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Background: Increased lipase activity can increase the amount of monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the body, this is what affects obesity. If pancreatic lipase activity is inhibited, the production of fatty acids will decrease, consequently the level of fat in the blood will also decrease. Objective: To study anti obesity potential of a single herb or a mixture of green tea and other herbs (Syzygium polyanthum. Lv, Artocarpus communis.Lv, Cinnamomum verum..Lv, Manilkara zapota.Lv, Tectona grandis.Lv) by the in vitro inhibition assay of the lipase enzyme activity Method : A single (8 herbs) or a mixture of three herbs powder (12 formulas) was put into a tea bag with a total weight of 1.5 g to be brewed in 100 mL bottled mineral water at 70⁰-90⁰C for 10 minutes. In vitro lipase enzyme inhibition assay were conducted to measure the ability of these samples as lipase inhibitor. Orlistat used as positive lipase inhibitor. Results : There wa s a difference results of lipase inhibition activity between the sample of a single and a mixture of herbs. I nterestingly, the results shows that formula 3 (mixture of green tea, Manilkara zapota and cinnamon) . has 53.942 % inhibition , formula 9 ( a mixture of green tea, Syzygium polyanthum and cinnamon) has 67.322 % inhibition and formula 12 ( a mixture of green tea, Tectona grandis and cinnamon) has 56.612 % inhibition which close to lipase inhibitory activity by standard Orlistat. Conclusion: The mixture of green tea and two other herbs has a lipase inhibitory activity similar to Orlistat , when compared to the single herb. The highest lipase inhibitory activity is found in formula 9 .

Dewijanti ID, Mangunwardoyo W, Dwiranti A, Hanafi M, Artanti N. 2020. Short communication: Effects of the various source areas of Indonesian bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) on chemical content and antidiabetic activity. Biodiversitas 21: 1190-1195. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) are from an Indonesian plant species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. The Indonesian name for this plant is salam; it is found in Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Java Islands. Its leaves are the part of the plant commonly used. Salam leaves are usually consumed by people as a food flavoring, but are also used as a traditional antidiabetic medicine. The purpose of this study was to discover the effects of salam leaves’ origins on their chemical content and antidiabetic activity. For this reason, salam leaf samples were collected from three different provinces in Java (West Java, Central Java, and East Java). The samples were extracted by boiling in water. Phytochemical screening, chemical analysis using TLC, HPLC, LC-MSMS, and FTIR, and antidiabetic in vitro testing using alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods were conducted on the salam leaves’ water extracts. The results showed that salam leaf extracts from all three provinces contained quercetin. However, the salam originating from East Java also contained coniferin, the salam from Central Java contained juncusol, and the salam from West Java contained retucine. The salam leaves originating from East Java showed the lowest antidiabetic activity, whereas salam leaf extract showed significantly higher antidiabetic activity. As conclusion, a plant’s growth origin affects its chemical content and antidiabetic activity.

Uremic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease. Fluid overload and oxidative stress play important roles in its pathogenesis. This study aims to determine the effect of quercetin on uremic cardiomyopathy in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. To our knowledge, its cardioprotective effect on uremic cardiomyopathy induced in rats by 5/6 nephrectomy has not been investigated yet. Uremia was induced surgically in male Sprague-Dawley rats via 5/6 nephrectomy. Quercetin was administered per orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks prior to sacrifice. Meanwhile, captopril was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. Lipid peroxidation was assessed using TBARS reaction, while GPX activity was determined to explore the endogen antioxidant mechanism. Myocardial fibrosis was analyzed using Massons’ Trichrome staining and the level of NT-proBNP in plasma was measured as a marker of cardiac dysfunction. Nephrectomy 5/6 had no effects on plasma NT– proBNP levels, cardiac and plasma MDA levels, but induced mild myocardial fibrosis and significant increase in cardiac GPX activity in comparison with normal rat (p

The study of toxic features of Koordersiodendron pinnatum is vital for further studies of its pharmacological activities. Acute toxicity test was done on methanolic extracts of K. pinnatum in DDY mice. Animals were grouped into five: Group 1 was given 1 mL solution of 2.5% Tween 80 in a single oral dose; the remaining groups were orally given a single dose of 2, 4, 8 and 16 g/kg of K. pinnatum, respectively. Toxic effects of the extract were evaluated on the basis of behavioral observations in the form of locomotor activity; curiosity; defecation; urination and also animal mortality. Observations were carried out for 14 days. No significant changes on body weight, and behavioural activities were recorded. Mortality was recorded up to 2% of the male group, and no mortality within the female group. The extract is practically non toxic for both male and female (LD50>15 g/kg).

Concentration of lead in nine bay leaf samples was determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). Utilization of ammonium phosphate as the matrix modifier and adjustment of graphite furnace (GF) setting has resulted in satisfactory analytical recovery (99.75 – 101.82%) and precision (4.09 – 5.21%), compared to that without modifier (recovery of 51.41 – 58.95% and precision of 18.45 – 26.02%). The lead content in bay leaves ranged between less than the detection limit (0.78 mg/kg) to 3.37 mg/kg. The fact that 30% samples exceeded the maximum limit (1.0 mg/kg) established by Indonesian Food and Drug Agency for spice commodities should encourage further study focusing on the investigation of factors that contributed to high lead content in the products and methods to mitigate the issue.The original version of this article supplied to AIP Publishing contained an error in the author’s name. The name originally appeared as, Latifahtul Husna, but the correct name is Latifah Tulhusna. An updated version of this article, with the author’s name corrected, was published on 28 July 2020.

