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The study investigated the relationships between individual and sociocultural factors and students' creativity based on a sociocultural perspective. The participants are 7,324 fifth graders from 242 schools obtained from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study 2013. Through multilevel modeling, student gender, self-regulation behaviors, academic achievement, extrinsic motivation, and perceived parenting style at level 1, and school characteristics such as teacher's teaching methods, students' relationship with their teacher, and their teacher's academic pressure at level 2 were incorporated. The final model incorporating both level 1 and level 2 variables showed that the most significant variable related to students' creativity was self-regulation, followed by peer attachment, academic achievement, gender, relationship with their parents, academically supportive parenting style, and relationship with the teacher in the order listed. It is assumed that creativity is supported not only by elementary school children's cognitive ability but also by sociability in school, especially with peers.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a sex-specific pathogen that is more severe in males than in females. Sex disparities in HBV infection have been attributed to hormonal differences between males and females. However, whether HBV infection affects the metabolic signatures of steroid hormones and how these influences viral replication remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether HBV infection alters steroid metabolism and its effects on HBV replication. Serum samples from male and female mice obtained after the hydrodynamic injection of replication-competent HBV plasmids were subjected to quantitative steroid profiling. Serum steroid levels in mice were analyzed using an in vitro metabolism assay with the mouse liver S9 fraction. The alteration of steroids by HBV infection was observed only in male mice, particularly with significant changes in androgens, whereas no significant hormonal changes were observed in female mice. Among the altered steroids, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels increased the most in male mice after HBV infection. An in vitro metabolism assay revealed that androgen levels were significantly reduced in HBV-infected male mice. Furthermore, the genes involved in DHEA biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in HBV-infected male mice. Interestingly, reduced dihydrotestosterone in male mice significantly inhibits viral replication by suppressing HBV promoter activity, suggesting a viral strategy to overcome the antiviral effects of steroid hormones in males. Our data demonstrated that HBV infection can cause sex-specific changes in steroid metabolism.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of items on the Korean Nursing Licensing Examination by developing and evaluating case-based items that reflect integrated nursing knowledge. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional observational study to develop new case-based items. The methods for developing test items included expert workshops, brainstorming, and verification of content validity. After a mock examination of undergraduate nursing students using the newly developed case-based items, we evaluated the appropriateness of the items through classical test theory and item response theory. Results A total of 50 case-based items were developed for the mock examination, and content validity was evaluated. The question items integrated 34 discrete elements of integrated nursing knowledge. The mock examination was taken by 741 baccalaureate students in their fourth year of study at 13 universities. Their average score on the mock examination was 57.4, and the examination showed a reliability of 0.40. According to classical test theory, the average level of item difficulty of the items was 57.4% (80%–100% for 12 items; 60%–80% for 13 items; and less than 60% for 25 items). The mean discrimination index was 0.19, and was above 0.30 for 11 items and 0.20 to 0.29 for 15 items. According to item response theory, the item discrimination parameter (in the logistic model) was none for 10 items (0.00), very low for 20 items (0.01 to 0.34), low for 12 items (0.35 to 0.64), moderate for 6 items (0.65 to 1.34), high for 1 item (1.35 to 1.69), and very high for 1 item (above 1.70). The item difficulty was very easy for 24 items (below −2.0), easy for 8 items (−2.0 to −0.5), medium for 6 items (−0.5 to 0.5), hard for 3 items (0.5 to 2.0), and very hard for 9 items (2.0 or above). The goodness-of-fit test in terms of the 2-parameter item response model between the range of 2.0 to 0.5 revealed that 12 items had an ideal correct answer rate. Conclusion We surmised that the low reliability of the mock examination was influenced by the timing of the test for the examinees and the inappropriate difficulty of the items. Our study suggested a methodology for the development of future case-based items for the Korean Nursing Licensing Examination.

Background Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) expressing eosinophilia experience slightly fewer episodes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), than those without eosinophilia. However, the severity and burden of hospitalized pneumonia patients with COPD involving eosinophilia have not been assessed. Methods We evaluated the differences in clinical characteristics between patients with CAP and COPD with or without eosinophilia by a post hoc analysis of a prospective, multi-center, cohort study data. Results Of 349 CAP patients with COPD, 45 (12.9%) had eosinophilia (blood eosinophil ≥300 cells/μL). Patients with eosinophilia had a lower sputum culture percentile (8.1% vs. 23.4%, p

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality worldwide. However, existing treatments still face numerous clinical challenges. Building on our prior research showing peripheral nerve-derived stem cell (PNSC) spheroids with Schwann cell-like phenotypes can secrete neurotrophic factors to aid in neural tissue regeneration, we hypothesized that repeated intrathecal injections of PNSC spheroids would improve the delivery of neurotrophic factors, thereby facilitating the restoration of neurological function and brain tissue repair post-TBI. Methods We generated PNSC spheroids from human peripheral nerve tissue using suspension culture techniques. These spheroids were characterized using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The conditioned media were evaluated in SH-SY5Y and RAW264.7 cell lines to assess their effects on neurogenesis and inflammation. To simulate TBI, we established a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model in rats. The animals were administered intrathecal injections of PNSC spheroids on three occasions, with each injection spaced at a 3-day interval. Recovery of sensory and motor function was assessed using the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and rotarod tests, while histological (hematoxylin and eosin, Luxol fast blue staining) and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging analyses, alongside immunofluorescence, were conducted to evaluate the recovery of neural structures and pathophysiology. Results PNSC spheroids expressed high levels of Schwann cell markers and neurotrophic factors, such as neurotrophin-3 and Ephrin B3. Their conditioned medium was found to promote neurite outgrowth, reduce reactive oxygen species-mediated cell death and inflammation, and influence M1-M2 macrophage polarization. In the CCI rat model, rats receiving repeated triple intrathecal injections of PNSC spheroids showed significant improvements in sensory and motor function, with considerable neural tissue recovery in damaged areas. Notably, this treatment promoted nerve regeneration, axon regrowth, and remyelination. It also reduced glial scar formation and inflammation, while encouraging angiogenesis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that repeated intrathecal injections of PNSC spheroids can significantly enhance neural recovery after TBI. This effect is mediated by the diverse neurotrophic factors secreted by PNSC spheroids. Thus, the strategy of combining therapeutic cell delivery with multiple intrathecal injections holds promise as a novel clinical treatment for TBI recovery.

