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The formulation of coal waste (4 million t year -1 ) and market waste (175.000 t year -1 ) is a potential development of alternative ameliorant for marginal and swamplands. The purpose of this study was to examine ameliorant formulations from coal and market waste to improve pH, available P, and CEC of Ultisols and Peat. The step I of the study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications, namely A = coal waste (100 g); B = market waste (100 g); C = 1:1 (50 g : 50 g); D = 2:1 (66.7 g 33.3 g -1 ) and E = 1:2 (33.3 g 66.7g -1 ). The step II of the study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications in 3 formulations namely: A = best formulation (100 g); B = best formulation + 10% [Ca(OH) 2 ] (10 g 100 g -1 ) and C = best formulation + 10% [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ] (10 g 100 g -1 ). The step III of the study used a completely randomized design with 3 replications namely: A = 0 t ha -1 (0 g 500 g -1 soil); B = 10 t ha -1 (2.5 g 500 g -1 soil); C = 20 t ha -1 (5.0 g 500 g -1 soil); D = 30 t ha -1 (7.5 g 500 g -1 soil); E = 40 t ha -1 (10.0 g 500 g -1 soil) and F = 50 t ha -1 (12.5 g 500 g -1 soil). The results of the study showed that application of ameliorant formulations from coal and market waste with 10% [CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 ] at 50 t ha -1 increased pH, available P and CEC of Ultisols and peat, respectively by 0.60 units, 2.11 ppm P and 10.83 cmol c kg -1 on Ultisols, and 0.33 units, 2.64 ppm P and 68.86 cmol c kg -1 in peat, compared to control.

The objective was to determine the effect of rosemary essential oil (REO) as nitrite substitute on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory quality of sausage from broilers fed different levels of thymus essential oil (TEO) and rapeseed oil (RO). Broiler chicks fed TEO (0, 300 and 500 ppm) and RO (1, 3 and 5%) in a 3 × 3 factorial design. Sausages were made from meat of chicken fed TEO (0 and 500 ppm) treated with REO (120 ppm), REO:nitrite (60:60 ppm), nitrite (120 ppm) or without REO and nitrite in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Results showed that TEO increased water holding capacity and pH value and decreased malondialdehyde concentration. RO (1 and 3%) × TEO (500 ppm) group had higher unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio in the meat. Results showed that treatments of REO (120 ppm) decreased lipid oxidation and increased pH value of meat. Sausage produced by nitrite (120 ppm) or REO:nitrite (60:60 ppm) had lower total microbial count, lightness but higher redness and yellowness. Based on the results, TEO in chicken feed decreased lipid oxidation of sausages. Furthermore, substitution at least 60 ppm nitrite with REO had more preserving effect on quality of produced sausages.

Aim. The aim of the study was to explain the difference of pH values in heifer and bull meat and to carry out an analysis of the effect of age in groups of both sexes. Methods. The study contains data on 2,469 beef breed and their crossbreed cattle fattened on farms in Latvia and Lithuania, slaughtered in a certifi ed Lithuanian slaughterhouse ʻAgaras’ in 2018. For the assessment of the effect of sex, the beef cattle were divided into 2 study groups: 1,266 bulls and 1,203 heifers. 3 study groups were created for analysis of the effect of age: 12 – 17 months; 18 – 23 months; 24 and more months. Analysis of the data acquired was based on the indicators of descriptive statistics. T–test and Pearson correlation analysis were used. Results. The average pH in the meat of bulls was 5.87 ± 0.011, but in the meat obtained from heifers – 5.66 ± 0.005 (p ≤ 0.05). Within the desired pH value from 5.4 to 5.8, the group of bulls comprised 65 % of carcasses and the group of heifers – 86 % of carcasses. In the group of bulls, 35 % of carcasses had an increased pH in the meat (pH –≥ 5.9), while in the heifers’group – 13%. For a small part of the carcasses in both study groups, too low pH was found in meat (pH ≤ 5.3), with 1% in the group of bulls and 0.4% in the group of heifers. An analysis of the effect of age found no signifi cant differences in pH values between bulls of different ages. In the heifers’study group, the highest pH in meat was found in the group above 24 months of age, pH–5.69. Correlation analysis between the meat pH and the slaughter results showed a weak or non–existent relationship. In the overall study group, stronger correlation was observed between pH and fat score (r = –0.21, p < 0.05). Conclusions. The results indicate that meat from heifers is better quality in terms of desired pH. Meat with the desired pH can be used in the production of high-quality products that provide higher profi ts.

Infertile and less productive soil due to continuous cropping, poor soil management and other forms of land exploitation are mostly amended using inorganic fertiliser. Shea waste slurry (SWS) as an organic soil amendment material was applied to soils in two locations and its effect on plant primary and secondary nutrients evaluated. One-way diagonal method was employed in sampling soil from fields measuring 25 m×40 m at depths of 0-30 and 30-60 cm for SWS applied and non-applied soils. Results showed increased pH resulting from SWS application and EC increasing from 41.15±3.89 to 155.5±83.4 µS/cm in both locations. SWS application also increased %N levels at depth of 0-30 cm from 0.03±0.0 to 0.56±0.2%, concentration of P increased from 3.47±0.62 to 262.0±176 mg/kg and K from 21.9±2.39 to 231.6±98 mg/kg. Na levels increased from a low of 0.46±0.09 to a maximum of 2.81±1.0 meq/100 g in both study sites, Mg increased from 0.80±0.3 to 8.51±4.86 meq/100 g whilst Ca increased from 1.6±0.07 to 6.3±098 meq/100 g for the depth of 0-30 cm. Soil %OM and OC, respectively increased from 0.58±0.01 to 10.94±3.95 and 0.34±0.11 to 6.36 ±2.29% for the depth of 0 to 30 cm in both study locations. The study indicated a general increase in the levels of all the parameters analysed for the study at the SWS applied soils as compared to the non-applied soils. The use of SWS as a soil nutrient amendment in crop production as an organic material was observed to be very effective. Key words: Shea waste slurry (SWS), organic soil amendment, tropical soil, plant nutrients.

The marine red macroalga Gracilaria lemaneiformis usually experiences a changing carbonate system during mariculture. Thalli of G. lemaneiformis collected from Nanao Island, Shantou, China, were cu...

