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Conservation of biodiversity is one of the most important issues globally. Chiropteran fauna contributes one quarter of mammalian species but little information is known about most species. Tasmania has eight known species of bats including one endemic species, Nyctophilus.sherrini. There have been a number of studies conducted in Tasmania, yet much of the biology and ecology of most species remains unclear. Effective conservation of local biodiversity requires scientific information such as distribution, habitat relationships, and feeding behaviours. The present study contributes new information about the distribution for most species in Tasmania by using Anabat detector systems. Identification of species by their echolocation calls sampled from free flying individuals was achieved, by developing a regional key derived from trapped bats and an automated identification program, Anascheme. Six species/species groups were successfully distinguished by the key. Distribution records were gathered by echolocation recordings and the key newly developed for the study. I found that most sites have high bat species richness, as more than four species were recorded at the majority of sites. Three Vespadelus species were the most commonly observed and the Southern Forest Bat, V. regulus, was recorded at 100% of sites. In contrast, the high-flying Eastern Falsistrelle, Falsistrellus tasmaniensis, was only present at only 17% of sites. Species-habitat relationships were analysed where possible. Tasmanian bats appeared to have less species-specific requirements in their preferred activity areas. In addition to spatial partitioning of niches, the possibility of discrete temporal activity patterns of species was examined. Calls recorded for each species were assigned into 10 equal-time intervals between sunset and sunrise. There were no significant differences in a total activity index between time intervals by species, suggesting a high level of activity throughout the night. Evidence of a weak bimodal pattern in nightly activity was recognised in several species. Emergence timing was also compared between species, and F. tasmaniensis was shown to have a significantly later emergence time, and thus later peak activity timing than the others. Although analysis detected no significant effects of weather conditions on different observation nights, nightly fluctuations in the activity of several bats were apparent. Average mergence timing was used to derive a species accumulation curve. This is a useful tool for estimating the minimum time effort required to prepare a species inventory. I found that that the species accumulation rate is similar to the reported for the Victorian (Australia) bat fauna and less similar than that for tropical Australian bats. At least three and half hours of echolocation call sampling per night is necessary to collect a satisfactory sample suitable for estimating the local inventory of Tasmanian bats. Some conservation implications for the Tasmanian bat fauna were drawn from my study and from previous work. Better protection of forest habitats that provide sufficient roost opportunities is a primary objective, as well as the retention of hibernation sites as all species hibernate during the winter months. The present study collected data during the austral summer, similar to most previous studies, suggesting that a better understanding of hibernal activity is required for Tasmanian bats. In conclusion, much more research is required to better understand the biology and ecology of the Tasmanian bat fauna to conserve bats across the diverse landscapes which make up Tasmania.

MAGIC Collaboration: et al., M 87 is one of the closest (z = 0.004 36) extragalactic sources emitting at very high energies (VHE, E > 100 GeV). The aim of this work is to locate the region of the VHE gamma-ray emission and to describe the observed broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) during the low VHE gamma-ray state. The data from M 87 collected between 2012 and 2015 as part of a MAGIC monitoring programme are analysed and combined with multiwavelength data from Fermi-LAT, Chandra, HST, EVN, VLBA, and the Liverpool Telescope. The averaged VHE gamma-ray spectrum can be fitted from ∼100 GeV to ∼10 TeV with a simple power law with a photon index of (−2.41 ± 0.07), while the integral flux above 300 GeV is (1.44±0.13)×10−12cm−2s−1⁠. During the campaign between 2012 and 2015, M 87 is generally found in a low-emission state at all observed wavelengths. The VHE gamma-ray flux from the present 2012–2015M 87 campaign is consistent with a constant flux with some hint of variability (⁠∼3σ⁠) on a daily time-scale in 2013. The low-state gamma-ray emission likely originates from the same region as the flare-state emission. Given the broad-band SED, both a leptonic synchrotron self-Compton and a hybrid photohadronic model reproduce the available data well, even if the latter is preferred. We note, however, that the energy stored in the magnetic field in the leptonic scenario is very low, suggesting a matter-dominated emission region., The financial support of the German BMBF and MPG, the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), the Swiss National Fund (SNF), the ERDF under the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) (FPA2015-69818-P, FPA2012-36668, FPA2015-68378-P, FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-4-R, FPA2015-69210-C6-6-R, AYA2015-71042-P, AYA2016-76012-C3-1-P, ESP2015-71662-C2-2-P, FPA2017-90566-REDC), the Indian Department of Atomic Energy, the Japanese JSPS and MEXT, and the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National RI Roadmap Project DO1-153/28.08.2018, is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Spanish Centro de Excelencia ‘Severo Ochoa’ SEV-2016-0588 and SEV2015-0548, and Unidad de Excelencia ‘Maria de Maeztu’ MDM2014-0369, by the Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project IP-2016-06-9782 and the University of Rijeka Project 13.12.1.3.02, by the DFG Collaborative Research Centers grants SFB823/C4 and SFB876/C3, by the Polish National Research Centre grant UMO2016/22/M/ST9/00382, and by the Brazilian MCTIC, CNPq, and FAPERJ. The Very Long Baseline Array is operated by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, which is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The work of FM is supported by the ‘Departments of Excellence 2018–2022’ Grant awarded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) (L. 232/2016). His research has made also use of resources provided by the Compagnia di San Paolo for the grant awarded on the BLENV project (S1618 L1 MASF 01) and by the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research for the grant MASF FFABR 17 01. This investigation is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) grants GO4-15096X, AR6-17012X, and GO6-17081X. This work made use of the Swinburne University of Technology software correlator, developed as part of the Australian Major National Research Facilities Programme and operated under licence. Based in part on observations made with the NASA/European Space Agency (ESA) Hubble Space Telescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS5-26555. These observations are associated with programmes GO 12293, 12671, 13061, and 13759.

Mature B cell expressing CD180 molecules was first reported showing a protective effect against radiation- or dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in vitro. CD180 is a homologue of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and a pivotal regulator of cell proliferation and death. In SLE patients, number of CD180-negative B cells showed to increase in peripheral blood, and the change in the number of CD180-negative B cells appeared to be associated with the activity of SLE. In addition, such negative cells collected from SLE patients produced autoantibodies in vitro. We previously showed that the radiosensitivity of CD180-negative cells was greater than that of CD180-positive cells in vivo. In SLE-model NZBWF1 mice, we also reported the increase in number of CD180-negative B cells in parallel with development of SLE morbidity, the production of autoantibodies by CD180-negative cells, and pathogenesis of lupus-like nephritis caused by CD180-negative cells. We therefore, here, examine the effects of Xray-irradiation targeted CD180-negative B cells in NZBWF1 female mice. After the onset of symptoms, mice were paired according to their conditions. In each pair, one was irradiated with 4 Gy, and the other was sham-irradiated. Compared to the sham-irradiated mice, the number of CD180-negative cells was significantly decreased, the mean life span was markedly extended, and the nephritis and the morbid conditions were remarkably suppressed in irradiated mice. These findings suggest that radiation could effectively eliminate CD180-negative B cells, resulting in reduction of autoantibody production, and thus relieve SLE-like morbidity in SLE-model NZBWF1 mice. The findings also suggest a possibility that the radiotherapy for autoimmune diseases associated with the expression of CD180-negative cells, such as SLE and Sögren syndrome, might be a novel candidate for practical application., The 16th International Congress of Radiation Research (ICRR2019）