Purpose: This study aimed at identifying if there is a relevance of content of the Korean Nursing Licensing Examination (KNLE) revised in 2014 to nursing job. It will be able to provide the validity of revised content of the KNLE. Methods: From October 13 to November 13, 2015, print version of 8 duties with 49-tasks, 155-job item questionnaires were distributed to 1,305 hospital nurses and 202 nursing faculties in Korea. Results were treated by descriptive statistics and comparison analysis. There were responses from 946 nurses or professors (72.5%). Results: The relevance of test content of KNLE to nursing job was shown to be valid with over 3 points out of 4 point Likert scale in all items: from 3.23 at lowest to 3.64 at top. Conclusion: Above results showed that the revised version of KNLE in 2014 was valid to test the nursing students’ knowledge for job performance.

Purpose: This study aimed at characterizing Korean nurses’ occupational responsibilities to apply the results for improvement of the Korean Nursing Licensing Examination. Methods: First, the contents of nursing job were defined based on a focus group interview of 15 nurses. Developing a Curriculum (DACOM) method was used to examine those results and produce the questionnaire by 13 experts. After that, the questionnaire survey to 5,065 hospital nurses was done. Results: The occupational responsibilities of nurses were characterized as involving 8 duties, 49 tasks, and 303 task elements. Those 8 duties are nursing management and professional development, safety and infection control, the management of potential risk factors, basic nursing and caring, the maintenance of physiological integrity, medication and parenteral treatments, socio-psychological integrity, and the maintenance and improvement of health. Conclusion: The content of Korean Nursing Licensing Examination should be improved based on 8 duties and 49 tasks of the occupational responsibilities of Korean nurses.

Abstract Purpose The extent of honeycombing and reticulation predict the clinical prognosis of IPF. Emphysema, consolidation, and ground glass opacity are visible in HRCT scans. To date, there have been few comprehensive studies that have used these parameters. We conducted automated quantitative analysis to identify predictive parameters for clinical outcomes and then grouped the subjects accordingly. Methods CT images were obtained while patients held their breath at full inspiration. Parameters were analyzed using an automated lung texture quantification system. Cluster analysis was conducted on 159 IPF patients and clinical profiles were compared between clusters in terms of survival. Results Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that survival rates declined as fibrosis, reticulation, honeycombing, consolidation, and emphysema scores increased. Cox regression analysis revealed that reticulation had the most significant impact on survival rate, followed by honeycombing, consolidation, and emphysema scores. Hierarchical and K-means cluster analyses revealed 3 clusters. Cluster 1 (n = 126) with the lowest values for all parameters had the longest survival duration, and relatively-well preserved FVC and DLCO. Cluster 2 (n = 15) with high reticulation and consolidation scores had the lowest FVC and DLCO values with a predominance of female, while cluster 3 (n = 18) with high honeycombing and emphysema scores predominantly consisted of male smokers. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that cluster 2 had the lowest survival rate, followed by cluster 3 and cluster 1. Conclusion Automated quantitative CT analysis provides valuable information for predicting clinical outcomes, and clustering based on these parameters may help identify the high-risk group for management.

Glioblastoma recruits various nontransformed cells from distant tissues. Although bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been observed migrating to glioblastoma, the underlying mechanism driving MSC migration toward glioblastoma remains unclear. Tumor vascularity is critical in the context of recurrent glioblastoma and is closely linked to the expression of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1). We demonstrated that cadherin‐6 mediated MSC migration both toward SDF‐1 and toward glioblastoma cells. Cadherin‐6 knockdown resulted in the downregulation of MSCs capacity to migrate in response to SDF‐1. Furthermore, MSCs with cadherin‐6 knockdown exhibited impaired migration in response to conditioned media derived from glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U373) expressing SDF‐1, thus simulating the glioblastoma microenvironment. Moreover, MSCs enhanced the vasculogenic capacity of U87 cells without increasing the proliferation, cancer stem cell characteristics, or migration of U87. These results suggest that the current strategy of utilizing MSCs as carriers for antiglioblastoma drugs requires careful examination. Furthermore, cadherin‐6 may represent a novel potential target for controlling the recruitment of MSCs toward glioblastoma.

Objectives Metabolic disease is strongly associated with future insulin resistance, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Thus, identifying early biomarkers of metabolic-related disease based on serum profiling is useful to control future metabolic disease. Our study aimed to assess the association of serum branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) ratio and metabolic disease according to body mass index (BMI) status among Korean adults. Methods This cross-sectional study included 78 adults aged 20–59 years in Korea. We compared serum amino acid (AA) levels between adults with normal-weight and adults with obesity and investigated biomarkers of metabolic disease. We examined serum AA levels, blood profile, and body composition. We also evaluated the association between serum AAs and metabolic-related disease. Results The height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat mass, body fat percent, skeletal muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the group with obesity compared to normal weight group. The group with obesity showed significantly higher levels of BCAA, AAA, and BCAA and AAA ratio. Further, BCAA and AAA ratio were significantly positively correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and skeletal muscle mass. The evaluation of metabolic disease risks revealed an association between the ratios of BCAAs and AAAs, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Conclusions Our study is showed the associations between BCAA and AAA ratio, obesity, and obesity-related diseases using various analytical approaches. The elevated BCAA and AAA ratio could be early biomarkers for predicting future metabolic diseases in Korean population.

