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This article argues that climate-induced movement is neither strictly a refugee issue nor a migration issue; and that the current protection gap is linked to the fundamental mischaracterization of the movement under one of these pathways. Terminology plays a crucial role in the protections and pathways for movement that are made available for people. Not quite refugee, not quite migrant, persons undertaking climate-induced movement face a protection limbo; where the eventual need for movement is recognized yet, the movement itself is defined in such a way as to be deemed unnecessary, at least for now. The refugee status case of Mr. Ioane Teitiota, a Kiribati national, is a critical example of this protection limbo. Characterized as voluntary, courts successively held up rulings that the adverse impacts he had attempted to escape were not yet sufficiently dangerous to warrant protection. Was Mr. Teitiota supposed to simply come back later?

Children are vulnerable to the development of acute, chronic, tardive, and withdrawal emergent drug induced movement disorders (DIMDs). Dopaminergic medications, particularly dopamine receptor blocking agents are common offenders. Certain children, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder, with pre-existing movement disorders, or taking multiple psychotropic medications may be more vulnerable. Chemotherapeutic and immunomodulatory agents can induce changes in white matter in cerebellar and other pathways, resulting in movement disorders. Clinicians need to be aware of spectrum, time course, and treatment strategies for acute and chronic DIMDs in children.

Antipsychotics can be life changing, but like all medications, they can also have unwanted effects, including drug-induced movement disorders such as tardive dyskinesia (TD). More patients are receiving antipsychotic treatment from non-psychiatry health care providers, including primary care and general practitioners. Despite misconceptions to the contrary, recent analyses suggest that the risk of drug-induced movement disorders such as TD has not been eliminated. Nurses across all care settings will increasingly encounter patients treated with antipsychotics. Nurses are critical for ensuring that patients exposed to antipsychotics receive screening and monitoring, care, and education.

In everyday life, we integrate visual and auditory information in routine tasks such as navigation and communication. Whereas concurrent sound can improve visual perception, the neuronal correlates of this audiovisual integration are not fully understood. Specifically, it remains unclear whether neuronal firing patters in the primary visual cortex (V1) of awake animals demonstrate similar sound-induced improvement in visual discriminability. Furthermore, presentation of sound is associated with movement in the subjects, but little is understood about whether and how sound-associated movement affects audiovisual integration in V1. We investigated how sound and movement interact to modulate V1 visual responses in awake, head-fixed mice and whether this interaction improves neuronal encoding of the visual stimulus. We presented visual drifting gratings with and without simultaneous auditory white noise to awake male and female mice while recording mouse movement and V1 neuronal activity. Sound modulated light-evoked activity of 80% of light-responsive neurons, with 95% of neurons increasing activity when the auditory stimulus was present. Sound consistently enhanced movement, however, a generalized linear model revealed that sound and movement had distinct and complementary effects of the neuronal visual responses. Furthermore, decoding of the visual stimulus from the neuronal activity was improved with sound, even when controlling for movement. Thus, sound and movement modulate visual responses in complementary ways, improving neuronal representation of the visual stimulus. This study clarifies the role of movement as a potential confound in neuronal audiovisual responses and expands our knowledge of how multimodal processing is mediated in the awake brain.Significance statementSound and movement are both known to modulate visual responses in the primary visual cortex, however sound-induced movement has largely remained unaccounted for as a potential confound in audiovisual studies in awake animals. Here, authors found that sound and movement both modulate visual responses in an important visual brain area, the primary visual cortex, in distinct, yet complementary ways. Furthermore, sound improved encoding of the visual stimulus even when accounting for movement. This study reconciles contrasting theories on the mechanism underlying audiovisual integration and asserts the primary visual cortex as a key brain region participating in tripartite sensory interactions.

