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Purpose This study aimed to analyze the G-test results based on body composition and heart rate of fourth grade Air Force cadets, identify the relationships among body composition, heart rate, and G-resistance, and provide basic data for pilots and Air Force cadets to strengthen the G-tolerance. Methods This study used wearable devices to measure the heart rate and fatigue of 27 fourth-grade cadets of the Air Force Academy. Physical composition and physical fitness were assessed. Based on the measurement results, G-test result analysis and correlation analysis were performed. Results G-test results showed a steady heart rate (p=.015), deep sleep time (p

OBJECTIVES This study set out to develop and administer an 8-week G-tolerance reinforcement exercise program and examine changes to the body composition, cardiovascular endurance, isokinetic muscular function, and G-tolerance ability of air force cadets according to the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism, thus testing the effects of the program on air force cadets according to the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism. METHODS For those purposes, the investigator analyzed the gene polymorphisms of ACTN-3 of 30 air force cadets, administered the developed G-tolerance reinforcement exercise program to and conducted analysis of its effects on their body composition, cardiovascular endurance, isokinetic muscular functions(muscular strength and endurance), and G-tolerance capacity(6G/30sec). RESULTS Found a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass in the RR and RX types, and body fat percentage in the XX type. the program caused a significant increase to the of the subjects across all the geno types and to their cardiovascular endurance in the RX and XX types. the dominant knee joint(right leg) and found a significant increase in the peak torque per body weight in the RX and XX type. As for the dominant knee joint(right leg), there was a significant increase in the total work per body weight in the RR, RX, and XX types. the G-tolerance ability in the RX than in the RR type, and and G-tolerance ability of XX type was also increased. CONCLUSIONS In summary, those findings demonstrate that there were differences in the changing patterns of air force cadets' G-tolerance ability according to the ACTN-3 gene polymorphism(RR, RX, and XX) after the G-tolerance reinforcement exercise program and that there was a more increase in the G-tolerance ability in the RX than in the RR type, and G-tolerance ability of XX type was also increased. Therefore, the G-tolerance reinforcement exercise program is verified as effective for reinforcing the G-toleran capacity of air force cadets who have either genotype RX or XX.

Pasteurella spp. can cause fatal zoonotic infections in humans. We performed a multicenter study to investigate the prevalence and clinical features of Pasteurella infections in South Korea during 2018‒2022. We also conducted a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia. The study included 283 cases found an increasing trend in Pasteurella infections. Blood cultures were positive in 8/35 (22.9%) cases sampled, for overall bacteremia-associated rate of 2.8% (8/283). Aging was a significant risk factor for bacteremia (odds ratio 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.10]), according to multivariate analyses. For the meta-analysis, we included a total of 2,012 cases from 10 studies. The pooled prevalence of bacteremia was 12.4% (95% CI 7.3%–18.6%) and of mortality 8.4% (95% CI 2.7%–16.5%). Our findings reflect the need for greater understanding of the increase in Pasteurella infections and the global burden of Pasteurella bacteremia to determine appropriate case management.

Background The government of Korea implemented a strategy of prevention and early diagnosis in high-risk groups to reduce the tuberculosis (TB) burden. This study aims to investigate the TB epidemiology and gap in understanding of TB prevalence among homeless individuals by analyzing active TB chest X-ray (CXR) screening results in Korea. Methods The Korean National Tuberculosis Association conducted active TB screening with CXR for homeless groups from January 1 to December 31, 2021. Sputum acid-fast bacilli smear and culture were performed for the subjects suggestive of TB on CXR. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the data in comparison with the national health screening results from the general population. Results Among 17,713 homeless persons, 40 (0.23%), 3,077 (17.37%), and 79 (0.45%) were categorized as suggested TB, inactive TB, and observation required, respectively. Prevalence of suggested TB in the homeless was significantly higher (3–5 fold) than in Univerthe national general health screening based on age category (p

Abstract Background Abnormal posture is known to affect the efficacy of exercise therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. However, no studies to date have examined the effect of exercise programs should take into account the posture of the upper body in patients with rotator cuff disease. This study aimed to assess how rotator cuff and corrective exercises impact shoulder function and muscle strength post-arthroscopic rotator cuff repair surgery, providing tailored rehabilitation programs for patients with forward posture. Methods Ninety male patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair participated in this study. The patients were randomly divided into three groups corrective exercise group (CEG, n = 29), rotator cuff exercise group (REG, n = 27), and control group (CG, n = 28). Each group was instructed to apply different exercise programs to correct posture and enhance rotator cuff strength. All patients were checked by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Constant score and muscle strength, and range of motion preoperatively and postoperatively at 6 months and 1 year. Results ASES shoulder function scores showed significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.002, F = 7.03), indicating that the corrective exercise program was more beneficial than rotator cuff exercises (p = 0.009, F = 3.78). A significant intergroup difference in mean Constant score was also noted (p = 0.025, F = 3.86), while a statistically significant interaction between time and group was observed (p = 0.032, F = 2.96). Conclusions These results suggested that a corrective exercise program can improve shoulder muscle strength and function after rotator cuff repair in male patients with a forward shoulder posture.

Abstract Breast cancer metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis and a high rate of mortality. Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a lysosomal cysteine protease that promotes tumor metastasis by degrading the extracellular matrix. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that CTSL expression was higher in tumorous than in non-tumorous tissues of breast cancer patients and that high-level CTSL expression correlated positively with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibiting CTSL activity in tumor cells would prevent metastasis. In this study, we characterized the inhibitory activity of SnuCalCpI15, the I29 domain of a CTSL-like cysteine protease from Calotropis procera R. Br., and revealed that the propeptide stereoselectively inhibited CTSL in a reversible slow-binding manner, with an inhibitory constant (K i) value of 1.38 ± 0.71 nM, indicating its potency as an exogenous inhibitor in anti-cancer therapy. SnuCalCpI15 was localized intracellularly in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and suppressed tumor cell migration and invasion. These results demonstrate the potential of SnuCalCpI15 as a novel agent to prevent breast cancer metastasis.