Abstract Tobacco smoking (TS) is implicated in lung cancer (LC) progression through the development of metabolic syndrome. However, direct evidence linking metabolic syndrome to TS-mediated LC progression remains to be established. Our findings demonstrate that 4-(methylnitrosamino)−1-(3-pyridyl)−1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene (NNK and BaP; NB), components of tobacco smoke, induce metabolic syndrome characteristics, particularly hyperglycemia, promoting lung cancer progression in male C57BL/6 J mice. NB enhances glucose uptake in tumor-associated macrophages by increasing the expression and surface localization of glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and 3, thereby leading to transcriptional upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), which subsequently activates insulin receptor (IR) in LC cells in a paracrine manner, promoting its nuclear import. Nuclear IR binds to nucleophosmin (NPM1), resulting in IR/NPM1-mediated activation of the CD274 promoter and expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Restricting glycolysis, depleting macrophages, or blocking PD-L1 inhibits NB-mediated LC progression. Analysis of patient tissues and public databases reveals elevated levels of IGF2 and GLUT1 in tumor-associated macrophages, as well as tumoral PD-L1 and phosphorylated insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor/insulin receptor (pIGF-1R/IR) expression, suggesting potential poor prognostic biomarkers for LC patients. Our data indicate that paracrine IGF2/IR/NPM1/PD-L1 signaling, facilitated by NB-induced dysregulation of glucose levels and metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, contributes to TS-mediated LC progression.

Objectives In the context where the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from livestock manure (LSM) account for more than half of the GHG emissions in the livestock sector, it is necessary to find alternatives to composting due to the decrease in agricultural land. This study aims to calculate the GHG reduction contribution and economic benefits when converting LSM into solid fuel as an alternative to traditional composting. Methods The study compares the results of converting the entire LSM generated domestically into solid fuel replacing it with hard coal for fuel (HC-F), bituminous coal for raw materials (BC-R), bituminous coal for fuel (BC-F). The GHG reduction contribution is calculated following the domestic GHG inventory methodology, using the IPCC guidelines and the method for calculating carbon emission reduction effects. For the assessment of economic benefits, were evaluated by aggregating the impacts of reducing coal imports and GHG reduction benefits in line with EU-ETS standards. Economic benefits are assessed by combining the effects of avoiding coal imports and the GHG reduction benefits according to the EU-ETS. Results and Discussion The GHG reduction effect was found to be highest when replacing with HC-F, and this is attributed to the lower heating value and higher GHG emission coefficient of HC-F compared to BC-R, and BC-F, indicating that the substitution with HC-F is most effective in terms of import avoidance. If 20% of the annual coal consumption in 2022 is replaced with solid fuel from LSM, the GHG reduction effects for coal substitution are 1.4% for HC-F, 2.1% for BC-R, and 1.9% for BC-F based on the LSM generation CO2 emissions from biomass fuel are considered climate-neutral and are excluded from the national total emissions. Solid fuel from LSM serves as an alternative in addressing the GHG generated during the LSM treatment process, contributing to potential reduction. If all generated LSM is replaced with HC-F, BC-R, or BC-F, there are respective GHG reduction effects of 13,193,591 tGHG, 11,320,572 tGHG, and 11,226,331 tGHG. Conclusion In 2018, the livestock sector accounted for approximately 42% of the GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, totaling 9.4 million tCO2 eq. Assuming the complete conversion of LSM into solid fuel for coal substitution, regardless of the type of coal replaced, it offsets the entire GHG emissions from the agricultural sector. Currently, there is limited demand for the conversion of LSM into solid fuel due to a lack of proof and awareness, but with some coal-fired power plants scheduled for partial shutdown and the government considering energy options for LSM, a promising stage is anticipated in the future for the substitution and expanded use of solid fuel from LSM in place of coal in the coal fuel. Although it may not be possible to entirely replace the coal used in power plants and steel mills with solid fuel from LSM, it can be utilized by increasing the proportion of coal blending. However, even if not reported in the national GHG inventory, the treatment of pollutants generated by solid fuel combustion remains an ongoing challenge. As solid fuel becomes more commonplace in the future, a comprehensive assessment of the entire process, including potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle, will be necessary to establish a basis for GHG reduction measures.

Abstract We designed the Relative Risk Tool (RRT) to help people assess the relative risks associated with COVID-19 vaccination and infection. In May 2022 (N = 400) and November 2022 (N = 615), U.S. residents participated in a survey that included questions about the risks of vaccination and infection. In both cohorts, we found an association between relative risk perception and vaccine hesitancy. Participants in the May cohort were randomly assigned an intervention: to see information from the RRT or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). After the intervention, participants answered the same questions about risk perception and vaccination intent again. The RRT was more effective than the CDC at changing risk perception and increasing vaccination intent. In November, the survey structure was the same, but the RRT was the only intervention included, and we confirmed that the RRT was effective at changing opinions in this new sample. Importantly, the RRT provided accurate information about the risks of serious adverse outcomes to vaccination and still increased vaccination intent. Our work suggests that the RRT helps people assess relative risk, which can in turn help empower them to make informed decisions and ultimately reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Abstract Marine heatwaves become more frequent and stronger due to global warming. It is necessary to clarify how and by which process marine heatwaves affect marine weather systems. Here, we examine how marine heatwaves strengthen tropical cyclones. We analyze 128 tropical cyclones that intensified with marine heatwaves and 184 tropical cyclones that intensified without marine heatwaves over the western North Pacific and Atlantic. Marine heatwaves finally lead to a maximum intensity of 35.4% stronger (106.72 kts) tropical cyclone. Notably, satellite data reveal that marine heatwaves are associated with precipitation-richer tropical cyclone conditions despite similar tropical cyclone intensities. Due to the increased latent heat flux during marine heatwaves, intensified precipitation near the tropical cyclone center contributes to the intensification process. This study provides insights into how more frequent marine heatwaves by global warming impact tropical cyclones.

Studies on organotellurium compounds have not been extensively conducted due to a lack of tolerable synthetic methods, difficult isolation processes, and their chemical instabilities. Overcoming these hurdles, we developed an efficient and mild method for the selective synthesis of symmetrical diorganyl tellurides 1, a representative class of organotellurium compounds, using a proper reducing reagent. The reaction condition was optimized for the selective formation of 1 by forming the telluride dianion (Te2−) using a reducing reagent, sodium borohydride (NaBH4), and then followed by the addition of organyl halides. The optimized reaction condition was as follows: (1) Te (1.0 eq), NaBH4 (2.5 eq) in DMF for 1 h at 80 °C; (2) organyl halides (2.0 eq) for 3–5 h at 25–153 °C. Using this condition, 18 various diorganyl tellurides 1 were selectively and efficiently synthesized in reasonable yields (37–93%). The reaction pathways for the formation of diorganyl tellurides 1 were also investigated. Consequently, we established a practical and efficient method for the selective synthesis of diorganyl tellurides 1 as a representative class of organotellurium compounds.