Alkali agents could be used to enhance the extraction of zinc from solution of high concentration, but excess alkali can sensitively lead to emulsification of the solution. In this paper, the emulsification in the extraction process, demulsification, and extraction with different additives and its action mechanism were studied. The results indicate that the associated addition of alkali and organic acid could eliminate emulsification and improve zinc extraction. The extraction ratio of zinc reached 99.61% under the conditions of 104 mL/L organic acid, 80 g/L alkali, and 40% extractant concentration. Zinc hydroxide formed from hydroxyl and zinc ion at sensitively increased pH was the cause of emulsification during extraction. Associated addition of alkali and organic acid could contribute to the control solution pH in the range of 3.0–4.0, which is lower than that of the formation of zinc hydroxide, and therefore, improve zinc extraction.

Flaxseed is a natural ingredient with health benefits because of its rich contents of omega-3 fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and fiber. In this study, yogurt samples enriched with flaxseed powder were produced to achieve the potential health benefits of flaxseed. The results showed that the addition of flaxseed powder significantly increased pH, acidity, water holding capacity, and viscosity of yogurts. This enrichment led to a significant decrease (P

Objective We investigated visual marbling level (VML) influence on pork loin physicochemical traits, consumer palatability responses, VML liking, purchase intent, and their relationships. Methods For each of five slaughtering dates, at 24-h postmortem, nine paired Duroc castrated male boneless Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were categorized into low (LM, score 1 to 2, n = 3), medium (MM, score 3 to 4, n = 3), and high (HM, score 5 to 6, n = 3) VML. Meat physicochemical quality traits and consumer responses (n = 389) on palatability and VML liking, and purchase intent were evaluated. The experiment was in randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance, Duncan’s multiple mean comparisons, and correlation coefficients were determined. Results VML correspond to crude fat (r = 0.91, p0.05). Compared to the others, HM had lower collagen solubility percentage (p0.05) Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). No differences (p>0.05) were found in juiciness, overall flavor, oiliness, and overall acceptability, but HM was more tender (p0.05). Corresponding to VML preference (r = 0.45, p

The modified hydrochar was prepared by a facile one-pot lime-assisted hydrothermal synthesis approach and the modified hydrochar and pristine hydrochar were investigated to immobilize the heavy metals (HMs) of Pb and Cd in contaminated soils. The results showed that the modified hydrochar exerted significantly enhanced effectiveness in immobilizing Pb and Cd comparing to pristine hydrochar, resulting from the increased surface functionality and non-crystalline properties, increased pH value and enhanced electronegativity of hydrochar. By introduction with 5% modified hydrochar, the contaminated soils showed the highest value of 34.5% (Pb) and 8.1% (Cd) reductions in leaching toxicity, and significant improvements of 95.1% (Pb) and 64.4% (Cd) were observed. In addition, the concentrations of acid soluble fraction were remarkably reduced by 54.0% (Pb) and 27.0% (Cd), and the reductions were much higher than that of 29.5% (Pb) and 8.3% (Cd) for 5% pristine hydrochar treatment. The enhanced surface complexation, precipitation and cation-π interaction played an important role in the immobilization of HMs in soils. The present study offered a novel and cost-effective approach to prepare soil amendment from waste biomass towards HMs immobilization in contaminated soils.

The Inceptisol of Karangploso Malang has low pH (5.33) and low C-organic content (1.39%). Efforts can be made to improve these problems through land management with the use of organic fertilizer. Bokashi is one of the composts produced from fermentation process with EM4 which can improve soil chemical properties, because bokashi has elements of N, P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg respectively 1.22%, 0.53%, 1.71%, 5.64%, 0.62% and 2.01%. This study was carried out at the Greenhouse and Chemical Laboratory of Soil Science Department, Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University. The design of this research was a completely randomized design with O0 treatment (control); O1 (Bokashi 5 t ha -1 ); O2 (Bokashi 10 t ha -1 ); O3 (Bokashi 15 t ha -1 ); O4 (Bokashi 20 t ha -1 ); O5 (Bokashi 25 t ha -1 ); O6 (Bokashi 30 t ha -1 ) which was repeated 3 times. Parameters measured were pH, CEC, BS, K-exch, Na-exch, Ca-exch, and Mg-exch on 1 MAI (month after incubation), and 2 MAI. The results showed that increasing the dose of bokashi application at 1 MAI significantly increased K-exch and Mg-exch compared to the control treatment, but did not significantly affect pH, CEC, BS, Na-exch, and Ca-exch. Furthermore, increasing the dose of bokashi application on 2 MAI significantly increased pH and K-exch compared to the control treatment, but did not significantly affect CEC, BS, Na-exch, Ca-exch, and Mg-exch.

Herbicides derived from weak acids, when suffering interactions with soil pH, can be affected in their sorptive capacity. In this way, when they suffer increased pH, they can reduce their sorption in the soil and increase their leaching. This allows the herbicide to have a higher bioavailability in the soil, generating a greater control effect on weeds and injuries in crops. Nevertheless, if there was rainfall, the herbicide may be transported by leaching in the soil profile to the deeper layers of the active seed bank, consequently, negatively impacts weed control. In view of the above, it is important to study the interactions with soil pH in the procedures of risk assessment and agronomic efficacy to obtain an analysis of the behavior that the herbicide can present in the soil, and the correct positioning of the product in chemical management. This chapter shows how the pH of the soil can interfere with the behavior of weak acidic herbicides in a chemically understandable way for professionals in the agrarian sciences. The difference between the electric charges of ionized herbicides and colloids was fundamental to understand how these interactions occur, influenced by the type and pH of the soil. Finally, it is expected that professionals who work with herbicides can better understand some of the interactions of the chemical molecules of the herbicides with the soil and make an appropriate recommendation of the products to increase the effectiveness of weed control.

Electrical stimulation (ES) is used in beef slaughter plants to improve tenderness, however, varying levels of low-voltage ES have not been well characterized. The objective was to evaluate the influence of two levels of low-voltage ES on temperature decline, pH, glycolytic potential, and meat quality. Forty-two beef carcasses were chosen from a commercial packing facility. One side of each carcass received either 40 or 80 volts of ES for 60 s at 45 min postmortem. The paired side of each carcass did not receive ES (Control). Temperature loggers were placed in the sirloin of 12 carcasses to record temperature decline. Longissimus muscle pH was measured at 1, 12, and 24 h, and 3 d postmortem. Strip steaks were fabricated for determination of meat quality. A treatment by time interaction was observed for carcass temperature decline (p &lt, 0.001) where ES sides stayed warmer longer than Control sides. A treatment by time interaction was observed for pH decline with Control sides exhibiting an increased pH at 1 h postmortem (p &lt, 0.001). Instrumental color values were increased for ES compared to Control sides (p &lt, 0.001). These results indicate ES slows carcass temperature decline, hastens initial pH decline, and improves instrumental color. Similar results were observed between the ES treatments indicating either ES level may be used to achieve similar quality characteristics.