Plants are source of medicinal compounds. Salam leaf or Indonesian bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) from the family of Myrtaceae are widely used as herbs and spices for cooking (culinary) and as traditional medicine for diabetes, diarrhea, and hypertension. Indonesian bay leaf contains many compounds including essential oils, tannins, and flavonoids. In this study, 70 % and 96 % ethanol extracts of bay leaf obtained from the garden in Research Center for Science and Technology (PUSPIPTEK), Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia were tested in vitro according to α-glucosidase inhibition method to determine antidiabetic activity and to scavenge DPPH free radicals in order to determine antioxidant activity and toxicity on Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The results showed that extraction of Indonesian bay leaf by using 70 % and 96 % ethanol extracts have anti diabetic activity (97.37 % and 95.51 % α-glucosidase inhibition) and antioxidants activities (89.66 % and 69.18 % DPPH inhibition), respectively and have very low toxic effects on brine shrimp larvae (LD50 > 1,000 µg/mL).

Compounds derived from natural sources have the potential use for food safety because of the antimicrobial properties. Today, consumer awareness on the potential negative effects of synthetic preservatives on health has sparked interest for researchers in the development and use of natural products in food. Antimicrobial testing was conducted on three gram negative bacteria, four gram positive bacteria and three fungi by micro dilution of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of bay leaf. The test results showed that all extracts did not have antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria. While, for gram-positive bacteria there are some extracts that have activity against certain bacteria, namely ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane against gram-positive MS = Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 70084 and methanol extract against gram-positive bacteria ML = Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790). All extracts have anti fungal activity against MH = Mucor hialisalis DSM 2656. It can be concluded that bay leaf extract using a variety of organic solvents shows selective antimicrobial activity against certain gram positive bacteria and fungi however no activity against gram negative bacteria.

This research was conducted to formulate drinks of herbal teas (breadfruit leaves, bay leaves and cinnamon leaves) which are efficacious to help reduce blood glucose levels. The addition of green tea to this formulation aims to increase the activity of free radical in herbal tea drinks. This study was conducted using a randomized design method, formulation of bay leaves / breadfruit leaves, leaves of green tea cinnamon leaves, made by composition ratio 35:35:35; 30:10:60 and 15:15:70 (v/v). The parameters observed in this study were total phenolic content, free radical ability, and ability to inhibit the α-glucosidase enzyme. The antioxidant activity test results showed that breadfruit leaves, bay leaves and cinnamon leaves had IC50 values > 100 µg/mL, 25.91 µg/mL and 35.87 µg/mL while green tea had an IC50 value of 0.214 µg/mL. The results of the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition test (breadfruit leaves, bay leaves, cinnamon leaves, green tea) have IC50 values of 147.81 µg/mL, 61.802 µg/mL, 77,655 µg/mL and 56,515 μg/mL. The addition of green tea to herbal drinks showed that the formulation still had a high enough free radical inhibitory value in the green tea formula ByC2 IC50 7.16 µg/mL and IC50 α-glucosidase enzyme 14.03 µg/mL.

Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine shrimp larvae (LD50> 1000µg / mL). The results suggest that bay leaf water extract has potential to be used in development of functional drink to reduce diabetic risk.Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp) is not only can be used as food seasoning and flavoring but also as medicine. Indonesian National Agency of Drug and Food Control established bay leaf as one of the nine major medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to conduct in vitro bioactivities analysis as antidiabetic, antioxidant and toxicity of bay leaf water extract. Bay leaf used in this study was collected from the gardens of research center for science and technology (Puspiptek) Serpong, Tangerang Selatan Indonesia, dried and extracted steeping in boiled water. Antidiabetic was measured using α-glucosidase inhibition method; antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radical flushing activity method; toxicity test was measured using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The resulst showed that the decoction of bay leaves showed antidiabetic (41.4% inhibition of a-glucosidase) and antioxidant (49.4% scavenging of DPPH) activities at sample concentration of 50 µg/ml and very low toxic effect on brine s...

Various herbal teas are available in the market and used for health maintenance or prevention of diseases. Previous studies by our research group showed that several boiled water extracts or organic solvent extracts of Indonesian mistletoes (benalu) and organic solvents extracts of Selaginella (cakar ayam) have in vitro and/or in vivo anticancer activities[1,2,3,4,5]. Therefore the aim of our to study the in vitro bioactivities (antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity) of these plant materials as when prepared as herbal tea infusion. Four mistletoe samples (M1; M2; M3; M4) and one sample of Selaginella (S) were used in this study. DPPH free radical scavenging activity method was used for antioxidant. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity method was used for antidiabetes. Growth inhibition to breast cancer cell line MCF7 method was used for cytotoxicity. The results showed that all mistletoes samples showed high in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetes and cytotoxicity, whereas the Selaginella sample showed significantly lower activitiy for antioxidant (about 5x less) and about half for antidiabetes and cytotoxicity. These results suggest that for further development of functional drink, mistletoes samples showed better potential than selaginella when used as a single material in herbal tea infusion. However we should make into account the possibility of synergistic effect on bioactivities when mixtures of two or several plant materials were present in the herbal tea formulation. Currently formulation of herbal teas using various mixture of different mistletoes as well as mixture of mistletoe and Selaginella are still under investigation.