Background/Aims: The recent update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease initiative has added normal growth in children as an intermediate target in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. We aimed to investigate factors associated with reaching mid-parental height (MPH) in patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and the adolescent period. Methods: This multicenter retrospective observational study included pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease that had reached adult height. Factors associated with reaching MPH were investigated by logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 166 patients were included in this study (128 Crohn’s disease and 38 ulcerative colitis). Among them, 54.2% (90/166) had reached their MPH. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that height Z-score at diagnosis and MPH Z-score were independently associated with reaching MPH (odds ratio [OR], 8.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.44 to 17.90; p

Abstract Background The Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications–Enhanced (FRAME) is a tool that systematically guides decision-making and reporting of adaptations made to evidence-based interventions. Using FRAME, we documented the process and outcomes of adapting the Savvy Caregiver Program (SCP) for Korean American dementia caregivers. Methods Sequential adaptation was initiated with linguistic attunement, followed by pilot implementation and full adaptation. Our data-driven adaptation with multiple data sources and a feedback loop among multiple stakeholders yielded a total of 32 modifications, and each was coded according to the eight domains of FRAME: (1) what was modified, (2) who participated in recommending and deciding the modification to be made, (3) when the modification occurred, (4) whether the modification was planned, (5) whether the modification was fidelity-consistent, (6) whether the modification was temporary, (7) at what level of delivery, the modification was made, and (8) why the modification was made. Results The areas of adaptation were evenly distributed across context (37.5%), content (31.2%), and training (31.2%). The primary reasons for modification were for engagement (62.5%), followed by fit with recipients (43.8%) and outcome improvement (31.1%). About 66% of the modifications were applied to the entire target group, and all modifications were fidelity-consistent. Conclusions The FRAME categorization provided a detailed understanding of the process and nature of adapting the SCP and served as a foundation for further implementation and scale-up. FRAME not only serves as a guide for adapting evidence-based interventions but also promotes their replicability and scalability.

Abstracts Mesenchymal stem cells are recruited from the bone marrow into breast tumors, contributing to the creation of a tumor microenvironment that fosters tropism for breast tumors. However, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the recruitment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the breast tumor microenvironment are still under investigation. Our discoveries identified zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as a specific intrinsic molecule that plays a vital role in mediating the collective migration of MSCs towards breast tumor cells and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), which is a crucial factor secreted by breast tumor cells. Upon migration in response to MDA-MB-231 cells and TGF-β, MSCs showed increased formation of adherens junction-like structures (AJs) expressing N-cadherin and α-catenin at their cell-cell contacts. ZO-1 was found to be recruited into the AJs at the cell-cell contacts between MSCs. Additionally, ZO-1 collaborated with α-catenin to regulate AJ formation, dependently on the SH3 and GUK domains of the ZO-1 protein. ZO-1 knockdown led to the impaired migration of MSCs in response to the stimuli and subsequent downregulation of AJs formation at the cell-cell contacts during MSCs migration. Overall, our study highlights the novel role of ZO-1 in guiding MSC migration towards breast tumor cells, suggesting its potential as a new strategy for controlling and re-engineering the breast tumor microenvironment.

Objective To analyze the changes in muscle mass and quality with time on the paretic and non-paretic sides in subacute stroke patients and identify correlations between the variation of muscle mass and quality and lower limb functions. Methods Thirty hemiplegia patients diagnosed with stroke participated in this study. To evaluate poststroke muscle changes, longitudinal measurement of muscle mass and quality was conducted with bilateral lower limbs. The elastic shear modulus was measured using shear wave elastography and muscle thickness (MT) of rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscles. Functional evaluation was performed using Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSST). Follow-up was performed at discharge. The muscle mass and quality were compared according to time. We analyzed whether muscle quantity and quality were related to function. Results MT demonstrated no significant change with time. The elastic shear modulus increased significantly in the paretic VL and GCM muscles and did not change significantly in the muscles on the non-paretic side. Correlation analysis detected that elastic shear modulus in the VL has a cross-sectional negative relationship between BBS and positive relationship between FTSST. There were significant correlation between variation of FTSST and the variation of the elastic shear modulus in VL. Conclusion Only paretic VL and GCM muscle quality changed in subacute stroke patients and muscle’s property related to lower limb functions. Therefore, the lower extremity requires an approach to muscle quality rather than quantity for subacute stroke patients.

Background/Aims: This study aimed to develop a rehabilitation program for musculoskeletal pain experienced by gastrointestinal endoscopists and to investigate its usefulness.Methods: This was a multicenter cohort study. During the first 2 weeks, a questionnaire regarding daily workload and musculoskeletal symptoms was administered. Then, a rehabilitation program including equipment/posture correction and stretching was conducted during the remaining 6 weeks. Follow-up daily workload and musculoskeletal symptom surveys were distributed during the last 2 weeks. The program satisfaction survey was performed at the 6th and 8th weeks.Results: Among 118 participants (69 men), 94% (n=111) complained of musculoskeletal pain at baseline. Various hospital activities at baseline were associated with multisite musculoskeletal pain, whereas only a few workloads were correlated with musculoskeletal pain after the rehabilitation program. Follow-up musculoskeletal pain was negatively correlated with equipment/posture program performance; arm/elbow pain was negatively correlated with elbow (R=–0.307) and wrist (R=–0.205) posture; leg/foot pain was negatively correlated with monitor position, shoulder, elbow, wrist, leg, and foot posture. Higher performance in the scope position (86.8% in the improvement vs 71.3% in the aggravation group, p=0.054) and table height (94.1% vs 79.1%, p=0.054) were associated with pain improvement. An increased number of colonoscopy procedures (6.27 in the aggravation vs 0.02 in the improvement group, p=0.017) was associated with pain aggravation. Most participants reported being average (32%) or satisfied (67%) with the program at the end of the study.Conclusions: Our rehabilitation program is easily applicable, satisfactory, and helpful for improving the musculoskeletal pain experienced by gastrointestinal endoscopists.