Abstract Background Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a multifaceted transcription factor, modulates host immune responses by activating cellular response to signaling ligands. STAT3 has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of kidney injury by counterbalancing resident macrophage phenotypes under inflammation conditions. However, STAT3’s role in acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly in macrophage migration, and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) through fibrosis development, remains unclear. Methods Stattic (a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) was administered to evaluate the therapeutic effect on LPS-induced AKI (L-AKI) and LPS-induced CKD (L-CKD), with animals sacrificed 6–24 h and 14 days post-LPS induction, respectively. The immune mechanisms of STAT3 blockade were determined by comparing the macrophage phenotypes and correlated with renal function parameters. Also, the transcriptomic analysis was used to confirm the anti-inflammatory effect of L-AKI, and the anti-fibrotic role was further evaluated in the L-CKD model. Results In the L-AKI model, sequential increases in BUN and blood creatinine levels were time-dependent, with a marked elevation of 0–6 h after LPS injection. Notably, two newly identified macrophage subpopulations (CD11bhighF4/80low and CD11blowF4/80high), exhibited population changes, with an increase in the CD11bhighF4/80low population and a decrease in the CD11blowF4/80high macrophages. Corresponding to the FACS results, the tubular injury score, NGAL, F4/80, and p-STAT3 expression in the tubular regions were elevated. STAT3 inhibitor injection in L-AKI and L-CKD mice reduced renal injury and fibrosis. M2-type subpopulation with CD206 in CD11blowF4/80high population increased in the Stattic-treated group compared with that in the LPS-alone group in the L-AKI model. Additionally, STAT3 inhibitor reduced inflammation driven by LPS-stimulated macrophages and epithelial cells injury in the co-culture system. Transcriptomic profiling identified 3 common genes in the JAK-STAT, TLR, and TNF signaling pathways and 11 common genes in the LPS with macrophage response. The PI3K-AKT (IL-6, Akt3, and Pik3r1) and JAK-STAT pathways were determined as potential Stattic targets. Further confirmation through mRNA and protein expressions analyses showed that Stattic treatment reduced inflammation in the L-AKI and fibrosis in the L-CKD mice. Conclusions STAT3 blockade effectively mitigated inflammation by retrieving the CD11blowF4/80high population, further emphasizing the role of STAT3-associated macrophage-driven inflammation in kidney injury.

Abstract Background We here report the first case of leukemic lung infiltration diagnosed by transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC). TBLC is likely to be a superior method to transbronchial forceps biopsy because TBLC can get larger specimens, resulting in a higher chance of containing the leukemic cells infiltrated tissues. TBLC is generally considered a superior diagnostic method compared to transbronchial lung forceps biopsy (TBLB) because it utilizes cryotechnology to obtain larger specimens, increasing the likelihood of capturing tissues infiltrated with leukemic cells. Case presentation A 69-year-old male patient with acute myeloid leukemia presented with a fever. His initial chest CT scans revealed consolidative lesions, raising suspicion of fungal infection such as angioinvasive aspergillosis or mucormycosis. TBLC and TBLB were conducted to achieve a precise diagnosis, and eventually, leukemic lung infiltration was identified exclusively in the tissues obtained from TBLC. Two cycles of chemotherapy was administrated to patient, showing improvements in symptoms and chest CT findings. Conclusions TBLC has greater potential as a differential diagnostic method for pulmonary lesions than TBLB in leukemia patients facing therapeutic challenges due to its higher diagnostic yield.

Abstract Breast cancer remains a significant public health issue, often resulting in severe side effects such as neutropenia, highlighting the need for reliable predictors of clinical outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of body composition measures for mortality, recurrence, and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in patients with breast cancer following surgery and chemotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed 85 breast cancer patients who underwent surgery and chemotherapy between 2006 and 2016. Body composition was assessed using computed tomography (CT) or positron emission tomography (PET) at diagnosis and three years and five years post-diagnosis. Metrics included skeletal muscle area (SMA), skeletal muscle index (SMI), subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue area (VAT). Longitudinal analysis revealed a decrease in muscle mass (P

Abstract Pantropical climate interactions across ocean basins operate on a wide range of timescales and can improve the accuracy of climate predictions. Here, we show in observations that Central Pacific (CP) El Niño-like sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies have coevolved with tropical South Atlantic SST anomalies on a quasi-decadal (~10-year) timescale over the past seven decades. During the austral autumn–winter season, decadal warm SSTs in the tropical CP effectively induce tropical SST cooling in the South Atlantic, mainly by strengthening the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone via an extratropical atmospheric wave teleconnection in the southern hemisphere. Partially coupled pacemaker simulations corroborate the observational findings, indicating that tropical CP decadal SSTs play a primary pacing role, while Atlantic feedback is of secondary importance throughout the study period. Our results suggest that the tropical CP could be an important source of decadal predictability for tropical South Atlantic SST and the surrounding climate.

This study examined the collision dynamics between tsunami-driven drifting containers and port cranes, prompted by risks from the recent 7.6 magnitude earthquake and tsunami off Noto Peninsula, Japan. Hydraulic experiments were conducted to analyze container drift and collision forces using motion analysis software (DIPP-Motion) and a load cell installed on a crane leg model. The key parameters included the tsunami wave height, container weight (empty and loaded), initial position, and revetment type. The results suggested that higher tsunami wave heights led to more extraordinary inundation, allowing containers to float more efficiently, reducing bottom friction, and increasing drift speed and collision forces. The collision speeds ranged from 1.59 to 2.48 m/s, with collision forces of 45.18 to 77.68 N, representing increases of 6.45 to 15.58 times than no object. Heavier containers required deeper water to float, resulting in lower drift and collision speeds (0.88–0.89 times that of lighter containers). The wave-absorbing revetment caused higher flow velocities, producing collision speeds and forces 1.32–1.48 times greater than the vertical revetment. These findings highlight the importance of considering the tsunami magnitude, container weight, initial position, and revetment type in design, with face-to-face contact conditions crucial for estimating the maximum collision forces and preventing future tsunami damage.