The bio-flocculation ability of UTEX 2341 was studied for the purpose of improving microalgae harvesting efficiency to cut the high cost of biofuel production. The algae cells of UTEX 2341 cultured under heterotrophic and municipal wastewater conditions were found to have better self-flocculation ability, with flocculation rates of 92% and 85% at 2 h, respectively. Moreover, the flocculation rates of 16 freeze-dried microalgae powder samples cultured under different stress conditions were 0~72% with an algae powder dosage of 35 mg L−1. The flocculation efficiency of DIM, DCd1, DT28, and L6S was stable under different pH of 3~9 and temperatures of 15~50 °C. For samples of IM, LCd0.6, LMn2, and LZn2, the flocculation efficiency decreased or increased respectively with increased pH or temperatures. Though the flocculation properties of the eight samples showed wide differences, their flocculant compositions were almost the same with unknown components occupying large proportions. More studies needed to be further carried out to reveal the flocculation mechanisms and analyze the flocculation abilities in practical application, which would be conducive to future large-scale application of the bio-flocculation method and also cost reduction.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de proporções de salvínia na composição de substrato para a produção de mudas de grandiúva. As características químicas do substrato foram melhoradas à medida que a proporção aumentou, resultando em uma redução de Al e aumento de pH, CTC, saturação de bases, teores de K, Ca, Mg, P e matéria orgânica. O crescimento das mudas de grandiúva foi influenciado pelos níveis de fertilidade do substrato. As maiores alturas de planta, diâmetros de caule, massa seca e acúmulo de macronutrientes foram verificadas nos tratamentos com 75% e 100% de composto orgânico.

Objective: A study was conducted to determine the physicochemical quality and consumer acceptability of beef frankfurter-type sausages formulated with pecan nut paste and Mexican oregano oil (MO) of two varieties, Poliomintha longiflora Gray (Mexican oregano Poliomintha, MOP) or Lippia berlandieri (Mexican oregano Lippia, MOL).Methods: Frankfurters were processed under six treatment conditions: control (10.67% pork fat), MOP (control + 0.01% MOP), MOL (control + 0.01% MOL), MOP-N (control + 0.01% MOP + 6% pecan nut paste), MOL-N (control + 0.01% MOL + 6% pecan nut paste), and C-N (control + 6% pecan nut paste). The physicochemical properties and the consumer acceptability were determined.Results: The addition of MO and nut did not influence the water holding capacity, drip loss, and luminosity of frankfurters, but those ingredients increased pH and shear force (p

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vegetation management on soil chemical attributes during the implementation of an agroforestry system in Pará, Brazil. Three treatments were evaluated - T1 Control (secondary vegetation - SF), T2 - Fire management system (FMS) and T3 - Management system without vegetation burning (MSWB). Soil samples were collected at 30 cm deep to analyze chemical attributes. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance - ANOVA, and the t-test. Treatment T2 caused the most changes in soil chemical attributes on the first analysis showing increased pH, increased levels of N, P, K, Ca, Sum of bases, CEC and percentage of base saturation, and decreased potential acidity of Al in the short term. However, in the second evaluations 48 months later, there was an inversion, in which a reduction of pH, the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Sum of bases and percentage of base saturation, as well as increased potential acidity and of the contents of Al of the soil were observed. For treatments T1 and T3, there were no substantial soil attributes changes during the first and second evaluations. Thus, soil chemical attributes were altered according to the type of management of secondary vegetation and evaluation period during the implementation of Agroforestry Systems. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia del manejo de la vegetación en la fertilidad del suelo durante la implementación de un sistema agroforestal en Pará, Brasil. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos - Control T1 (vegetación secundaria - SF), T2 - Sistema de manejo de incendios (FMS) y T3 - Sistema de manejo sin quema de vegetación (RSU). Se recolectaron muestras de suelo a una profundidad de 30 cm para el análisis de fertilidad del suelo. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y la prueba t. El tratamiento T2 causó la mayor cantidad de cambios en la fertilidad del suelo, mostrando aumento del pH, aumento de los niveles de N, P, K, Ca, Suma de bases, CIC y porcentaje de saturación de bases, y disminución de la acidez potencial del Al en el corto plazo. Sin embargo, en las siguientes evaluaciones, en el período de 48 meses, hubo una inversión, en la que se observó una reducción del pH, los contenidos de N, P, K, Ca, Suma de bases y porcentaje de saturación de bases, así como un aumento Se observó acidez potencial y del contenido de Al del suelo. Para los tratamientos T1 y T3, no hubo cambios sustanciales en la fertilidad del suelo durante las evaluaciones. Así, la fertilidad del suelo se alteró según el tipo de manejo de la vegetación secundaria durante la implementación de los Sistemas Agroforestales. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do manejo da vegetação na fertilidade do solo durante a implantação de um sistema agroflorestal no Pará, Brasil. Foram avaliados três tratamentos - T1 Controle (vegetação secundária - SF), T2 - Sistema de manejo do fogo (FMS) e T3 - Sistema de manejo sem queima da vegetação (MSWB). Para análise do solo as mostras foram coletadas a uma profundidade de 30 cm durante dois períodos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio da Análise de Variância - ANOVA e o teste t. Na primeira avaliação logo após a queima o tratamento T2 foi o que mais alterou positivamente a fertilidade do solo, apresentando aumento do pH, aumento dos níveis de N, P, K, Ca, Soma de bases, CEC e porcentagem de saturação por bases, e diminuição da acidez potencial de Al em curto prazo. Porém, nas avaliações seguintes, no período de 48 meses, ocorreu uma inversão com alterações negativas da fertilidade com diminuição do pH, dos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Soma de bases e porcentagem de saturação de bases, além de aumentar foram observadas acidez potencial e dos teores de Al do solo. Para os tratamentos T1 e T3, não houve mudanças substanciais na fertilidade do solo durante as avaliações. Assim, os atributos químicos do solo foram alterados de acordo com o tipo de manejo da vegetação secundária e o período de avaliação durante a implantação dos Sistemas Agroflorestais.

A methodology that programs eukaryotic or bacterial cells to encapsulate proteins of any kind inside micro/nanospheres formed by muNS-Mi viral protein was developed in our laboratory. In the present study such “in cellulo” encapsulation technology is utilized for immobilizing a protein with an enzymatic activity of industrial interest, CotA laccase. The encapsulation facilitates its purification, resulting in a cost-effective, one-step way of producing immobilized enzymes for industrial use. In addition to the ability to be recycled without activity loss, the encapsulated protein showed an increased pH working range and high resistance to chemical inactivation. Also, its activity was almost unaffected after 30 min incubation at 90 °C and 15 min at the almost-boiling temperature of 95 °C. Furthermore, the encapsulated laccase was able to efficiently decolorate the recalcitrant dye RB19 at room temperature.