Abstract Background Many patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) gain weight after treatment. However, the clinical significance of weight gain in these patients remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate body weight changes after treatment in patients newly diagnosed with moderate-to-severe UC and their effects on patients’ prognosis. Methods The change in weight between diagnosis and 1 year after treatment in 212 patients enrolled in the MOSAIK cohort (mean age, 40 years; males, 60%) was analyzed. Significant weight gain was defined as a weight increase of ≥ 5% from the baseline at 1 year. Factors associated with significant weight gain and the effect of significant weight gain on the risk of major adverse outcomes (clinical relapse, hospitalization, and new use of steroids or biologics) during a follow-up period of 20 months were evaluated. Results Mean weight gain at 1 year was 1.7 ± 4.2 kg. The proportion of overweight/obese patients increased by 9.0% from 37.9% to 46.9%. Thirty-two percent had significant weight gain; extensive colitis at diagnosis was the only factor associated with significant weight gain (odds ratio 6.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4–31.0, p = 0.006). In multivariable analysis, significant weight gain was not associated with the risk of major adverse outcomes. Weight loss symptoms at diagnosis were associated with an increased risk for new steroid use after 1 year. Conclusions Approximately one-third of patients with moderate-to-severe UC had significant weight gain after 1 year of treatment. However, significant weight gain was not associated with the patient’s prognosis.

Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) insertion has gained recent attention as a joint-preserving procedure, no study has conducted direct intralesional implantation of human umbilical cord-derived MSCs (hUCMSCs) in patients with ONFH. This is a protocol for a phase 1 clinical trial designed to assess the safety and exploratory efficacy of human umbilical cord-derived osteoblasts (hUC-Os), osteogenic differentiation-induced cells from hUCMSCs, in patients with early-stage ONFH. Nine patients with Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) stage 1 or 2 will be assigned to a low-dose (1 × 107 hUC-O cells, n = 3), medium-dose (2 × 107 cells, n = 3), and high-dose group (4 × 107 cells, n = 3) in the order of their arrival at the facility, and, depending on the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity, up to 18 patients can be enrolled by applying the 3 + 3 escalation method. We will perform hUC-O (CF-M801) transplantation combined with core decompression and follow-up for 12 weeks according to the study protocol. Safety will be determined through adverse event assessment, laboratory tests including a panel reactive antibody test, vital sign assessment, physical examination, and electrocardiogram. Efficacy will be explored through the change in pain visual analog scale, Harris hip score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, ARCO stage, and also size and location of necrotic lesion according to Japanese Investigation Committee classification before and after the procedure. Joint preservation is important, particularly in younger, active patients with ONFH. Confirmation of the safety and efficacy of hUC-Os will lead to a further strategy to preserve joints for those suffering from ONFH and improve our current knowledge of cell therapy.

Poliometra prolixa Sladen, 1881, is a comatulid crinoid found in the Arctic deep sea. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of P. prolixa (Comatulida: Antedonidae). The complete mitogenome of P. prolixa was 15,916 bp long and comprised 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The base composition of the P. prolixa mitogenome was 24.0% A, 44.9% T, 19.0% G, and 12.1% C. Phylogenetic analysis using all PCGs of the complete mitogenome confirmed the inclusion of P. prolixa within the Comatulida.

Background/Aims The overall incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia is declining. However, the change in the pathogenic distribution of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and the serotype specificity of Streptococcus pneumoniae have not been evaluated in the post-era of pneumococcal vaccination in Korea. Methods We conducted a prospective, multi-center, cohort study from seven University-affiliated hospitals. The primary objective was the identification of serotype-specific prevalence of pneumococcal pneumonia in COPD patients hospitalized for CAP. For the purpose, we conducted serotype-specific urine antigen detection (SS-UAD) assays for S. pneumoniae. The secondary objectives were other clinical characteristics of pneumonia including vaccination status. Results The total number of participants was 349. Most of them were male (95.1%) with old ages (75.55 ± 8.59 y). The positive rate for S. pneumoniae was 9.2% with SS-UAD assay and the common serotypes were 22F, 6A, and 6B. In the sputum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.0%) and Haemophilus influenzae (4.0%) were common pathogens. The vaccination rate was 78.8%, 53.0%, and 25.8% for influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine 23 (PPV 23), and pneumococcal protein-conjugated vaccine 13 (PCV 13), respectively. Thirteen patients died during hospitalization (mortality rate; 3.7%). There was no difference in the respective rate of influenza vaccination (79.2% vs. 69.2%, p = 0.288) and PCV 13 vaccination (25.6% vs. 30.8%, p = 0.443) between survivors and the deceased. Conclusions Serotypes 22F, 6A, and 6B, which are covered either by PPV 23 or by PCV 13, are still common pneumococcal serotypes in COPD pneumonia in the post-vaccination era in Korea.

Background: Particulate air pollution and residential greenness are associated with sleep quality in the general population; however, their influence on maternal sleep quality during pregnancy has not been assessed. Objective: This cross-sectional study investigated the individual and interactive effects of exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and residential greenness on sleep quality in pregnant women. Methods: Pregnant women (n = 4933) enrolled in the Korean Children's Environmental Health Study with sleep quality information and residential address were included. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The average concentrations of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) during pregnancy were estimated through land use regression, and residential greenness in a 1000 m buffer area around participants' residences was estimated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI1000-m). Modified Poisson regression models were used to estimate the associations between PM and NDVI and poor sleep quality (PSQI >5) after controlling for a range of covariates. A four-way mediation analysis was conducted to examine the mediating effects of PM. Results: After adjusting for confounders, each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and PM10 exposure was associated with a higher risk of poor sleep quality (relative risk [RR]: 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01, 1.11; and RR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.13, respectively), and each 0.1-unit increase in NDVI1000-m was associated with a lower risk of poor sleep quality (RR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99). Mediation analysis showed that PM mediated approximately 37%–56% of the association between residential greenness and poor sleep quality. Conclusions: This study identified a positive association between residential greenness and sleep quality. Furthermore, these associations are mediated by a reduction in exposure to particulate air pollution and highlight the link between green areas, air pollution control, and human health.