Abstract Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) play fundamental roles in stem/progenitor cell expansion during homeostasis, and their dysregulation often leads to tissue overgrowth. Here, we show that YAP activation is sufficient to overcome the restriction of global protein synthesis induced by serum starvation, enabling cells to sustain proliferation and survival despite an unfavorable environment. Mechanistically, YAP/TAZ selectively promoted the mTORC1-dependent translation of mRNAs containing 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine (5′TOP) motifs, ultimately increasing the cellular polysome content. Interestingly, DNA damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4), a negative regulator of mTORC1, was upregulated by serum starvation but repressed by YAP/TAZ. DDIT4 was sufficient to suppress the translation and transformative potential of uveal melanoma cells, which are often serum unresponsive due to G protein mutations. Our findings reveal a vital role for protein synthesis as a key modality of YAP/TAZ-induced oncogenic transformation and indicate the potential for targeting mTORC1 or translation to treat YAP/TAZ-driven malignancies.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression involves tubulointerstitial fibrosis, a process characterized by excessive extracellular matrix accumulation. To identify potential biomarkers for kidney fibrosis, we performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic profiling of human kidney tubular epithelial cells and kidney tissue from a 5/6 nephrectomy rat model. Multidisciplinary analysis across kidney fibrosis models revealed 351 differentially expressed proteins associated with kidney fibrosis, and they were enriched in processes related to the extracellular matrix, kidney aging, and mitochondrial functions. Network analysis of the selected proteins revealed five crucial proteins, of which transgelin emerged as a candidate protein that interacts with known fibrosis-related proteins. Concordantly, the gene expression of transgelin in the kidney tissue from the 5/6 nephrectomy model was elevated. Transgelin expression in kidney tissue gradually increased from intermediate to advanced fibrosis stages in 5/6 Nx rats and mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Subsequent validation in kidney tissue and urine samples from patients with CKD confirmed the upregulation of transgelin, particularly under advanced disease stages. Moreover, we investigated whether blocking TAGLN ameliorated kidney fibrosis and reduced reactive oxygen species levels in cellular models. In conclusion, our proteomic approach identified TAGLN as a potential noninvasive biomarker and therapeutic target for CKD-associated kidney fibrosis, suggesting its role in modulating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress responses.

Online self-learning became widespread after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, and during this period, learners' self-leadership became an important measure of their competency. This study aims to verify the validity and reliability of the tool by translating the Abbreviated Self-Leadership Questionnaire (ASLQ) into Korean. Through web-based surveys, 286 nursing students from two university nursing colleges participated in the study. Cronbach's a, correlation, and confirmatory factor analyses were used to verify the nine-item ASLQ. The factor loading values ranged from 0.378 to 0.892. The ASLQ model fit had a comparative fit index of 0.944, root mean square error of approximation of 0.093, and standardized root mean residual of 0.069. The ASLQ showed a statistically significant positive correlation with the original self-leadership, emotional intelligence, and self-efficacy questionnaires. Additionally, structural, convergent, and criterion validity were also evident. The reliability of the ASLQ was 0.846 for Cronbach's a (the three sub-dimensions were 0.836, 0.732, and 0.734). This study verified the validity and reliability of the ASLQ and confirmed that it could be used to measure the self-leadership of nursing students at a time when self-leadership is crucial.

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plays an important role in brain tumors, including medulloblastoma (MBL). Recent advancements in mass spectrometry systems and ‘Omics’ data analysis methods enable unbiased, high proteome depth research. We conducted proteomic profiling of the total CSF in MBL patients with the purpose of finding a potential diagnostic biomarker for MBL. We quantified 1112 proteins per CSF sample. Feature selection identified four elevated soluble proteins (SPTBN1, HSP90AA1, TKT, and NME1-NME2) in MBL CSF. Validation with ELISA confirmed that TKT was significantly elevated in MBL. Additionally, TKT-positive extracellular vesicles were significantly enriched in MBL CSF and correlated with the burden of leptomeningeal seeding. Our results provide insights into the proteomics data of the total CSF of MBL patients. Furthermore, we identified the significance of TKT within the total CSF and its presence within circulating EVs in the CSF. We suggest that TKT may serve as a biomarker for MBL.

In the post and beam structure, the post and beam play a crucial role in directly supporting and transmitting loads, thus making them essential elements in structural design. In cases where the moment resistance performance of the post-beam joint is inadequate, a shear wall and bracing are frequently installed to provide support for horizontal load on the posts and beams. The structural insulated panel (SIP) is increasingly utilized and studied as shear walls alongside light-frame timber construction, owing to its insulation properties as well as its high shear strength. In this study, when using SIP as a shear wall between post and beams, three composite wall structures were considered based on the installation location of the SIPs on the post-beam structure and lateral resistance performance of the hybrid shear wall was evaluated according to the SIP installation location. Depending on the installation location SIPs on the posts and beams, shear strength for I-SIP 150, E-SIP 150, and M-SIP 150 were 23.2, 24.6, and 26.0 kN, respectively. In case of the shear stiffness, I-SIP 150, E-SIP-150, and M-SIP 150 were found to be 4.32, 3.99, and 2.74 kN/mm, respectively.