Ambush predators depend on cryptic body colouration, stillness and a suitable hunting location to optimise the probability of prey capture. Detection of cryptic predators, such as crab spiders, by flower seeking wasps may also be hindered by wind induced movement of the flowers themselves. In a beach dune habitat, Microbembex nigrifrons wasps approaching flowerheads of the Palafoxia lindenii plant need to evaluate the flowers to avoid spider attack. Wasps may detect spiders through colour and movement cues. We tracked the flight trajectories of dune wasps as they approached occupied and unoccupied flowers under two movement conditions; when the flowers were still or moving. We simulated the appearance of the spider and the flower using psychophysical visual modelling techniques and related it to the decisions made by the wasp to land or avoid the flower. Wasps could discriminate spiders only at a very close range, and this was reflected in the shape of their trajectories. Wasps were more prone to making errors in threat assessment when the flowers are moving. Our results suggest that dune wasp predation risk is augmented by abiotic conditions such as wind and compromises their early detection capabilities.

[Purpose] This review synthesizes findings from studies on two forms of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapies: the original Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and the modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy, in adult stroke patients including the evidence, current limitations and future directions. [Methods] We critically reviewed studies evaluating the effectiveness of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapies in chronic stoke focusing on the functional (i.e. motor recovery) and the neural (i.e. cortical organization) levels. [Results] Constraint-Induced Movement Therapies seemed to improve the upper limb functional usage in chronic stoke with no reliable neurophysiological underlying mechanisms. The Motor Activity Log was the common outcome measuring motor recovery. The work that has been done on modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy was far less than the work done on the original Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy. [Conclusion] Evident lack of understanding of the association between changes in motor recovery and the underlying neural mechanisms in-terms of measures of assessing and defining functional recovery (i.e Motor Activity Log) that lacks sufficient sensitivity to characterize changes in movement strategies and thereby lack of distinction between recovery and behavioral compensation. Future studies should employ using kinematic metrics to quantify and explain the training-related changes in behavior following Constraint-Induced Movement Therapies in chronic stroke.

Stroke is a common cause of death and long-term disability. Neuro rehabilitation is a process to promote recovery and/or compensate for functional alterations especially if initiated early after stroke. Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) is deemed as an excellent therapy effectively applied on acute stroke stage for restoring motor function of upper extremities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of constraint induced movement (CIM) in improving upper functional ability motor skills among patients after stroke. Method: Quasi-experimental research design was conducted in neurology department (stroke unit) at Mansoura University Hospital. A purposive sample of 100 adult patients of both sexes with cerebrovascular stroke, who corresponded to inclusion criteria were assigned randomly into two equal groups (study and control). Tools: Three tools were utilized to collect data pertinent to the study, namely; Biosociodemographic data, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Barthel Index scale (BI). Results: The patients in study group showed significantly greater improvement in functional ability one month after baseline P< 0.05 & also as in control group. Conclusion: constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) applied for patients early post stroke produced statistically significant improvements in functional ability /status. Recommendation: Applying constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) in an outpatient rehabilitation setting for person with less motor recovery using a collaborative functional approach between team members, the stroke survivor, and the family

Ambush predators depend on cryptic body colouration, stillness and a suitable hunting location to optimise the probability of prey capture. Detection of cryptic predators, such as crab spiders, by flower seeking wasps may also be hindered by wind induced movement of the flowers themselves. In a beach dune habitat,Microbembex nigrifronswasps approaching flowerheads of thePalafoxia lindeniiplant need to evaluate the flowers to avoid spider attack. Wasps may detect spiders through colour and movement cues. We tracked the flight trajectories of dune wasps as they approached occupied and unoccupied flowers under two movement conditions; when the flowers were still or moving. We simulated the appearance of the spider and the flower using psychophysical visual modelling techniques and related it to the decisions made by the wasp to land or avoid the flower. Wasps could discriminate spiders only at a very close range, and this was reflected in the shape of their trajectories. Wasps were more prone to making errors in threat assessment when the flowers are moving. Our results suggest that dune wasp predation risk is augmented by abiotic conditions such as wind and compromises their early detection capabilities.