Background and aimsFavourable clinical data were published on the efficacy of CT-P13, the first biosimilar of infliximab (IFX), in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, few studies have compared the effect on endoscopic healing (EH) and drug retention rate between the IFX originator and CT-P13. Therefore, we aimed to compare EH and the drug retention rate between the IFX originator and CT-P13.MethodsChildren with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)/IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) at 22 medical centers were enrolled, with a retrospective review conducted at 1-year and last follow-up. Clinical remission, EH and drug retention rate were evaluated.ResultsWe studied 416 pediatric patients with IBD: 77.4% had CD and 22.6% had UC/IBD-U. Among them, 255 (61.3%) received the IFX originator and 161 (38.7%) received CT-P13. No statistically significant differences were found between the IFX originator and CT-P13 in terms of corticosteroid-free remission and adverse events. At 1-year follow-up, EH rates were comparable between them (CD: P=0.902, UC: P=0.860). The estimated cumulative cessation rates were not significantly different between the two groups. In patients with CD, the drug retention rates were 66.1% in the IFX originator and 71.6% in the CT-P13 group at the maximum follow-up period (P >0.05). In patients with UC, the drug retention rates were 49.8% in the IFX originator and 56.3% in the CT-P13 group at the maximum follow-up period (P >0.05).ConclusionsThe IFX originator and CT-P13 demonstrated comparable therapeutic response including EH, clinical remission, drug retention rate and safety in pediatric IBD.

Abstract The renin-angiotensin (RA) system has been implicated in lung tumorigenesis without detailed mechanistic elucidation. Here, we demonstrate that exposure to the representative tobacco-specific carcinogen nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) promotes lung tumorigenesis through deregulation of the pulmonary RA system. Mechanistically, NNK binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) induces Src-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation, resulting in transcriptional upregulation of angiotensinogen (AGT) and subsequent induction of the angiotensin II (AngII) receptor type 1 (AGTR1) signaling pathway. In parallel, NNK concurrently increases insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) production and activation of IGF-1R/insulin receptor (IR) signaling via a two-step pathway involving transcriptional upregulation of IGF2 through STAT3 activation and enhanced secretion from intracellular storage through AngII/AGTR1/PLC-intervened calcium release. NNK-mediated crosstalk between IGF-1R/IR and AGTR1 signaling promoted tumorigenic activity in lung epithelial and stromal cells. Lung tumorigenesis caused by NNK exposure or alveolar type 2 cell-specific Src activation was suppressed by heterozygous Agt knockout or clinically available inhibitors of the nAChR/Src or AngII/AGTR1 pathways. These results demonstrate that NNK-induced stimulation of the lung RA system leads to IGF2-mediated IGF-1R/IR signaling activation in lung epithelial and stromal cells, resulting in lung tumorigenesis in smokers.

Background In clinical practice, the importance of interactive engagement behaviors is overlooked in children with developmental problems other than autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Parenting stress affects children’s development but lacks attention from clinicians. Purpose This study aimed to identify the characteristics of interactive engagement behaviors and parenting stress among non-ASD children with developmental delays (DDs). We also analyzed whether engagement behaviors affect parenting stress. Methods At Gyeongsang National University Hospital, between May 2021 and October 2021, we retrospectively enrolled 51 consecutive patients diagnosed with DDs in language or cognition (but not ASD) in the delayed group and 24 typically developing children in the control group. The Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index-4 and Child Interactive Behavior Test were used to assess the participants. Results The median age of the delayed group was 31.0 months (interquartile range, 25.0–35.5 months); this group included 42 boys (82.4%). There were no intergroup differences in child age, child sex, parental age, parental educational background, mother’s employment status, or marital status. Higher parenting stress (P

Given the significant role of culture and place in dementia caregiving, we conducted a qualitative study with Korean American family caregivers of persons with dementia. Guided by the sociocultural model of dementia caregivers’ service use, we explored the categories of care decisions, caregiving situations, and formal service use within the context of culture and place. Data from in-depth interviews with 16 Korean American dementia caregivers living in the greater Los Angeles area were analyzed using the constant comparison method. Across the three conceptual categories, we derived eight themes: (1) personal motivation; (2) family context; (3) attitude toward formal care; (4) strains; (5) rewards; (6) language and geographic region; (7) knowledge and awareness; and (8) social support and cultural stigma. Our findings demonstrate not only varied experiences in care decisions, caregiving situations, and formal service use but also their interconnectedness. Supporting the influential role of culture and place in dementia caregiving, the findings include positive and negative elements within each domain and provide implications for programs and services to respond to identified needs and barriers.

This work aimed to identify the mechanisms by which taurine exerts its anti-obesity effects in the C57BL/6J ob/ob mice model and determine if taurine supplementation increases the amelioration of inflammation and lipogenesis linked genes in the adipose and liver tissues. Three groups of C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard chow diet for a period of 10 weeks the C57BL/6J normal group, the C57BL/6J ob/ob negative control group with no taurine intake and C57BL/6J ob/ob taurine group with taurine intake. Real time PCR was used to examine the gene expression profile in the experimental groups intrascapular brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver. TNF-alpha, Ccl2, Adgre and illb genes that are associated with inflammation were found to have varying level of expression in the three tissues. In comparison to BAT and liver these genes were expressed at a much lower level in WAT, with enhanced serum adiponectin levels.