Abstract Background The target blood pressure (BP) value is unclear for diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of strict BP control or ‘on treatment’ BP on clinical outcomes in patients with DKD. Methods A post-hoc analysis of the prespecified secondary outcomes of the FimAsartaN proTeinuriA SusTaIned reduCtion in comparison with losartan in diabetic chronic kidney disease (FANTASTIC) trial, a randomized multicenter double-blind phase III trial. Eligible patients were aged ≥ 19 years with DKD. We assigned 341 participants with DKD to BP control strategy (standard-systolic BP [SBP]

Abstract The bidirectional effect of hyperuricemia on chronic kidney disease (CKD) underscores the importance of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for CKD. We evaluated the effect of hyperuricemia on the presence and development of CKD after considering genetic background by calculating polygenic risk scores (PRSs). We employed genome-wide association study summary statistics—excluding the United Kingdom Biobank (UKB) datasets among published CKD Gen Consortium papers—to calculate the PRSs for CKD in white background subjects. To validate PRS performance, we divided the UKB into two datasets to validate and test the data. We used logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between hyperuricemia and CKD, and performed Kaplan–Meier survival analysis exclusively for subjects with available follow-up data. In total, 438,253 clinical data and 4,307,940 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 459,155 samples were included. We observed a significant positive association between PRS and CKD and the presence and development of CKD. Hyperuricemia significantly increased CKD risk (adjusted odds ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.48–1.61). The impact of hyperuricemia on CKD was maintained irrespective of PRS range. In addition, negative interaction between hyperuricemia and PRS for CKD was found. Survival analysis indicates that the presence of hyperuricemia significantly increased the risk of CKD development. The PRS for CKD thoroughly reflects the risk of CKD development. Hyperuricemia is a significant indicator of CKD risk, even after incorporating the genetic risk score for CKD. Irrespective of genetic risk, patients with a prospective risk of developing CKD require uric acid monitoring and management.

Abstract Silicon is the ideal material for building electronic and photonic circuits at scale. Integrated photonic quantum technologies in silicon offer a promising path to scaling by leveraging advanced semiconductor manufacturing and integration capabilities. However, the lack of deterministic quantum light sources and strong photon-photon interactions in silicon poses a challenge to scalability. In this work, we demonstrate an indistinguishable photon source in silicon photonics based on an artificial atom. We show that a G center in a silicon waveguide can generate high-purity telecom-band single photons. We perform high-resolution spectroscopy and time-delayed two-photon interference to demonstrate the indistinguishability of single photons emitted from a G center in a silicon waveguide. Our results show that artificial atoms in silicon photonics can source single photons suitable for photonic quantum networks and processors.

Purpose: Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age-related chronic condition. Its pathogenesis involves androgen imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This study aims to assess the protective effect of finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, against testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH in rats and explore its potential mechanism of action. Materials and Methods: TP-induced BPH rats received either saline or finasteride (1 mg/kg) orally once a day for 7 weeks. Prior to sacrificing the animals, blood samples were collected. After sacrifice, prostate and tissue around the prostate were dissected from seminal vesical for further analysis. Body weight, prostate weight, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 5α-reductase type 2 (5-AR2), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured. In addition, HIF-1α, VEGF, MMP-2 expressions in prostate, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress responses were analyzed to understand the mechanism of action of finasteride. Results: Finasteride administration inhibited prostate enlargement, DHT, 5-AR2, and PSA levels in BPH rats. Additionally, finasteride inhibited angiogenesis markers such as HIF-1α, VEGF, and MMP-2. Moreover, components of oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress responses were significantly regulated by finasteride treatment. Conclusions: This study suggests that finasteride prevents BPH-associated symptoms by regulating angiogenesis, reactive oxygen species, ER stress responses, and inflammation, another mechanism to explain the effect of the 5α-reductase against BPH.

Objective Pine needles are rich in many nutrients and exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant biological activities; however, the effects of different production methods of pine needle additives on the growth performance and intestinal flora of broiler chickens are not known. Methods Normal diets were supplemented with pine needle fermentation juice (PNF), pine needle soaking juice (PNS), or pine needle powder (PNP), and the associated effects on growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal development, intestinal histological morphology, intestinal flora, meat quality, and serum indicators in broiler chickens were observed. Results The results showed that PNF, PNS, and PNP all significantly improved feed utilisation and promoted the growth and development of broilers. All three additives also significantly improved the structure of the intestinal flora, specifically increasing the diversity of bacteria; increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Rikenella, and Blautia; and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus. The antioxidant properties of pine needles were also found to intensify lipid metabolic reactions in the blood, thus leading to lower triglycerides and total cholesterol. Meanwhile, high doses of PNF reduced jejunum and ileum weights and also increased meat yellowness. Lastly, none of PNF, PNS, or PNP had an effect on relative organ weights or intestinal histological morphology. Conclusion The addition of pine needles to the diet of broiler chickens can effectively promote their growth performance as well as improve their intestinal flora and serum status without side effects; in particular, the dose of 0.2% of either PNF and PNS is expected to have the capacity to replace growth-promoting antibiotics as diet additives.

Abstract Background Neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are found in 1% of gliomas across children and adults. TRK inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents for NTRK-fused gliomas because they are tissue agnostic and cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Methods We investigated twelve NGS-verified NTRK-fused gliomas from a single institute, Seoul National University Hospital. Results The patient cohort included six children (aged 1–15 years) and six adults (aged 27–72 years). NTRK2 fusions were found in ten cerebral diffuse low-grade and high-grade gliomas (DLGGs and DHGGs, respectively), and NTRK1 fusions were found in one cerebral desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma and one spinal DHGG. In this series, the fusion partners of NTRK2 were HOOK3, KIF5A, GKAP1, LHFPL3, SLMAP, ZBTB43, SPECC1L, FKBP15, KANK1, and BCR, while the NTRK1 fusion partners were TPR and TPM3. DLGGs tended to harbour only an NTRK fusion, while DHGGs exhibited further genetic alterations, such as TERT promoter/TP53/PTEN mutation, CDKN2A/2B homozygous deletion, PDGFRA/KIT/MDM4/AKT3 amplification, or multiple chromosomal copy number aberrations. Four patients received adjuvant TRK inhibitor therapy (larotrectinib, repotrectinib, or entrectinib), among which three also received chemotherapy (n = 2) or proton therapy (n = 1). The treatment outcomes for patients receiving TRK inhibitors varied: one child who received larotrectinib for residual DLGG maintained stable disease. In contrast, another child with DHGG in the spinal cord experienced multiple instances of tumour recurrence. Despite treatment with larotrectinib, ultimately, the child died as a result of tumour progression. An adult patient with glioblastoma (GBM) treated with entrectinib also experienced tumour progression and eventually died. However, there was a successful outcome for a paediatric patient with DHGG who, after a second gross total tumour removal followed by repotrectinib treatment, showed no evidence of disease. This patient had previously experienced relapse after the initial surgery and underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell therapy with carboplatin/thiotepa and proton therapy. Conclusions Our study clarifies the distinct differences in the pathology and TRK inhibitor response between LGG and HGG with NTRK fusions.

