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A field of philosophy and activity known as orientalism creates images of the East or the Orient. This paper examines how Orientalism, according to Said, is used to stereotype the east as exotic, feminine, frail, and vulnerable in the book Heart of Darkness. The study's major claim is that, while viewing the East as something different, the west has been able to dominate, recreate, and exercise authority over the Orient. Postcolonial theory is the foundation of the study. The terms self or Occident and "other or Orient" are strongly related to this idea. The Occident is constantlyin control and regarded as superior, whereas the Orient is seen as inferior and weak in contrast. Later, Orientalism developed into a colonizer's mindset and was frequently applied in occupied territories. The study found that the colonisers, the Europeans treated the colonised, the Africans,as others. It also explores that orientalism is an overtly political work that aims to analyse discourse from the perspective of an oriental where the East is associated with danger and menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To ascertain the vaginal birth rate following the trial of uterine scar and its outcomes. Study Design: Cross-sectional Observational study. Setting: Department of Gynecology Bakhtawar Amin Trust Teaching Hospital Multan. Period: 6th August 2020 to 6th August 2021. Material & Methods: After passing through selection criteria, all enrolled women underwent serial ultrasound including pelvis ultrasound to access scar thickness up to thirty-six gestation weeks. All women were evaluated for baseline investigations, clinical history, and underwent cardiotocography (CTG) which was then followed by a trial of labor (TOL). Women who experienced spontaneous labor after TOL were observed through partogram and intrapartum CTG. All maternal and fetal outcomes were observed. Results: Out of these 80 women, 51 (63.7%) had successfully given birth through the vaginal route while 29 (36.2%) underwent emergency CS following TOL. The majority of enrolled women, 62 (77.5%) had age less than 35 years, 45 (56.2%) had parity 1-4, and 74 (92.5%) had gestation age >36 weeks. 3 (5.8%) women had a history of VBAC and all had parity >4. Among the women with successful VBAC, the majority were younger than 35 years (88.2%), parity less than 4 (62.7%), and all were positive for previous successful VBAC. Postpartum hemorrhage was the most reported maternal complication (3.9%). Three (4.4%) experienced intra-uterine deaths which were the major fetal complications. Conclusion: Trial of vaginal birth following cesarean section could be a preferable option given its association with low fetal and maternal complications and considerable success rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]