AbstractIntratympanic administration for the delivery of steroids has been extensively studied but limited because of low permeability of the drug through the row window membrane. Here, to effectively deliver poorly soluble triamcinolone acetonide (TA), microemulsions (ME) were prepared from Capmul MCM (oil), Cremophor RH40 (surfactant), and tetraglycol (cosurfactant) based on solubility studies, emulsifying ability test, and pseudoternary phase diagrams. Microemulsion gel (MEG) was prepared by mixing TA-ME with a poloxamer hydrogel base. The physicochemical properties of ME and MEG formulations were characterized, and the toxicity and oto-protective effectiveness were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The ME-3 formulation showed a small droplet size (16.5 ± 0.2 nm), narrow PDI (0.067 ± 0.041), and enhanced TA solubility (2619.7 ± 57.6 μg/g). The optimized MEG demonstrated temperature-dependent gelation with a gelation time of 208 ± 10 sec at 37 °C. Slow degradation of the gel matrix sustained release of TA from MEG compared to the ME formulation. Both TA-ME and TA-MEG were found to be nontoxic to NIH3T3 cells at the test concentrations (0 to 5 µg/mL), and biocompatible after intratympanic administration to mice. The incorporation of ME into thermosensitive hydrogels prolonged retention of TA at the site of administration until 6 days. As a consequence, the enhanced drug absorption into the cochlea in TA-MEG group (approximately 2 times higher than other groups) protected hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, and stria vascular cells from cisplatin-induced damage. Therefore, this injectable TA-loaded MEG is an effective and safe vehicle for the sustained delivery of triamcinolone acetonide into the inner ear.

Abstract Despite advances in precision oncology, cancer remains a global public health issue. In this report, proof‐of‐principle evidence is presented that a cell‐penetrable peptide (ACP52C) dissociates transcription factor CP2c complexes and induces apoptosis in most CP2c oncogene‐addicted cancer cells through transcription activity‐independent mechanisms. CP2cs dissociated from complexes directly interact with and degrade YY1, leading to apoptosis via the MDM2‐p53 pathway. The liberated CP2cs also inhibit TDP2, causing intrinsic genome‐wide DNA strand breaks and subsequent catastrophic DNA damage responses. These two mechanisms are independent of cancer driver mutations but are hindered by high MDM2 p60 expression. However, resistance to ACP52C mediated by MDM2 p60 can be sensitized by CASP2 inhibition. Additionally, derivatives of ACP52C conjugated with fatty acid alone or with a CASP2 inhibiting peptide show improved pharmacokinetics and reduced cancer burden, even in ACP52C‐resistant cancers. This study enhances the understanding of ACP52C‐induced cancer‐specific apoptosis induction and supports the use of ACP52C in anticancer drug development.

Purpose This study aimed to investigate the changes that occurred in journal and article publishing during the noncontact period that started in 2020 due to COVID-19. Methods The integrated journal list in Journal Citation Reports (JCR) 2017–2021 and the search results of Web of Science were analyzed using pivot tables in Microsoft Excel. The articles, citations, impact factor (IF), publishers, open access (OA) status, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) were investigated using the data. Results The CAGRs of articles, citations, and IFs in JCR journals increased throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, the increase in OA articles was accompanied by a decreasing share of subscription articles. The top 20 journals in JCR-SCIE (Science Citation Index Expanded), based on the number of articles, accepted OA policies and showed a strong influence, accounting for 7% to 9% of all articles. MDPI and Frontiers were OA publishers included among the top 10 publishers. Large publishers maintained their competitiveness through mergers and acquisitions with OA publishers. Due to the rapid distribution of OA and early access articles as part of the international response to overcome COVID-19, the CAGRs of citations and IFs increased more than that of articles, and the publication and use of journal articles have become more active. Conclusion The publication and use trends in JCR journals analyzed herein will provide useful information for researchers’ selection of journals for article submission, analyses of research performance, and libraries’ journal subscription contracts.

Background & Aims: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is expressed on activated fibroblast. Its role in fibrosis and desmoplasia is controversial, and data on pharmacological FAP inhibition are lacking. We aimed to better define the role of FAP in liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Methods: FAP expression was analyzed in mice and patients with fibrotic liver diseases of various etiologies. Fibrotic mice received a specific FAP inhibitor (FAPi) at 2 doses orally for 2 weeks during parenchymal fibrosis progression (6 weeks of carbon tetrachloride) and regression (2 weeks off carbon tetrachloride), and with biliary fibrosis (Mdr2−/−). Recombinant FAP was added to (co-)cultures of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), fibroblasts, and macrophages. Fibrosis- and inflammation-related parameters were determined biochemically, by quantitative immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and transcriptomics. Results: FAP+ fibroblasts/HSCs were α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)-negative and located at interfaces of fibrotic septa next to macrophages in murine and human livers. In parenchymal fibrosis, FAPi reduced collagen area, liver collagen content, α-SMA+ myofibroblasts, M2-type macrophages, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase, key fibrogenesis-related transcripts, and increased hepatocyte proliferation 10-fold. During regression, FAP was suppressed, and FAPi was ineffective. FAPi less potently inhibited biliary fibrosis. In vitro, FAP small interfering RNA reduced HSC α-SMA expression and collagen production, and FAPi suppressed their activation and proliferation. Compared with untreated macrophages, FAPi regulated macrophage profibrogenic activation and transcriptome, and their conditioned medium attenuated HSC activation, which was increased with addition of recombinant FAP. Conclusions: Pharmacological FAP inhibition attenuates inflammation-predominant liver fibrosis. FAP is expressed on subsets of activated fibroblasts/HSC and promotes both macrophage and HSC profibrogenic activity in liver fibrosis.