Abstract Background Human mesenchymal stem cells originating from umbilical cord matrix are a promising therapeutic resource, and their differentiated cells are spotlighted as a tissue regeneration treatment. However, there are limitations to the medical use of differentiated cells from human umbilical cord matrix-mesenchymal stem cells (hUCM-MSCs), such as efficient differentiation methods. Methods To effectively differentiate hUCM-MSCs into hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), we used the ROCK inhibitor, fasudil, which is known to induce endoderm formation, and gelatin, which provides extracellular matrix to the differentiated cells. To estimate a differentiation efficiency of early stage according to combination of gelatin and fasudil, transcription analysis was conducted. Moreover, to demonstrate that organelle states affect differentiation, we performed transcription, tomographic, and mitochondrial function analysis at each stage of hepatic differentiation. Finally, we evaluated hepatocyte function based on the expression of mRNA and protein, secretion of albumin, and activity of CYP3A4 in mature HLCs. Results Fasudil induced endoderm-related genes (GATA4, SOX17, and FOXA2) in hUCM-MSCs, and it also induced lipid droplets (LDs) inside the differentiated cells. However, the excessive induction of LDs caused by fasudil inhibited mitochondrial function and prevented differentiation into hepatoblasts. To prevent the excessive LDs formation, we used gelatin as a coating material. When hUCM-MSCs were induced into hepatoblasts with fasudil on high-viscosity (1%) gelatin-coated dishes, hepatoblast-related genes (AFP and HNF4A) showed significant upregulation on high-viscosity gelatin-coated dishes compared to those treated with low-viscosity (0.1%) gelatin. Moreover, other germline cell fates, such as ectoderm and mesoderm, were repressed under these conditions. In addition, LDs abundance was also reduced, whereas mitochondrial function was increased. On the other hand, unlike early stage of the differentiation, low viscosity gelatin was more effective in generating mature HLCs. In this condition, the accumulation of LDs was inhibited in the cells, and mitochondria were activated. Consequently, HLCs originated from hUCM-MSCs were genetically and functionally more matured in low-viscosity gelatin. Conclusions This study demonstrated an effective method for differentiating hUCM-MSCs into hepatic cells using fasudil and gelatin of varying viscosities. Moreover, we suggest that efficient hepatic differentiation and the function of hepatic cells differentiated from hUCM-MSCs depend not only on genetic changes but also on the regulation of organelle states.

Using an in vitro translation assay to screen a human brain cDNA library, we isolated the microtubule-associated protein Tau and determined it to be a caspase-3 substrate whose C-terminal cleavage occurred during neuronal apoptosis. ΔTau, the 50-kDa cleavage product, was detected by Western blot in apoptotic cortical cells probed with anti-PHF-1 and anti-Tau-5 antibodies, but not anti-T-46 antibody which recognizes the C-terminus. Overexpression of ΔTau in SK-N-BE2(C) cells significantly increased the incidence of cell death. Staurosporine-induced Tau cleavage was blocked by 20 μM z-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-chloromethylketone, a caspase-3 inhibitor, and in vitro, Tau was selectively cleaved by caspase-3 or calpain, a calcium-activated protease, but not by caspases-1, -8, or -9. (D421E)-Tau, a mutant in which Asp421 was replaced with a Glu, was resistant to cleavage by caspase-3 and tended to suppress staurosporine-induced cell death more efficiently than did wild-type Tau in both transient and stable expression systems. Finally, the incidence of ΔTau-induced cell death was augmented by expression of Aβ precursor protein (APP) or Swedish APP mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that the caspase-3 cleavage product of Tau may contribute to the progression of neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease.

Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota-derived metabolites affect cognitive function, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction that can be targeted by acetic acid and butyric acid were analyzed using literature review, Metascape, Mienturnent, Passonline, and WissADME. We found that acetic acid and butyric acid may regulate important genes (PPARG, CASP3, IL1B, SOD2, and TNF) that protect against cognitive decline. We also found microRNAs (hsa-miR-17-5p and hsa-miR-20a-5p) and transcription factors (RELA and NFKB1) that play a critical role in this protective mechanism. The AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and apoptosis pathways also emerged as crucial to understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Our findings are further supported by the physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic profiles of acetic acid and butyric acid, which demonstrate remarkable intestinal absorption, ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and non-inhibition of CYP450 enzymes. Our study provides further evidence of the therapeutic potential of butyric acid in managing cognitive impairment, including its anti-inflammatory properties, stimulation of insulin synthesis, and regulation of lipid metabolism. We also identified several promising treatments for cognitive impairment, including miRNA sponges, mesalazine, omega-3 fatty acids, pomalidomide, and andrographolide. Focused investigations into the apoptosis and AGE-RAGE signaling pathways, miRNA sponges, promising drugs, and the role of gut microbiota in cognitive function are warranted.

