visiting a doctor before travelling, types of prevention and methods of hygienic food consumption. The possibility of implementing programmes to supplement knowledge should be kept in mind. Keywords: tropical diseases; contagious diseases; awareness; society.

Samek Ilona, Jańczyk Magdalena, Milanowska Joanna. Public awareness of contagious diseases. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(9):423-429. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.054 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.054 https://zenodo.org/record/5520111 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.09.2021. Revised: 21.09.2021. Accepted: 22.09.2021. Public awareness of contagious diseases Ilona Samek (1)*, Magdalena Jańczyk (1), dr n. o zdr. Joanna Milanowska (2) 1) Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin * E-mail address: samekilona@gmail.com ORCID ID: Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396 Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463 Joanna Milanowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Abstract Introduction: Restrictions against the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in a decrease in other contagious diseases. However, their prevention and treatment are still a topical issue. Purpose: To present the public awareness on infectious diseases taking into account the knowledge of people with medical education. Material and method: The study was conducted by means of the author's questionnaire. 158 questionnaires were collected and analysed. Results: Men and women of different age took part in the survey. Half of the respondents had medical education. The analysis showed that as many as 89.2% of the respondents were aware of the pathogenic factor of influenza, which is the virus. Only a small percentage of respondents had information regarding the number of influenza infections in Poland (10.8%) and worldwide (21.5%). Medics were aware of this in 10.0% and 28.8% respectively. Influenza was admitted by 81.0% of the respondents, while for other infectious disease (except COVID-19) the result was 75.3%. The respondents indicated as the most common route of transmission of infectious diseases the droplet route (66.5%), while fever was the typical symptom (81.0%). Washing hands turned out to be the most important prophylactic behaviour of respondents (50.6%) and especially of students (93.7%). Conclusions: Awareness of infectious diseases among Poles is not at the highest level. Those with medical education have slightly higher knowledge, but it is necessary to introduce educational programmes and update knowledge. Keywords: contagious diseases; awareness; society.

Jańczyk Magdalena, Samek Ilona, Bator Damian, Dąbrowska Justyna, Wójcik Magdalena, Milanowska Joanna. Perception of the media image of health care in society. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):286-295. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.031 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.031 https://zenodo.org/record/3923167 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2020. Revised: 15.06.2020. Accepted: 30.06.2020. Perception of the media image of health care in society Magdalena Jańczyk (1), Ilona Samek (1), Damian Bator (1), Justyna Dąbrowska (1), Magdalena Wójcik (1), dr n. o zdr. Joanna Milanowska (2) 1) Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin *Address for correspodence: Smolniki 7/12, 18-520 Stawiski, telephone number: 662237472, e-mail address: magdajanczyk7@gmail.com ORCID ID: Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463 Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396 Damian Bator: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8464-932X Justyna Dąbrowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1356-6965 Magdalena Wójcik: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-6284 Joanna Milanowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Abstract Introduction and purpose: The mass media deal with, among others creating the image of health care. Most often, information published in the media is negative because it aims to show sensation and increase the interest of recipients. To present the perception of the media image of health care in society. Material and method: The research was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 210 responses were collected and analyzed. Results: The study involved men (29%) and women (71%). Majority (89.52%) of respondents were in favor of an unfavorable or neutral overall image of health care created by the media. Information reached almost 70% of respondents on long queues for visits to specialists, half a year or more. The respondents (83.81%) also drew attention to references spreading in publishers about the lack of staff among medical workers. However, most people (69.52%) did not share the healthcare model shaped by the "fourth authority" based on their experience. Conclusions: Based on the analysis, a negative media impact on the healthcare picture was confirmed. The data suggests that society does not quite agree with the media image of healthcare. Keywords: media; doctor; image; healthcare; society