Background: Low pH is an important factor facilitating entry of enveloped viruses including coronaviruses and further fusion with the host epithelial cell membrane. pH in the pulmonary environment can be maintained by supplying a negative electric charge. The main objective was to check if earthing (direct or indirect connection to Earth) changes the pH of the respiratory tract.Methods: Nine participants were evaluated and pH measurements were taken on the mucous membrane of the throat before and after 15 minutes of earthing.Results: Mean pH before earthing was 5.83±0.43 and after earthing was 6.33± 0.43 (p=0.000323). Conclusions: Earthing is able to supply a negative charge resulting in alkalization of the pulmonary environment. The increased pH value in the respiratory tract reduces the pH-dependent entry of coronaviruses into epithelial cells. Earthing can have an impact on the course of respiratory tract infection both viral and bacterial decreasing the susceptibility of the development of fatal forms of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).

The majority of biochar studies use soils with only a narrow range of properties making generalizations about the effects of biochar on soils difficult. In this study, we aimed to identify soil properties that determine the performance of biochar produced at high temperature (700 °C) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable base cation (Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+) content across a wide range of soil physicochemical properties. Ten distinct soils with varying physicochemical properties were incubated for 12 weeks with four rates of biochar application (0.5, 2, 4, and 8% w/w). Soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable base cations (Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+) were determined on the 7th and 84th day of incubation. Our results indicate that the highest biochar application rate (8%) was more effective at altering soil properties than lower biochar rates. Application of 8% biochar increased pH significantly in all incubated soils, with the increment ranging up to 1.17 pH unit. Biochar induced both an increment and a decline in soil CEC ranging up to 35.4 and 7.9%, respectively, at a biochar application rate of 8%. Similarly, biochar induced increments in exchangeable Ca2+ up to 38.6% and declines up to 11.4%, at an 8% biochar application rate. The increment in CEC and exchangeable Ca2+ content was found in soils with lower starting exchangeable Ca2+ contents than the biochar added, while decreases were observed in soils with higher exchangeable Ca2+ contents than the biochar. The original pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca2+, and texture of the soils represented the most crucial factors for determining the amount of change in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca2+ content. Our findings clearly demonstrate that application of a uniform biochar to a range of soils under equivalent environmental conditions induced two contradicting effects on soil properties including soil CEC and exchangeable Ca2+ content. Therefore, knowledge of both biochar and soil properties will substantially improve prediction of biochar application efficiency to improve soil properties. Among important soil properties, soil exchangeable Ca2+ content is the primary factor controlling the direction of biochar-induced change in soil CEC and exchangeable Ca2+ content. Generally, biochar can induce changes in soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ with the effectiveness and magnitude of change closely related to the soil’s original properties.

To identify the effects of charged states on the formation and disaggregation of soy protein isolate (SPI) fibril, we studied the thermal aggregation behaviors of the constituent peptides of SPI fibril (CPSF) at various pH values (2–10) and investigated the structural changes of SPI fibril with increasing pH (2–11). Results showed that CPSF would assemble into diverse shapes at different pH values, among which the aggregates contained multiple β-sheet structures at pH less than 6, but these β-sheets were stacked to form fibrils only at pH 2. The damages from the increased pH to SPI fibril structure could be roughly divided into two stages, as follows: when pH was less than or equal to 6, the morphology of fibrils changed markedly due to electrostatic neutralization; at pH larger than 6, the fibrils suffered great losses in β-sheet, causing its structure to disintegrate rapidly. This study could provide theoretical reference to improve the pH stability of SPI fibril from the aspects of preparation and structural protection of the fibril.

Application of spent coffee ground compost is expected to improve soil chemical properties of Andisol Ngabab which has low C-organic and N contents, very low P content, and moderate content of Na content. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of application of Robusta spent coffee grounds compost application on soil chemical properties of an Andisol. This study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments tested were P0 (control, without application of spent coffee ground compost), P1 (50% dose of spent coffee ground compost aplication = 10 t ha -1 ), P2 (100% dose of spent coffee ground compost application = 20 t ha -1 ), P3 (150% dose of spent coffee ground compost application = 30 t ha -1 ), and P4 (200% dose of spent coffee ground compost application = 40 t ha -1 ). The results of this study showed that the application of spent coffee ground compost with a dose of 150%= 30 t ha -1 (P3) and dose of 200%= 40 t ha -1 (P4) on an Andisol of Ngabab significantly increased pH, organic-C, total-N, available-P, exchangeable-K (in 2, 6 and 8 weeks), exchangeable-Na, and CEC (in 4, 6 and 8 weeks) compared to control treatment or without application of spent coffee ground compost (P0).

Background Various sebum levels can be detected in dandruff-affected scalps. However, few studies have compared the biophysical characteristics of dandruff scalps categorized based on sebum levels. Aims To investigate and compare the biophysical characteristics of dandruff-affected scalps categorized based on sebum levels. Methods Fifty-four Korean women with dandruff and 30 healthy Korean women underwent physiological measurements, including evaluation of sebum and hydration levels, pH, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in the scalp. The levels of the biomarkers of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and corneodesmosomes were investigated in the stratum corneum (SC) of the scalp. Results Dandruff was categorized as dry (low-sebum, n = 25) or oily (high-sebum, n = 29) based on a sebum cutoff level of 97.82 μg/cm2 . Both dry and oily dandruff-affected scalps showed significantly decreased hydration levels and increased pH and TEWL compared with healthy subjects, with hydration levels being lower in dry dandruff-affected scalps. IL-8 expression was significantly increased in the oily dandruff-affected scalp. In addition, both dry and oily dandruff-affected scalps showed significantly increased KLK5 levels in the SC, with the levels being higher in oily dandruff-affected scalps. Altered distribution of corneodesmosomes, present on the entire surface area of the corneocytes, was notable in oily dandruff-affected scalps. Conclusion The biophysical characteristics of the two types of dandruff represent the influence of different characteristics, including hydration levels, expression of IL-8 and KLK5, and corneodesmosome distribution. Thus, strategies to reduce dandruff levels should differ according to sebum levels.

Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge is one of the promising substitutes to the phosphate ores to alleviate the shortage of P supply in the future. In this study, how hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperature functioned in the migration and transformation of P from sewage sludge during HTC process was clarified. The enhancement effect of Ca-based additive on the transformation of P to hydroxyapatite via HTC was systematically studied. Additionally, leaching characteristics of P in the hydrochars with Ca-based additive were analyzed to assess their P-bioavailability. Results indicated that favoring by increased pH in the process water, HTC temperature played a significant role in the migration and transformation of P during HTC. Therefore, higher HTC temperature was beneficial for P enrichment and transformation to apatite phosphorus in the hydrochars. Both alkaline environment and existence of sufficient calcium ions were essential for enhanced formation of apatite phosphorus during HTC. Adding CaO could stimulate almost complete transformation of non-apatite inorganic phosphorus to apatite phosphorus such as hydroxyapatite, causing a maximum increase of apatite phosphorus by 252%. Concurrently, P-bioavailability by 2% (w/w) formic acid extraction of the hydrochars increased by 233% at CaO = 4%. These findings were confirmed by XRD analyses. Ca-associated apatite phosphorus such as Ca5(PO4)3OH and Ca2P2O7 ∙ 2H2O, was detected in the hydrochars. With the assistance of thermochemical calculation, transformation pathways of P after CaO addition have been proposed, which coincided with our experimental results well. The stable P-containing minerals of hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3OH) was calculated at equilibrium state.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the yield and must composition of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines subjected to phosphorus applications to a soil from a high-altitude region of Southern Brazil, during three crop seasons. Experiments 1 and 2 were carried out in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' commercial vineyards, respectively, in the municipality of Água Doce, located in the Midwestern region of the state of Santa Catarina. The soil from the two vineyards was classified as a Typic Humicryept. The used source of P was triple superphosphate (45% P2O5). From 2011 to 2013, at flowering, a total of 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 kg ha-1 P2O5 were applied in the crown projection area, to the soil surface, without incorporation, in both vineyards. Soil and leaf P concentration, yield parameters, and must quality were evaluated. The increase in P availability decreased total titratable acidity and tartaric acid in the must of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevine in the 2013/2014 crop season and increased pH and total soluble solids in the must of the 'Chardonnay' grapevine in the 2011/2012 crop season. Phosphorus application to the soil increases the levels of available phosphorus, but does not result in higher yields for 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Chardonnay' grapevines. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a composição do mosto de videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay' submetidas a aplicações de fósforo em solo de região de altitude no Sul do Brasil, durante três safras. Os experimentos 1 e 2 foram realizados em vinhedos comerciais de 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e de 'Chardonnay', respectivamente, no município de Água Doce, na região Meio-Oeste do estado de Santa Catarina. O solo dos dois vinhedos foi classificado como Cambissolo Húmico. A fonte de P utilizada foi o superfosfato triplo (45% de P2O5). De 2011 a 2013, no florescimento, foram aplicados 0, 10, 20, 40 e 80 kg ha-1 de P2O5 na projeção da copa, na superfície do solo, sem incorporação, em ambos os vinhedos. Avaliaram-se concentração de P no solo e na folha, variáveis de produção e qualidade do mosto. O incremento na disponibilidade de P diminuiu os valores de acidez total titulável e de ácido tartárico no mosto da videira 'Cabernet Sauvignon' na safra de 2013/2014 e aumentou os valores de pH e sólidos solúveis totais no mosto da videira 'Chardonnay' na safra de 2011/2012. A aplicação de fósforo no solo aumenta os níveis de fósforo disponível, mas não resulta em maiores produtividades das videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Chardonnay'.

Soil pH could be greatly affected by agriculture practices in paddy soils, in which microbial Fe(III) reduction is a prevalent and important biogeochemical process. There is increasing evidence that microbial fermentative processes can play an important role in Fe(III) reduction. In this study, the response of metabolically active Clostridium community to initial pH adjustment was investigated to elucidate the mechanism of the effects of soil pH on microbial Fe(III) reduction through fermentative microbes. Two paddy soils with different original pH were incubated anaerobically for 40 days. The initial pH of alkaline paddy soil (Baodi district; pH 7.89) was adjusted to acidic levels (approximately pH 5.2), and the initial pH of acidic paddy soil (Nanchang county; pH 5.17) was adjusted to alkaline levels (approximately pH 7.9). The abundance and the structure of metabolically active Clostridium community were measured on days 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 during anaerobic incubation. Decreasing the initial pH of alkaline paddy soil decreased the Clostridium abundance by 3.77 × 104 to 1.30 × 107 copies g−1 soil, while increasing the initial pH of acidic paddy soil decreased the Clostridium abundance by 1.25 × 108 to 1.80 × 1010 copies g−1 soil within the first 20 days. Decreased initial pH stimulated the growth of H2-producing Clostridium species, while increased initial pH was conducive to the growth of Fe(III)-reducing Clostridium species. The dynamics of the abundance and structure of Clostridium community were closely correlated with processes of hydrogen production and Fe(III) reduction. Decreased pH could inhibit Fe(III) reduction by reducing the abundance and changing the structure of Clostridium community. However, the effects of increased pH on Fe(III) reduction were not obvious as a result of stimulation of the growth of Fe(III)-reducing Clostridium species and H2 utilization ability. Decreasing the initial pH of alkaline paddy soil and increasing the initial pH of acidic paddy soil led to significant decreases in the abundances and great differences in the structures of metabolically active Clostridium community. This study further demonstrated that fermentative microbes could play an important role in Fe(III) reduction via direct and indirect effects, and their optimum pH for growth was closely related to the inherent soil pH.

Seven young females and 1 male participant (between 24 and 29 years of age) were subjected to a 3,200-m run through uneven terrain. After the run, capillary blood samples were drawn for the determination of pH, pCO 2 , pO 2 , base excess (BE), HCO 3 , ionized magnesium (Mg), and lactate. 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the run, additional blood samples were taken to assess the metabolic situation during recovery. One week later, the candidates received two sachets of an effervescent preparation containing amino acids, vitamins, herbal antioxidants, trace elements, and electrolytes. Among them, a total of 300 mg Mg immediately after running and the same sampling times as in the control group were used. It turned out that the group averages of pH, BE, and HCO 3 were already significantly higher at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the run in the test group than in controls. Correlation analyses further show that recovery of test persons is significantly faster, especially in those participants most affected by the running. Additionally, there is no “oxygen trapping” in the blood due to increased pH during the recovery period in test persons.