We integrated transparent antireflective coatings and transparent electrodes onto flexible colorless polyimide (CPI) substrates to fabricate high-performance flexible perovskite solar cells. Multifunctional PPFC/CPI/IGTO substrates were fabricated by sputtering the optimal plasma-polymerized fluorocarbon (PPFC) antireflective coating and InGaTiO (IGTO) electrode films on both sides of the CPI substrate. By applying PPFC with a low refractive index (1.38) as an antireflective coating, the transparency of the PPFC/CPI/IGTO substrate increased by an additional 1.2%. In addition, owing to the amorphous characteristics of the PPFC and IGTO layers, the PPFC/CPI/IGTO substrate showed constant sheet resistance and transmittance change even after 10,000 cycles during the bending tests. The flexible perovskite solar cells, fabricated on the PPFC/CPI/IGTO substrate, exhibited an increase in current density of 1.48 mA/cm2 after the deposition of the PPFC antireflective coating. These results confirmed that the PPFC/CPI/IGTO substrate was durable against high-temperature treatment, flexible, and exhibited excellent electrical characteristics. This enhanced the efficiency and durability of the flexible perovskite solar cells. Moreover, the hydrophobic PPFC layer allowed the self-cleaning of inflexible perovskite solar cells. Given these attributes, the PPFC/CPI/IGTO structure has been recognized as a good choice for multifunctional substrates of flexible perovskite solar cells, presenting the potential for enhancing performance.

Recently, the intensity and frequency of heat waves (HWs) have been increased worldwide. Particularly in 2022, Europe was severely affected by unprecedented HWs, which caused approximately 61,672 deaths and 11,324 deaths in Europe and Spain, respectively. In this study, we investigate the mechanisms of the HWs in southwestern Europe (SWEU) to identify the differences between typical HWs and the extreme HWs that occurred in 2022. Our results showed that the SWEU events in 2022 were strongly related to robust heat domes that developed in the lower troposphere due to high-pressure anomalies especially during two periods (9–18 June and 8–19 July). Analyses of the energy budget and thermodynamic equation revealed the processes underlying the amplification of the heat domes over SWEU during both periods. We also discovered that abnormal atmospheric blocking in the upper troposphere was closely associated with the amplification of the Gulf Stream SST, which caused an atmospheric circulation pattern favorable for the 2022 SWEU-HWs. This was further confirmed by modeling experiments. Therefore, our results emphasize that a Gulf Stream SST amplification can trigger an atmospheric circulation pattern favorable for extreme HWs in SWEU, enhancing our understanding of the mechanism behind extreme HWs. Finally, our findings will help improving the forecasting of SWEU-HWs on a sub-seasonal time scale, as well as future projections in global climate models.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly used to solve multi‐objective problems and reduce the turnaround times of semiconductor processes. However, only brief AI explanations are available for process/device/circuit engineers to provide holistic feedback on the manufactured results. Herein, linear/nonlinear variation decomposition (LVD/NLVD) of neural networks is demonstrated to quantitatively evaluate the influence of unit processes on the figure of merit (FoM) and co‐analyze the unit process influences with device characteristic behaviors. The NLVD can evaluate the output variation from each input of neural networks in an individual sample, although neural networks are not available in an analytic form. The NLVD is successfully verified by confirming that a) the output and summation of all decomposed output variations perfectly coincide and b) the process influences on the FoM are decomposed to 6.01–54.86% more accurately compared with those of LVD in 1Y nm node dynamic random‐access memory test vehicles with a baseline and split tests introducing high‐k metal gates with a minimum gate length of 1 A nm node for further node scaling. The approaches identify defective processes and defect mechanisms in each sample and wafer, which enhance causal analyses for individual cases in diverse fields based on regression artificial neural networks.

Abstract This study proposes a novel spatiotemporal crowdsensing and caching (SCAC) framework to address the surging demands of urban wireless network traffic. In the context of rampant urbanization and ubiquitous digitization in cities, effective data traffic management is crucial for maintaining a dynamic urban ecosystem. Leveraging user mobility patterns and content preferences, this study formulates an offloading policy to alleviate congestion across urban areas. Our approach uses an AI-based method at the cell level, providing a practical and scalable solution that can be readily adapted to bustling metropolitan areas. The implementation of our model demonstrated its effectiveness in reflecting real-world urban dynamics, resulting in significant reductions in peak-hour traffic and robust performance across diverse urban settings. The deployment strategy initiates from densely populated transportation hubs, gradually expanding to broader urban areas. This systematic expansion adheres to a policy framework that emphasizes data privacy and sustainable urban development, ensuring alignment with societal needs and regulatory frameworks. By addressing technological efficacy and societal impact, this study enhances the understanding of urban wireless traffic management. It offers mobile network operators, policymakers, and urban planners a comprehensive strategy to harness the potential of spatiotemporal technology, thereby ensuring that cities remain dynamic, efficient, and well-prepared for the future of digital connectivity.

Abstract Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are intraventricular tumors derived from the choroid plexus epithelium and occur frequently in children. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic and epigenomic characteristics of CPT and identify the differences between choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC). We conducted multiomics analyses of 20 CPT patients including CPP and CPC. Multiomics analysis included whole-genome sequencing, whole-transcriptome sequencing, and methylation sequencing. Mutually exclusive TP53 and EPHA7 point mutations, coupled with the amplification of chromosome 1, were exclusively identified in CPC. In contrast, amplification of chromosome 9 was specific to CPP. Differential gene expression analysis uncovered a significant overexpression of genes related to cell cycle regulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways in CPC compared to CPP. Overexpression of genes associated with tumor metastasis and progression was observed in the CPC subgroup with leptomeningeal dissemination. Furthermore, methylation profiling unveiled hypomethylation in major repeat regions, including long interspersed nuclear elements, short interspersed nuclear elements, long terminal repeats, and retrotransposons in CPC compared to CPP, implying that the loss of epigenetic silencing of transposable elements may play a role in tumorigenesis of CPC. Finally, the differential expression of AK1, regulated by both genomic and epigenomic factors, emerged as a potential contributing factor to the histological difference of CPP against CPC. Our results suggest pronounced genomic and epigenomic disparities between CPP and CPC, providing insights into the pathogenesis of CPT at the molecular level.