Antioxidant activity, phenolic and total flavonoids from sweet potato ethanol extract (Ipomea batatas L.) of different varieties (white, yellow, orange and purple) were studied. Sweet potatoes were collected from Research Centre for Chemistry. Sweet potato leaves have been used for numerous oxidative-associated diseases such as cancer, allergy, aging, HIV and cardiovascular. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method was used to investigate antioxidant activity in leaves, in which the yellow and purple varieties showed the highest and the lowest scavenging activities of 47.65 µg/ ml (IC50) and 87.402 µg/ ml (IC50), respectively. In this study, the yellow leaves showed the highest concentrations of total phenolic and flavonoids contents at 11.293 µg/g and 44.963 µg/g, respectively. Therefore, sweet potato leaves can be used as a prospective natural antioxidant.

Two secondary metabolites compounds, gallic acid (1) and methyl gallate (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the leaves of Macaranga allorobinsonii Whitmore. Isolation and purification of the secondary metabolite compounds conducted using chromatography methods, and structure elucidation determined based on NMR, mass spectroscopic data and compared with appropriate references.Two secondary metabolites compounds, gallic acid (1) and methyl gallate (2) have been isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of the leaves of Macaranga allorobinsonii Whitmore. Isolation and purification of the secondary metabolite compounds conducted using chromatography methods, and structure elucidation determined based on NMR, mass spectroscopic data and compared with appropriate references.

Malaria is a major public health problem mainly due to the development of resistance by the most lethal causative parasite species, the alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drug available now. Therefore it is important to discover new antimalarial drug. Malaria is caused by a singlecelled parasite from the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium falciparum parasite infect red blood cells, ingesting and degradation hemoglobin in the acidic food vacuola trough a sequential metabolic process involving multiple proteases. During these process, hemoglobin is utilized as the predominant source of nutrition. Proteolysis of hemoglobin yields amino acid for protein synthesis as well as toxic heme. Massive degradation of hemoglobin generates large amount of toxic heme. Malaria parasite has evolved a distinct mechanism for detoxification of heme through conversion into insoluble crystalline pigment, known as hemozoin (β hematoin). Hemozoin synthesis is an indispensable process for the parasite and...

Ethanol extract of Syzygium cumini (jamblang) leaves reveal its significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity which perform the potential activity of this plant extract as antidiabetic agent. However, other bioactivities of this plant extract have been reported. The aim of current study was to evaluate the comparison of in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of S. cumini fractions. The S. cumini leaves ethanol extract was fractionated by using column chromatography with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as eluents. Seven fractions were obtained from column chromatography (F1-7). The results showed that the best antidiabetic activity was found in F5 (93% α-glucosidase inhibitory activity), the best antioxidant activity was found in F4 (83% inhibition of DPPH free radical) and the best cytotoxic activity was found in F2 (69% growth inhibition of T47D breast cancer cell line). Therefore besides in vitro antidiabetic activity, fractions of S. cumini leaves ethanol extract also showed antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Since the results showed that the most active fractions for antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity were differed, it could be possible to isolate the different potential active compounds for each activity. Keywords : Syzygium cumini , α-glucosidase inhibitor, DPPH, cytotoxicity

The objective of the study was to evaluate the oral acute toxicity of Brucea javanica Merril extract on both Male and Female DDY-Mice. Brucea javanica leaves have activity as a cytotoxic, anti-diarhhea, etc. Brucea javanica leaves extract was administered orally for first 24 hours at various dose levels (562.5mg/kg bw, 1125 mg/kg bw, 2250 mg/kg bw, and 4500 mg/kg bw) to determine the toxicity effects. The treatment groups were compared to the normal control. Vital organs (liver, heart, lymph, lungs, etc) and body weight were analyzed to study the toxicity. LD50 determined using Reed and Munich formula. Vital organs average weight showed no difference between control group and treatment groups from the lowest dose until the highest dose. In addition, the body weight data showed no difference between control group and treatment groups. LD50 for Brucea javanica extract using Reed and Munich formula was 1003.65 mg/kg bw. The result of the study showed that extract were categorized as “slightly toxic”.

The compounds that could inhibit the activity of a-glucosidase are potentially used for antidiabetic by suppressing postprandial hyperglycemia. This research aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic activity in A. terreus koji extracted by ethyl acetate. The extracts was dissolved in methanol: water (1:4), followed by fractionations with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate. Each fraction was assayed for its activity against a-glucosidase. The active fraction was purified by column chromatography using silica gel and resin as adsorbent. The kopi extract showed potential as alpha-glucosidase inhibition with IC50