Sediment from ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk was composed of κ-casein depleted casein micelles, with low levels of denatured whey protein. Direct UHT was more prone to sediment formation than indirect UHT. In direct UHT milk samples, at low pH ( ∼1.5 m m ), the unstable κ-casein-depleted casein micelles were prone to calcium-mediated aggregation and high sedimentation levels. Sedimentation in direct UHT milk samples could be reduced by increasing the pH with alkali or reducing the ionic calcium with chelators. Tri-sodium citrate was effective as it reduced ionic calcium levels and increased pH. Decreasing the pH by adding acid or increasing the ionic calcium level by adding of calcium salts markedly increased sedimentation. In indirect UHT milk samples, higher levels of denatured whey proteins were associated with the casein micelles and this may stabilise these micelles, reducing their propensity to aggregate and sediment.

Behavior of heavy metals in biochar obtained from sewage sludge with the pyrolysis and hydrothermal processes was comparatively studied. Increase of reaction temperature resulted in increased pH of...

Synthetic strategy of functional group transformation has been utilized to modify the acidic hydroxyl (−OH) of a series of pyridone based heterocyclic dyes into basic secondary amine (−NHCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 ), so as to improve the color instability of hydrazone dyes under the basic condition. Namely, five pairs of 6-(3-methoxypropylamino)pyridin-2-one based azo dyes have been synthesized showing significantly increased pH stability, which can be verified by corresponding UV–Vis spectra. Successful configuration transformation from the NH N= unit in the hydrazone dyes into the N N− one in the resultant azo dyes is believed to obstruct the proton transfer between the pyridone and azo/hydrazone units (azo-hydrazone tautomerism), thereby enhancing the pH stability especially under the alkaline condition. In addition, different N -substituted groups at the pyridone ring and push-pull electronic substituted groups at the phenyl ring have been selected to make spectral and structural comparisons before and after the functional group transformation.

The effects of surface application of amino acids on the formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and meat quality properties were evaluated in pan-fried beef patties (230 °C/15 min). Tryptophan, lysine, leucine, and proline at three concentrations, 0.05%, 0.20%, and 0.50% (w/w), were tested. The meat crusts were analyzed for HCA content using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that surface application of all tested amino acids significantly reduced total HCA content (P

Goatmilk with and without stabilizing salt was subjected to in-container and UHTsterilization. Heatstability was assessed by measuring the amount of sediment in the milk. Without stabilizing salts, goatmilk usually produced less sediment when subjected to in-containersterilization compared with UHT processing. Addition of stabilizing salts up to 12.8 mM resulted in a progressive increase in sediment for in-containersterilization. In contrast, adding stabilizing salts at 6.4 mM initially reduced sediment formation in UHT-treated milk but addition of stabilizing salts at 12.8 mM increased sediment formation. Adding stabilizing salts to goatmilk increased pH, decreased ionic calcium, and increased ethanol stability. Adding up to 2 mM calcium chloride increased sediment formation more after UHT treatment than after in-containersterilization. These results suggest that no single mechanism or set of reactions causes milk to produce sediment during heating and that the favored pathway is different for UHT and in-containersterilization processes. Poor heatstability could be induced both by increasing ionic calcium and by decreasing it. Ethanol stability is not a good indicator of heatstability for in-containersterilization, but it may be for UHTsterilization, if milk does not enter the region of poor heatstability found at low concentrations of ionic calcium.

Canonical correlation analysis allows conclusions to be drawn about the occurrence and magnitude of associations between two groups of characteristics. This study estimated the magnitude of association and interdependence between two trait groups of clones of two varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes. The study was based on the mean data of eight characteristics from two experiments to test the performance of these clones: the first experiment provided data from seven clones of Cabernet Sauvignon, which evaluated in the northern San Joaquin Valley, California, United States, and the second data set was from six clones of the Chardonnay variety, which were evaluated in the Napa Valley, California, United States. The canonical correlations among the two varieties were significant, indicating that the two groups of characteristics were related or not independent. The quality and quantity of the raw material required for fine-wine production were inversely proportional and specific to each variety. For Cabernet Sauvignon, the high number of berries per bunch and high number of bunches per plant resulted in fruits with a high °Brix level and increased pH. For Chardonnay, the increase in the bunch weight and number of berries decreased the fruit pH.

Pandansari village, Ngantang District was severely affected by Mt. Kelud eruption in 2014. Almost all soil surfaces were covered by the eruption product, leading to serious problems for cultivation. Pyroclastic materials potentially have high content of nutrients, but they are not readily available to plants. As an attempt to improve chemical properties of the pyroclastic materials, we applied locally available organic matters, from four different sources, i.e. leaves of sweet potatoes, Tithonia diversifolia , maize, and cow manure. The pyroclastic materials were sieved at 2 mm, placed inside pots (50 x 50 x 50 cm 3 ), until it reached 30 cm thick. The fresh leaves were chopped into 2 mm size and mixed with the pyroclastic materials at the dosage of 15 Mg/ha. They were incubated and kept at field condition. Selected chemical properties (pH, CEC, sum of basic cations, and the total contents of N, organic C, and available P) were measured before and after 90 days incubation. The results showed that after 90 days, organic matter application significantly increased pH, cation exchange capacity, organic C, and total exchangeable basic cations content. The increases of P-available and total N contents were only detected on cow manure treated materials.

In this study camel sausage was formulated with different levels (1, 2, 3 and 4%) of whey protein powder (WPP). Raw and cooked sausage samples were evaluated for physical properties, cooking measurements, shrinkage, color parameters, emulsion capacity (EC) and emulsion stability (ES) and sensory attributes. Using whey protein powder increased pH value, moisture retention, emulsion capacity and emulsion stability while, the cooking loss and shrinkage were decreased. Camel sausages formulated with 4% whey protein powder (WPP) had higher emulsion stability and emulsion capacity, lower cooking loss, better color and more acceptable than other sausage samples. However addition of 4% whey protein powder can be improved the quality characteristics of camel sausages.

Fungi can modify the pH in or around the infected site via alkalization or acidification, and pH monitoring may provide valuable information on host–fungus interactions. The objective of the present study was to examine the ability of two fungi, Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani, to modify the pH of potato tubers during artificial inoculation in situ. Both fungi cause blemishes on potato tubers, which downgrades tuber quality and yield. Direct visualization and estimation of pH changes near the inoculation area were achieved using pH indicators and image analysis. The results showed that the pH of the area infected by either fungus increased from potato native pH of approximately 6.0 to 7.4 to 8.0. By performing simple analysis of the images, it was also possible to derive the growth curve of each fungus and estimate the lag phase of the radial growth: 10 days for C. coccodes and 17 days H. solani. In addition, a distinctive halo (an edge area with increased pH) was observed only during the lag phase of H. solani infection. pH modulation is a major factor in pathogen–host interaction and the proposed method offers a simple and rapid way to monitor these changes.

Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem among developing countries. The present study is designed to understand the occurrence of V. cholerae using conventional as well as molecular tools and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolated strains of V. cholerae from Muttil panchayat in district Wayanad of Kerala, India. This study was undertaken for a period of 12 months i.e., from April 2014 to March 2015. Out of 60 water samples collected from stream, 38 (63.3 %) were found positive for V. cholerae by conventional methods and among these, 21 (35 %) samples were found positive by PCR. However, none of the water samples (well water, household drinking water and pipeline water) yielded V. cholerae. The presence of V. cholerae was observed in the soil and stream from residential area and were also isolated from fish samples as well as from human stool samples. The antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates of V. cholerae obtained from different types of samples exhibited 100 % resistance to the antibiotics under study except for doxycycline. Furthermore, on correlating the physical parameters of the water samples collected with the isolation of V. cholerae, it was found that optimum temperature, increased pH and salinity in the present study favoured the survival of V. cholerae, along with high biochemical oxygen demand values of the water samples. The present study provides a baseline data to devise rapid and reliable molecular detection methods for V. cholerae and thereby attaining concrete molecular epidemiological surveillance.

In the past decades the decline of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest caused by soil acidification due to excess sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) input has become common in Chongqing, China. Schima superba, an excellent shade-tolerant and fire-resistant species, is believed to be more resistant to soil acidification than Masson pine. Accordingly, its saplings were often grown in acidified and declining Masson pine stands to transform them and enhance prevention and control of forest fires and, in fact, cultivating S. superba saplings under canopies of Masson pine stands growing on acidified soil may be an important measure of forest transformation in the future. But on the other hand, liming is an effective practice to alleviate damage of soil acidification to Masson pine forests. In 2004, we established permanent plots limed with 0 (unlimed control), 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha−1 limestone powder in an acid-damaged (>25 % defoliation) Masson pine stand mixed with S. superba saplings in Chongqing, and observed positive responses of Masson pine growth 8 years after liming. In 2015 we conducted an investigation to assess the effects of liming on the health and growth of young S. superba trees under the canopy of this stand. The results showed that compared to the unlimed control, liming increased pH, exchangeable calcium (Ca), and Ca/Al molar ratio, but decreased exchangeable aluminum (Al) in the 0–20 cm mineral soil layer. As a result, length densites of living fine roots of the young S. superba trees increased, while their defoliation decreased. Over 11 years, mean height increment of the S. superba trees increased from 3.7 m in the unlimed control to 3.8, 4.0, 4.7, and 5.9 m in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 t ha−1 lime treatments, and their mean basal diameter (5 cm above the ground) increment increased from 2.4 to 2.7, 3.2, 3.9, and 4.9 cm, respectively. Liming favored the transformation of the Masson pine stand. These effects rose with increasing dose.

The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between physician/safety net availability and health insurance coverage and preventable hospitalizations (PHs) in nonelderly adults in an urban area. Preventable conditions (PHs) were identified for nonelderly adults in Harris County using the Texas Health Care Information Collection hospital database. Multivariable logistic regression models examined the association of health insurance and patient proximity to physicians and safety net clinics with the risk of a PH. Safety net availability reduced PH risk by 23% (P < .05) but only among the uninsured. Lack of health insurance increased PH risk by 30% (P < .05).

The melting of the permanent ice cover in the arctic region due to the climate change is increasing industrial activity in the region and also consequently there is the enhanced risk for oil-spills. Therefore, there is a need for the development of green chemicals for oil-spill treatment in the arctic region. Carboxymethylated chitosan nanoparticles were cross-linked with Mg, Ca or Sr and the stability of nanoparticles in increased pH and salinity was studied. The carboxymethylation of chitosan was investigated with FTIR and the nanoparticles were studied with dynamic light scattering and SEM. The nanoparticles cross-linked with Ca ions were found to be most stable in increased salinity and pH. The interaction of Ca cross-linked nanoparticles with dodecane in water was also demonstrated. The nanoparticles showed promising potential for applications in oil-spill treatment.

Ultisols has constraints in low organic matter, low pH, low CEC, and low soil nutrients. This study aimed to determine the effect of applying a combination of Organonitrofos and inorganic fertilizers on soil chemical properties and yields of cucumber plants in Ultisols. The study consisted of 11 combinations of Organonitrofos and inorganic fertilizers with 3 replications arranged in a randomized block design. A recommended dose of 100% Organonitrofos fertilizer which was 10,000 kg ha−1 and 100% NPK inorganic fertilizer (Urea = 448 kg ha−1; SP-36 = 413.5 kg ha−1; KCl = 63.3 kg ha−1) were applied. The treatments were various combinations of Organonitrofos and inorganic fertilizers of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% from each fertilizer recommendation. The application of a combined Organonitrofos and inorganic fertilizers increased pH and soil available-P, but it did not affect the total-N and organic-C of soil. All combined doses of Organonitrofos and inorganic fertilizer significantly increased all the growth and yields variables of cucumber compared to control (without fertilizer) and application of Organonitrofos fertilizer only. Application of 100% Organonitrofos + 50% NPK was the most economically effective dose because it had the highest RAE value of 101%.

Presence of heavy metals in sludge can severely limit land application due to their bioavailability. The current work studied distribution and risk as well as leaching toxicity of heavy metals in textile sludge treated with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at different conditions. Treatment temperature and time can significantly affect characteristics of heavy metals in sludge. For the treatment at 220 °C and 3 h, the content of Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn existed in form F1 + F2 (water soluble and bound to carbonate and Fe-Mn oxides) dropped by 4.7, 7.1, 8.8, and 7.3%, while the content of Cu, Cr, and Mn in form F4 (bound to quartz, feldspars, etc) increased by 12.9, 19.1, and 10.6%, respectively. This effectively lowered the bioavailability and leaching rate of heavy metals in sludge. Addition of weak alkaline Al(OH)3 could efficiently force the transformation of F1 to F4, possibly because of the increased pH value of sludge. HTC processing might be an effective way of fixing heavy metals in textile sludge.

Cellular senescence, the major inducer of aging contributing to chronic diseases and age-related dysfunctions, is characterized by remarkable variations in the morphology and functionality of cellular organelles. Increases in lysosomal number, pH and size constitute the most characteristic variations observed with senescence, in which increased pH can further impact the microenvironment of lysosomes. These senescence-related alterations in lysosomes causally induce changes in lysosomal polarity. However, the relationship between lysosomal polarity and senescence remains a “grey area”. To this end, we presented a series of curcumin-based polarity fluorescent probes, among which KSLP1 is a near-infrared lysosome-targeting probe that can monitor lysosomal polarity with high sensitivity without interference from other micro-environmental factors. Utilizing KSLP1, we investigated variations in polarity in drug-induced senescent cells and senescent MRC5 cells, and we discovered, for the first time, that lysosomal polarity increased in senescent cells and proposed a mechanism for variations in lysosomal polarity. Moreover, the polarity of C. elegans was monitored from days 2 to 10 of adulthood, and the results indicated that the intrinsic polarity in C. elegans increased with aging. These results demonstrated that lysosomal polarity increases with senescence, providing insight into the relationship between lysosomal polarity and the aging process.