Background Peripherally induced movement disorders represent a rare and debated complication of peripheral trauma. It is difficult to determine a causal relationship between peripheral injuries and subsequent movement disorders. Cases Here, we introduce and characterize four patients with post-surgical scar-associated movement disorders, a peripherally-induced rippling movement disorder confined to the muscles just under a long surgical incision scar, appearing weeks to months after surgery. This novel 'scar dancing' syndrome does not spread to adjacent muscles and persists during sleep. Conclusion Scar dancing syndrome expands the phenotypic spectrum of peripherally induced movement disorders, in which movement disorder is confined to a long surgical incision site.

This study observed the presence of rotational speed thresholds to determine the effects of different types of line graphics on the results and perceptions of three motion illusions (i.e., apparent movement, induced movement, and movement afterimage). Moreover, this study explored interactive and causal relationships among line graphics, rotational speed, and the aforementioned three phenomena. Several experiments were conducted by adopting the method of adjustment derived from psychophysical methods. The findings revealed that different line graphics and rotational speed settings resulted in visual disturbances that differed in terms of emergence, strength, and conversion. In addition, different line graphics and rotational speeds had causal relationships with the upper–lower absolute threshold values of said motion movements. Different types of line graphics on forms led to different phenomena of line afterimage (PLAs) between each interstimulus interval (ISI) in apparent movement, created the PLA between each ISI in induced movement when the rotational speed decreased, caused the phenomenon of line mixing when the rotational speed increased, and produced the phenomenon of line curving and the PLA between each ISI in motion afterimage. The line graphics with low curving degrees produced an effect known as visual association.

Introduction: Robotic Therapy (RT) is shown to improve upper extremity (UE) function, but not the use of affected arm in daily activities. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT), on the other hand, is the most well-established intervention for improving the use of the affected arm. Hypothesis: (1) RT as self-training would improve UE function better than usual self-training. (2) Combination of RT and modified CIMT would improve daily use of affected arm as compared to the combination of RT with usual therapy. Methods: This study was a prospective, single-blinded, randomized, multicenter clinical trial conducted at 24 rehabilitation clinics in Japan. Participants were 129 individuals with hemiplegia (FM Results: Proximal FM improved significantly in RT group than Control group (p=0.04), especially for age under 65. MAL significantly improved in Combination group than Control group (p=0.05), especially for age over 65. RT group significantly improved on Proximal FM than Combination (p=0.05) and Control (p=0.03) groups, for patients less than 14 months onset. For over 14 months onset, Combination group improved Wrist/Finger FM (p=0.06) and arm usage (p=0.09) than RT group. Conclusions: This study indicate robotic self-training improve UE function of chronic stroke patients than usual self-training. In addition, arm usage only exceeded MCID by the combination therapy of robotic self-training with modified CIMT, and more effective for older patients (age over 65) at chronic stage (over 14 months onset).

When human movement is assisted or controlled with a muscle actuator, such as electrical muscle stimulation, a critical issue is the integration of such induced movement with the person's motion intention and how this movement then affects their motor control. Towards achieving optimal integration and reducing feelings of artificiality and enforcement, we explored perceptual simultaneity through electrical muscle stimulation, which involved changing the interval between intentional and induced movements. We report on two experiments in which we evaluated the ranges between detection and stimulus for perceptual simultaneity achievable with an electromyography-triggered electrical muscle stimulation system. We found that the peak range was approximately 80-160 ms, with the timing of perceptual simultaneity shifting according to different adaptation states. Our results indicate that perceptual simultaneity is controllable using this adaptation strategy.