Background/Aims: The prospective Crohn’s Disease Clinical Network and Cohort Study is a nationwide multicenter cohort study of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) in Korea, aiming to prospectively investigate the clinical features and long-term prognosis associated with CD. Methods: Patients diagnosed with CD between January 2009 and September 2019 were prospectively enrolled. They were divided into two cohorts according to the year of diagnosis: cohort 1 (diagnosed between 2009 and 2011) versus cohort 2 (between 2012 and 2019). Results: A total of 1,175 patients were included, and the median follow-up duration was 68 months (interquartile range, 39.0 to 91.0 months). The treatment-free durations for thiopurines (p

The recent announcement by the European Union of the Fit for 55 Package and a prospective ban on the sale of new internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035 has prompted a notable surge in the electric vehicle (EV) market. The shift toward EVs concurrently presents challenges, namely the resource management of used EV batteries, particularly their reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the effects of the reduced environmental impacts of a remanufactured portable power station (RPPS) compared with those of a new portable power station (NPPS) using life cycle assessment (LCA) and the economic benefits gained from reusing used EV batteries. The results of the LCA of the RPPS indicated a notable environmental advantage, with reductions of 42.01% in GWP and 41.91% in ADP compared with those achieved by the NPPS. Moreover, the economic benefits of the waste battery remanufacturing business amounted to USD 593,212 at an annual sales volume of 1000 units. The environmental benefits of remanufacturing practices represent valuable support for policies centered on remanufacturing and reusing used EV batteries. The findings of this study could stimulate a future market for products repurposed from used EV batteries, thereby further fostering sustainability in this sector.

Background/Aims Neutrophilia is frequently observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a potent neutrophil-activating glycoprotein. However, the clinical implications of G-CSF remain poorly understood.in patients with IPF. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between the G-CSF concentration in BALF and the progression of fibrosis, including in terms of the decline in lung function and long-term survival rate. Methods G-CSF concentrations were measured in BALF using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The survival rate was estimated using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. Results G-CSF protein levels were significantly higher in IPF (n = 87; 1.88 [0 to 5.68 pg/mL]), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (n = 22; 0.58 [0 to 11.64 pg/mL]), and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (n = 19; 2.48 [0.46 to 5.71 pg/mL]) patients than in normal controls (n = 33; 0 [0 to 0.68 pg/mL]) (all p < 0.01). A receiver operating characteristic curve showed a difference in G-CSF levels between IPF and NC (area under the curve, 0.769): The G-CSF cut-off of 0.96 pg/mL indicated 84.9% specificity and 63.2% sensitivity for IPF. The survival rate was significantly lower in the group with G-CSF > 2.872 pg/mL than in the group with ≤ 2.872 pg/mL (hazard ratio, 2.69; p = 0.041). The annual decline in diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was positively correlated with the G-CSF level (p = 0.018). Conclusions G-CSF may participate in the development of IPF and be useful for predicting the prognosis of IPF. Therefore, G-CSF should be analyzed in BALF, in addition to differential cell counts.

BackgroundRehabilitation of upper limb function can be challenging in children with brain lesion. Recent virtual reality (VR) rehabilitation may be an additional treatment option in pediatric rehabilitation.ObjectivesTo assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a home-based VR-enhanced rehabilitation program with wearable multi-inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors on upper limb functions in children with brain injury.MethodsThis multicenter single blind randomized controlled trial included 40 children with cerebral palsy (CP) or static brain injury. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to experimental and control group. Both the groups maintained the same therapeutic content and dose of occupational therapy during the intervention period. The experimental group performed additional training at home using the VR-enhanced program for at least 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. VR training consisted of daily activities or games promoting wrist and forearm articular movements using wearable IMU sensors. The Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function-version 2 (MA2), Upper Limb Physician's Rating Scale (ULPRS), Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-computer adaptive test (PEDI-CAT), computerized 3D motion analysis, and user satisfaction survey were performed. Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare treatment effects between groups, and Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare pre and post intervention.ResultsOverall 35 children (15 in VR group and 20 in control group) completed the protocol. In the experimental group, an average VR training time was 855 min. The accuracy of motion measured by MA2, segmental movements by ULPRS, daily living capability and social cognitive function by PEDI-CAT, movement time and shoulder movement pattern by motion analysis showed significant improvements. However, there were no significant differences in any of the functional outcome measures compared to the control group. All the children and parents reported positive experiences.ConclusionsHome-based VR training though it had limited impact on improving upper limb function, it could help improve social cognitive function, movement pattern, and efficiency in children with brain injury and could be an effective means of extending clinical therapy to the home.Clinical Trial RegistrationCRIS.nih.go.kr: identifier KCT0003172.

Abstract Sargassum horneri is a major bloom forming species in Korea and China. It is important to find a way to utilize the huge biomass of Sargassum horneri in the region. Seaweed-derived biostimulants are primarily derived from brown algae and are known to improve terrestrial crop growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Neopyropia yezoensis is the most important seaweed cultured species in Korea, and research is required to increase heat resistance as a solution against climate change. In this study, various extraction methods were used to obtain Sargassum horneri extract, and it was applied to Neopyropia yezoensis to evaluate the effect on physiological activity. Metabolites of Sargassum horneri were extracted by using four different methods: boiling (SBE), soaking (SSE), autoclaving (SAE) and ethanol (SEE). The SBE, SSE and SAE derived extracts showed increased tolerance to high-temperature stress that had inhibited the growth of Neopyropia yezoensis, and show improved growth compared to the control group. The SBE and SSE extraction methods improved the content of phycobiliprotein, but also the SBE increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Based on the results of this study, the boiling extraction method appears to be the most suitable method for the extraction of plants stimulants from Sargassum horneri.

The complex process of bone regeneration is influenced by factors such as inflammatory responses, tissue interactions, and progenitor cells. Currently, multiple traumas can interfere with fracture healing, causing the prolonging or failure of healing. In these cases, bone grafting is the most effective treatment. However, there are several drawbacks, such as morbidity at the donor site and availability of suitable materials. Advantages have been provided in this field by a variety of stem cell types. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) show promise. In the radiological examination of this study, it was confirmed that the C/S group showed faster regeneration than the other groups, and Micro-CT also showed that the degree of bone formation in the defect area was highest in the C/S group. Compared to the control group, the change in cortical bone area in the defect area decreased in the sham group (0.874), while it slightly increased in the C/S group (1.027). An increase in relative vascularity indicates a decrease in overall bone density, but a weak depression filled with fibrous tissue was observed outside the compact bone. It was confirmed that newly formed cortical bone showed a slight difference in bone density compared to surrounding normal bone tissue due to increased distribution of cortical bone. In this study, we investigated the effect of bone regeneration by ADMSCs measured by radiation and pathological effects. These data can ultimately be applied to humans with important clinical applications in various bone diseases, regenerative, and early stages of formative differentiation.