NaOH treatment is expected to can increased fiber tensile strength, therefore it is to become stronger and durable as substrate on hydroponic. This research aimed to study the growth and yield responses of chili, also fiber characteristic due to NaOH soaking treatment. This research was conducted on December 2018 to July 2019 at Greenhouse B and Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sebelas Maret. This method used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) that consisted of 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was NaOH concentration which consists 6 levels; 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. The second factor was soaking duration which consists 4 levels; 0, 2, 4 and 8 hours. The results showed that NaOH treatment increased pH, bulk density, particle density and water holding capacity, however it is decreased macro pores on fiber. Treatment of 5% NaOH with 2 hours soaking duration decreased percent of fiber decomposed. Arenga wood fiber soaked on 2 hours duration increased root length. NaOH treatment decreased the number of fruits, weight fruit and weight of dried plant biomass, however treatment of 5% NaOH increased vitamin C content on fruit.

The oil palm empty fruit bunches are solid waste produced from the processing of oil palms which have a large amount of potential to be used as compost and are expected to improve the physical, biological and chemical properties of the subsoil. This study aimed to evaluate the best combination between oil palm empty fruit bunches compost and rice husk charcoal on soil chemical properties in tomato. This research was conducted in Sona Village, Labuhanbatu Regency on December 2019-March 2020. Analysis of soil chemical properties was conducted at the Socfindo Seed Production and Laboratories (SSPL) Laboratory of PT. Socfin Indonesia. The study was conducted with a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors. The first factor was the application of oil palm empty bunches which consists of no oil palm empty bunches (control), 0.5 kg/polybag, 0.7 kg/polybag and 1 kg/polybag. The second factor was the application of rice husk charcoal which consists of non-husk charcoal (control), consisting of 0.2 kg/polybag and 0.4 kg/polybag. Data that had a significant effect after analysis of variance continued with DMRT at the level of α = 5%. The results showed that application of oil palm empty fruit bunches (0.7 kg/polybag) significantly increased pH and C-organic. Application of rice husk charcoal (0.2 kg/polybag) significantly increased C-organic and P-available.

Liming acid soils is fundamental for agricultural activity such as the study and characterization of alternative liming material. The objective of this study was to characterize biological, sedimentary, and metamorphic limestones. The following limestones were studied: biogenic (BL), sedimentary (SL), commercial (CL), and marble (ML). This study evaluated total relative neutralizing power (TRNP), chemical composition, specific surface area, and Ca2+and Mg2+release at concentrations of 0.10, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mol L-1 HCl, in addition to the effects on the soil 90 days after limestone application. The Si identified contributed to the lower TRNP of BL (73.7%) and CL (74.4%). At the lowest HCl concentrations, BL was the most reactive, but with an increase in concentration, ML became the most reactive. The highest CaO (58.32%) and MgO (13.05%) levels were observed in SL and ML, respectively, which contained the highest Ca2+(3.95 cmolcdm-3) and Mg2+ (1.09 cmolcdm-3) concentrations when applied to the soil. All the limestones increased pH and lowered soil H+Al. Soil Ca2+and Mg2+were influenced by the composition of the amendments. RESUMO A correção da acidez é fundamental para a atividade agrícola em solos ácidos, assim como a caracterização e estudo do efeito no solo de fontes alternativas de corretivos. Objetivou-se caracterizar os calcários de origem biológica, sedimentar e metamórfica. Os calcários estudados foram: biogênico (CB), sedimentar (CS), comercial (CC) e o mármore (CM). Foram avaliados: poder relativo de neutralização total (PRNT); composição química; área superficial específica e liberação de Ca2+ e Mg2+ nas concentrações de 0,10; 0,50; 1,00 e 2,00 mol L-1 de HCl e os efeitos no solo, após 90 dias da aplicação dos calcários. O Si identificado contribuiu para o menor PRNT do CB (73,7%) e CC (74,4%). Nas menores concentrações de HCl, o CB mostrou-se mais reativo, porém com o aumento da concentração do HCl, o CM passou a ser mais reativo. Os maiores teores de CaO (58,32%) e MgO (13,05%) foram observados no CS e CM, respectivamente, que contribuíram com maiores aportes de Ca2+ (3,95 cmolc dm-3) e Mg2+ (1,09 cmolc dm-3), quando aplicados ao solo. Todos os calcários promoveram elevação do pH e redução do H+Al no solo. Os teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ no solo foram influenciados pela composição dos corretivos.

Effects of encapsulated (e) sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) and various combinations of encapsulated and un-encapsulated (u) forms of these polyphosphates on lipid oxidation in the cooked ground beef during storage (0, 1, 7 d at 4 degrees C) were determined. pH, color, cooking loss (CL), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) and soluble orthophosphate (OP) analysis were conducted. Study results indicated that STP increased pH, whereas SPP decreased pH compared to control (p

In this study, the effects of high intensity ultrasound (HIU), applied after storage, on the physical, microstructural, and sensory characteristics of beef were evaluated. Samples of four beef m. Longissimus dorsi muscle were stored in vacuum at 4 °C for 0, 7 or 14 days and then ultrasonicated (40 kHz, 11 W/cm2) for 60 min. Beef stored for 7 d prior to ultrasonication displayed increased pH and luminosity, reduced redness and saturation value, higher hue angle, and variable changes in water holding capacity. Shear force of sonicated meat was lower than that of control samples at all storage times. HIU also increased the tenderness and fragmentation of meat (P

The present paper considers a “one-pot” green sol-gel synthesis of hybrid inorganic/organic hydrogels based on chitosan glycolate by using organically modified silica Si(OGly)4·2GlyOH as a precursor to form a network of ≡Si–O–Si≡ bonds at 4, 20, and 37°C. The gelation time of the multicomponent chitosan-containing system was estimated as a function of the composition (the polymer template and precursor concentrations, introduction of a low-molecular-weight accelerator NaCl) and gelation conditions (the pH and temperature of the sol-gel process). It has been shown that an increased polymeric salt concentration, the introduction of an accelerator, and increased pH and temperature accelerate the gel-forming process.