Abstract Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed single-stranded RNAs without a 5′ cap structure and a 3′ poly(A) tail typically present in linear mRNAs of eukaryotic cells. CircRNAs are predominantly generated through a back-splicing process within the nucleus. CircRNAs have long been considered non-coding RNAs seemingly devoid of protein-coding potential. However, many recent studies have challenged this idea and have provided substantial evidence that a subset of circRNAs can associate with polysomes and indeed be translated. Therefore, in this review, we primarily highlight the 5’ cap-independent internal initiation of translation that occurs on circular RNAs. Several molecular features of circRNAs, including the internal ribosome entry site, N 6-methyladenosine modification, and the exon junction complex deposited around the back-splicing junction after back-splicing event, play pivotal roles in their efficient internal translation. We also propose a possible relationship between the translatability of circRNAs and their stability, with a focus on nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and nonstop decay, both of which are well-characterized mRNA surveillance mechanisms. An in-depth understanding of circRNA translation will reshape and expand our current knowledge of proteomics.

Abstract Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Its diverse range of manifestations complicates the treatment approach for patients. Although kidney biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosis, it lacks precision in predicting the progression of kidney dysfunction. Herein, we addressed whether the presence of glomerular crescents is linked to the outcomes in patients with biopsy-confirmed type 2 DKD. Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation, involving 327 patients diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed DKD in the context of type 2 diabetes, excluding cases with other glomerular diseases, from nine tertiary hospitals. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using a Cox regression model to assess the risk of kidney disease progression, defined as either ≥ 50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rates or the development of end-stage kidney disease, based on the presence of glomerular crescents. Results Out of the 327 patients selected, ten patients had glomerular crescents observed in their biopsied tissues. Over the follow-up period (median of 19 months, with a maximum of 18 years), the crescent group exhibited a higher risk of kidney disease progression than the no crescent group, with an adjusted HR of 2.82 (1.32–6.06) (P = 0.008). The presence of heavy proteinuria was associated with an increased risk of developing glomerular crescents. Conclusion The presence of glomerular crescents is indeed linked to the progression of type 2 DKD. Therefore, it is important to determine whether there is an additional immune-mediated glomerulonephritis requiring immunomodulation, and it may be prudent to monitor the histology and repeat a biopsy.

Background Sepsis is an important cause of acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients, accounting for 15% to 20% of renal replacement therapy prescriptions. The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a marker of systemic inflammation and immune response, was previously associated with the mortality rate in multiple conditions. Herein, we aimed to examine how the NLR relates to the mortality rate in septic acute kidney injury patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods The NLRs of 6 and 18 were used for dividing NLRs into three groups and, thus, were set higher than those in previous studies accounting for steroid use in sepsis. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios of mortality outcomes before and after matching their propensity scores. Results A total of 798 septic acute kidney injury patients requiring CRRT were classified into three NLR groups (low, 0.05. Conclusion A high NLR is associated with better clinical outcomes, such as low mortality, in septic acute kidney injury patients undergoing CRRT.

The consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are particularly severe in older adults with a disproportionate number of severe and fatal outcomes. Therefore, this integrative review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical characteristics, management approaches, and prognosis of older patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Common clinical presentations in older patients include fever, cough, and dyspnea. Additionally, preexisting comorbidities, especially diabetes and pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases, were frequently observed and associated with adverse outcomes. Management strategies varied, however, early diagnosis, vigilant monitoring, and multidisciplinary care were identified as key factors for enhancing patient outcomes. Nonetheless, the prognosis remains guarded for older patients, with increased rates of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality. However, timely therapeutic interventions, especially antiviral and supportive treatments, have demonstrated some efficacy in mitigating the severe consequences in this age group. In conclusion, while older adults remain highly susceptible to severe outcomes from COVID-19, early intervention, rigorous monitoring, and comprehensive care can play a pivotal role in improving their clinical outcomes.

Abstract Background Endobronchial valve (EBV) therapy, a validated method for bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) in severe emphysema, has been explored for persistent air-leak (PAL) management. However, its effectiveness and safety in the Asian population require further real-world evaluation. In this study, we assessed the outcomes of treatment with EBV within this demographic. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records from 11 Korean centers. For the emphysema cohort, inclusion criteria were patients diagnosed with emphysema who underwent bronchoscopy intended for BLVR. We assessed these patients for clinical outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All patients with PAL who underwent treatment with EBV were included. We identified the underlying causes of PAL and evaluated clinical outcomes after the procedure. Results The severe emphysema cohort comprised 192 patients with an average age of 70.3 years, and 95.8% of them were men. Ultimately, 137 underwent treatment with EBV. Three months after the procedure, the BLVR group demonstrated a significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (+160 mL vs. +30 mL; P = 0.009). Radiographic evidence of lung volume reduction 6 months after BLVR was significantly associated with improved survival (adjusted hazard ratio 0.020; 95% confidence interval 0.038–0.650; P = 0.010). Although pneumothorax was more common in the BLVR group (18.9% vs. 3.8%; P = 0.018), death was higher in the no-BLVR group (38.5% vs. 54.5%, P = 0.001), whereas other adverse events were comparable between the groups. Within the subset of 18 patients with PAL, the predominant causes of air-leak included spontaneous secondary pneumothorax (44.0%), parapneumonic effusion/empyema (22.2%), and post-lung resection surgery (16.7%). Following the treatment, the majority (77.8%) successfully had their chest tubes removed. Post-procedural complications were minimal, with two incidences of hemoptysis and one of empyema, all of which were effectively managed. Conclusions Treatment with EBV provides substantial clinical benefits in the management of emphysema and PAL in the Asian population, suggesting a favorable outcome for this therapeutic approach.