Introduction: Obesity is definied as having an excess of body weight caused by a chronic caloric imbalance with more calories being consumed than expended each day. There are over 2.1 billion individuals with obesity around the world. Body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is used to identify individuals with obesity. For adults, a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 is defined as overweight and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher is defined as obese.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on obesity, its impact on mental health and vice versa.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: obesity, mental health, diet, depression, anxiety.Description of the state of knowledge: There are numerous studies about obesity and other factors. Obesity can be the cause of depression, often due to stigma and discrimination, however depression could be also a reason of development of obesity. There was found bidirectional relationship – obesity increased the risk of depression by 55% and depression increased the risk of obesity by 58%. Studies show that anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with obesity and considered as its risk factor. Another disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) may also cause obesity.Summary: Obesity has complicated and multifactorial etiology. Discovered dependencies and conducted research will allow to find new therapeutic paths and isolate people at risk. However more research is needed to fully understand problem of obesity and all its dependencies.

Jańczyk Magdalena, Samek Ilona, Pachowicz Marcin. Myocardial blood flow assessment with myocardial perfusion scan in patients with coronary artery chronic total occlusion. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):275-285. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.030 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.030 https://zenodo.org/record/3923161 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.06.2020. Revised: 15.06.2020. Accepted: 30.06.2020. Myocardial blood flow assessment with myocardial perfusion scan in patients with coronary artery chronic total occlusion Magdalena Jańczyk (1), Ilona Samek (1), dr n. med. Marcin Pachowicz (2) 1) Students Scientific Association at the Chair and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Lublin 2) Chair and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Lublin *Address for correspodence: Smolniki 7/12, 18-520 Stawiski, telephone number: 662237472, e-mail address: magdajanczyk7@gmail.com ORCID ID and e-mail: Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463; magdajanczyk7@gmail.com Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396; samekilona@gmail.com Marcin Pachowicz: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-2170; marcin.pachowicz.md@gmail.com Abstract Introduction and purpose: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cardiological problem in modern society. A special form of CAD is the Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO), which affects about 20% of visible coronary artery lesions. The aim of the study is to present the role of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy performed on patients with CTO, and scintigraphic findings in these patients. Material and method: It was a retrospective study. We analized studies in patients with CTO reported in medical history. We included studies performed between 2016 and 2019. 119 cases were found with the majority of men (M = 95, W = 24). The patients’ mean age was 65 years (M = 65, W = 66). In order to assess ischemia in these patients, the stress test was applied by means of physical exercise (cycloerometer) or pharmacological test. If patient's clinical condition did not allow a stress test, only a rest test was performed. Results: In the analyzed group the most common occluded vessel was the right coronary artery (59%). In this case, mean ischaemia was found to cover 18% of the myocardium. The second most frequent obstructed vessel was the circumflex (16%) with ischaemia of 15%. The next artery was left anterior descending artery with ischaemia of 30% and other vessel - 7%. 9 patients had more than one vessel closed. Conclusions: Myocardial perfusion imaging helps to choose optimal treatment in patients with CTO. Key words: heart; scintigraphy; perfusion; CTO

SamekIlona, Jańczyk Magdalena,MilanowskaJoanna. The role of shopping in human life in 2021.Journal of Education, Healthand Sport. 2021;11(9):223-231. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.028 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.028 https://zenodo.org/record/5510518 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received:01.09.2021. Revised: 12.09.2021. Accepted: 15.09.2021. The role of shopping in human life in 2021 Ilona Samek (1)*, Magdalena Jańczyk (1), dr n. o zdr. Joanna Milanowska (2) 1) Student Research Group of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin 2) Department of Applied Psychology, Medical University of Lublin * E-mail address: samekilona@gmail.com ORCID ID: Ilona Samek: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396 Magdalena Jańczyk: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463 Joanna Milanowska: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-1583 Abstract Introduction: Society today is overly overwhelmed with advertisements for attractive products and ways to purchase them. The population is becoming richer and richer, which means they can spend more money on entertainment and their own pleasures. Purpose:To present the role of shopping in human life in 2021 from the perspective of consumers. Material and method: The study was carried out using the author's questionnaire. 260 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results: Men (52.3%) and women (47.7%) participated in the study. More than half of them (53.8%) were employed and more than 30% were studying. One in three respondents earned cash income greater than the minimum national gross rate. Nearly 60% rated their material situation as good. The analysis showed knowledge of the term "consumerism" by 83.1% of people. The study showed that the respondents shopped several times a week (69.2%) and even daily (18.5%). In order to buy food products, they usually visited supermarkets (64.6%), and in buying products they were most often guided by quality (47.7%). They are most encouraged by sales (50.8%), as well as recommendations from friends (18.5%) and product ingredients (12.6%). The data shows that as many as 58.5% of respondents used shopping to improve their mood. They were also induced to buy products by advertisements in the media (49.2%). Conclusions: For consumers, apart from the price, the quality of the products is of primary importance. They buy mainly in large supermarkets and via the Internet. The advertisements in media, promotions and the desire to improve one’s mood are the reasons of increasing phenomenon of consumerism. Keywords: shopping, consumerism, society, pandemic