Abstract The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is a major climate variability mode that substantially influences weather extremes and climate patterns worldwide. However, the response of IOD variability to anthropogenic global warming remains highly uncertain. The latest IPCC Sixth Assessment Report concluded that human influences on IOD variability are not robustly detected in observations and twenty-first century climate-model projections. Here, using millennial-length climate simulations, we disentangle forced response and internal variability in IOD change and show that greenhouse warming robustly suppresses IOD variability. On a century time scale, internal variability overwhelms the forced change in IOD, leading to a widespread response in IOD variability. This masking effect is mainly caused by a remote influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. However, on a millennial time scale, nearly all climate models show a long-term weakening trend in IOD variability by greenhouse warming. Our results provide compelling evidence for a human influence on the IOD.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an autoimmune disorder with diverse clinical manifestations including myelitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and optic neuritis. MOGAD rarely presents with unilateral cerebral cortical encephalitis (CCE), rendering the diagnosis difficult in these cases. Furthermore, MOGAD is frequently accompanied by other autoimmune diseases such as thyroid disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Herein, we report a case of unilateral CCE with positive anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies. In addition, our patient presented with systemic symptoms as well as neurologic symptoms and was finally diagnosed with ulcerative colitis (UC). A 60-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with an acute onset of headache and fever. Neurological examination revealed left-sided homonymous hemianopsia with intermittent visual hallucinations as flickering red-circular spots in the left visual field. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed focal hyperintensities and enhancement in the right temporo-parieto-occipital cortex. Electroencephalography indicated a focal seizure in the right occipital cortex. After the administration of an antiepileptic drug, the patient showed clinical and radiological improvements. She tested positive for serum anti-MOG antibodies and was diagnosed with anti-MOG-associated unilateral CCE. However, the gastrointestinal symptoms persisted, thus, a sigmoidoscopy was performed. The patient was diagnosed with comorbid UC. Steroids were administered to treat the UC and the gastrointestinal symptoms improved. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of MOGAD presenting as a unilateral CCE in Korea. This case highlights the clinical phenotypes of MOGAD and the need to assess comorbid autoimmune diseases in patients with MOGAD.

Abstract The occurrence frequency of East Asia’s extreme hot day in boreal spring has increased since 1979. Using observational data and a Linear baroclinic model experiment, our study suggests that the occurrence of hot day is mainly due to anomalous high pressure over East Asia associated with a horizontal stationary wave train originating from a positive phase of the North Atlantic Tripole (NAT) sea surface temperature (SST) in spring. The effect of a positive phase of the NAT SST is evident in the 2000s, apparently associated with the linear trend of the North Atlantic SST like a positive phase of the NAT SST. Before 2000s, in contrast, SST forcing in the Indian Ocean and eastern tropical Pacific, which is associated with a negative phase of the NAT SST, may contribute to induce the East Asian hot days through atmospheric teleconnections. This implies that the relationship between a positive phase of the NAT SST and the occurrence of hot days in East Asia has been changed during the 2000s.

The mechanism of early age accelerated carbonation cured ordinary Portland cement mixtures is evaluated using experimental and thermodynamic modeling. This study considered three early precuring conditions, two carbonation curing periods, four CO2 concentrations, and a 0.5 w/c ratio. The investigation was conducted using phase profiling of mixtures based on QXRD results and developed a thermodynamic model that simulated the experimental conditions. The mechanical characteristics of carbonation-cured mortar specimens, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, shrinkage, and mass change, were evaluated. The results revealed that short precuring durations hindered carbonation, resulting in lower CO2 uptake, strength, elastic modulus and higher shrinkage. Increasing the precuring period from six-hours to one or three days resulted significant amount of CaCO3 precipitation on the surface of the specimen and appropriate mechanical properties. One day precuring followed by one day carbonation with a 10 % CO2 exposure resulted in a higher calcite precipitation on the surface with less depth of penetration. It was found that a balance between drying-induced degradation and microstructure densification due to calcite precipitation is crucial. An appropriate precuring duration, for each binder type and mix proportion, should be applied to achieve desired properties and CO2 uptake in carbonation-cured cementitious materials.

A case study was conducted to explore a more rational and robust process for determining the characteristic in-situ compressive strength of concrete structures from core samples. Slabs and girders were obtained from a total of seven bridges, earmarked for demolition due to social and performance considerations. Approximately 600 concrete core samples were extracted from various locations on these bridges. Statistical simulations were carried out using both conventional protocols and a newly proposed method to ascertain the characteristic strength from the cores. This led to a comprehensive discussion on the appropriate sample size, as well as the probabilistic robustness and reliability of the protocols. The proposed method demonstrated the ability to minimize over- or under-estimation of the characteristic strength, providing stable values less affected by fluctuations in core strengths.

Abstract Recently, HfO2‐based ferroelectric thin films have attracted widespread interest in developing next‐generation nonvolatile memories. To form a metastable ferroelectric orthorhombic phase in HfO2, a post‐annealing process is typically necessary. However, the microscopic mechanism underlying the effect of annealing temperature on ferroelectric domain nucleation and growth is still obscure, despite its importance in optimizing the operation speed of HfO2‐based devices. In this study, the ferroelectric properties and polarization switching of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films annealed at different temperatures (550–700 °C) are systematically investigated. Evidently, the crystal structure, remnant polarization, and dielectric constant monotonically change with annealing temperature. However, microscopic piezoresponse force microscopy images as well as macroscopic switching current measurements reveal non‐monotonic changes in the polarization switching speed with annealing temperature. This intriguing behavior is ascribed to the difference in the ferroelectric‐domain nucleation process induced by the amount of oxygen vacancies in the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films annealed at different temperatures. This work demonstrates that controlling the defect concentration of ferroelectric HfO2 by tuning the post‐annealing process is critical for optimizing device performance, particularly polarization switching speed.

Aim: We validated the prognostic performance of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) according to the recommended values in cardiac arrest (CA) survivors. Methods: We analyzed the data of adult CA survivors who underwent targeted temperature management between January 2014 and December 2020. We measured the NSE level 48 h and 72 h after CA. We performed receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and used the reference value (17 μg/L) and the guidelines-suggested value (60 μg/L) as thresholds. The primary outcome was 6-month neurological outcomes with Cerebral Performance Category (CPC), dichotomized into good (CPC 1 or 2) or poor (CPC 3–5). Results: Of the 513 included patients, 346 (67.4 %) patients had poor neurological outcomes. The area under ROC (AUC) of NSE at 48 h was 0.887 (95 % confidence intervals [CIs], 0.851–0.909) with the Youden index of 35.6 μg/L. A false positive rate (FPR) of