Wójcik Anna,KurzepaJoanna,SamekIlona,JańczykMagdalena,KrawiecPaulina,BiałekJustyna,KoziołMagdalena. The importance of CAD and DECT in CT colonography.Journal of Education, Healthand Sport. 2021;11(9):187-195. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.09.024 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.09.024 https://zenodo.org/record/5502484 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received:01.09.2021. Revised: 12.09.2021. Accepted: 13.09.2021. The importance of CAD and DECT in CT colonography Anna Wójcik M.Sc.b, Joanna Kurzepa PhDa, Ilona Samekc, Magdalena Jańczykc, Paulina Krawiecc, Justyna Białekc, Magdalena Koziołc aIst Department of Medical Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8 20-954 Lublin bScientific Students Association at the Ist Department of Medical Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8 20-954 Lublin cStudent Scientific Association at Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research Methodology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwiłłowska 11, Lublin 20-080, Poland Corresponding author:Anna Wójcik, anna.m.wojcikpl@gmail.com ORCID ID: Anna Wójcik, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2697-8600, anna.m.wojcikpl@gmail.com Joanna Kurzepa, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-8556,kurzepa.joanna@gmail.com Ilona Samek, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-5396, samekilona@gmail.com Magdalena Jańczyk, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4948-9463, magdajanczyk7@gmail.com Paulina Krawiec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9527-5837, paulina.krawiec96@gmail.com Justyna Białek, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8447-3395, justynabialek111@gmail.com Magdalena Kozioł, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8671-5968, magdalena.koziol@icloud.com ABSTRACT Introduction According to the American College of Radiology and the American Cancer Society, CTC has been recognized as a valuable screening method for detecting CRC in people at medium risk as an alternative to endoscopic colonoscopy. The condition for the proper interpretation of this procedure is the patient’s preparation for the examination. The evaluation of the test includes: topogram, transverse images (as reference images), multifaceted reconstructions and three-dimensional images (3D navigator). Materials and methods The literature on the use of CTC in the diagnosis of CRC was analyzed. A review of the scientific literature indexed in the PUBMED database from the last 10 years was carried out. Results The introduction of dual energy computed tomography (DECT) clearly improved the diagnostic accuracy of CTC. The main advantage of DECT is the possibility of obtaining iodine maps and VNC (virtual non-contrast) – a ’’virtual’’ native image (without the use of contrast). DECT allows you to monitor the results and extent of iodine capture on VNC and iodine map images, respectively, without using pre-recorded tomographic images. Pilot tests showed that DECT is an effective tool in CT colonography diagnostics and electronic colon loop cleaning after barium labeling. The use of the Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) algorithm in high energy tomography helps in the diagnosis and detection of intestinal tumors. Conclusions The development of modern technologies used in CT colonography proves that it is a safe and acceptable technique for patients. Lack of invasiveness, low radiation dose and high diagnostic efficiency of CTC may encourage more people to undergo colorectal cancer screening in the future. Key words:CT colonography, colorectal cancer, DECT, CAD