Presented was an investigation on the performance of the feedback linearization control (FLC) method for the FES induced STS movement application in paraplegia. Improving the operation condition of the FES induced movement is one of the challenges currently receiving attention by so many scholars in the field. The Newton-Euler and Euler-Lagrange methods are utilised to check its correctness together with the muscle model proposed by Ferrarin and Pedotti. The FLC was evaluated for the system with and without fatigue disturbance. Although the fatigue disturbance was introduced in the system, results revealed that the cumulative current, cumulative rate of change in current the cumulative rate of change in current, RMSE, tracking error, cumulative tracking error and the level of the control signal, were by far better for the FL than that of the PID control technique with wide margins. Therefore, results portrayed that the FL control system the tendency to annul the effects of the effect of fatigue with higher capability over the gain scheduling based PID control method. It also indicates superiority in terms of system stability.

Tunneling operations in urban areas are always associated with surface and subsurface ground movement, which may affect the stability of nearby structures and utilities. One of the main issues in the analysis and design of tunnels, is ground movement after the support systems and settlement systems caused by excavation. This paper takes the discrete element calculation software of Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC) to set three dimensional calculations models to simulate the construction of Esfahan subway tunnel, analyzing the displacement and stress dynamic response during the construction process. The paper also carries out the comparison analysis of the field measurement of the ground movement. The result indicates that the simulation objectively reflected the rules of movement during the construction process. The results show that the tunnels are stable before support system installation and the tunnel induced movement is allowable.

A new class of objects, called topology-disturbing objects, is presented. These objects appear to disturb the topological properties when they are seen from two specific viewpoints; for example, tw...

The needs for light-weight and soft smart clothing in homecare have been rising since the past decade. Many smart textile sensors have been developed and applied to automatic physiological and user-centered environmental status recognition. In the present study, we propose wearable multi-sensor smart clothing for homecare monitoring based on an economic fabric electrode with high elasticity and low resistance. The wearable smart clothing integrated with heterogeneous sensors is capable to measure multiple human biosignals (ECG and respiration), acceleration, and gyro information. Five independent respiratory signals (electric impedance plethysmography, respiratory induced frequency variation, respiratory induced amplitude variation, respiratory induced intensity variation, and respiratory induced movement variation) are obtained. The smart clothing can provide accurate respiratory rate estimation by using three different techniques (Naïve Bayes inference, static Kalman filter, and dynamic Kalman filter). During the static sitting experiments, respiratory induced frequency variation has the best performance; whereas during the running experiments, respiratory induced amplitude variation has the best performance. The Naïve Bayes inference and dynamic Kalman filter have shown good results. The novel smart clothing is soft, elastic, and washable and it is suitable for long-term monitoring in homecare medical service and healthcare industry.

Introduction: It is not clear whether the time spent in hours during constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT) is an appropriate measure of dose of task practiced. The aim of this study is to comp...

This study presents a new powerful visual illusion, in which simple "open" objects-ones with missing boundaries-are perceived as bigger than the same size, fully "closed" objects. In a series of experiments that employed a continuous-response adjustment procedure, it was found that the lack of vertical boundaries inflated the perceived width of an object, whereas the lack of horizontal boundaries inflated its perceived length. The effect was highly robust and it was replicated across different stimulus types and experimental parameters, with almost all observers exhibiting a strong effect. In contrast to the overestimation of the size of an object due to missing boundaries, the inclusion of inner boundaries within an object caused observers to underestimate its size, suggesting that filled space sometimes shrinks, rather than inflates, the perceived size of an object. The open-object illusion bears practical implications for graphics and design as well as important theoretical implications. Specifically, it indicates that the perception of an object's area is not veridical but rather critically depends on contour closure. It is suggested that the visual system extends the missing boundaries of open contour objects, which results in an overestimation of the object's size.

A new illusion is described. Randomly positioned dots moved radially within an imaginary annular window. The dots' motion periodically changed the direction, leading to an alternating percept of expanding and contracting motion. Strikingly, the apparent size of the enclosed circular region shrank during the dots' expanding phases and dilated during the contracting phases. We quantitatively measured the illusion, and found that the presence of energy at the local kinetic edge could not account for the illusion. Besides, we reproduced the illusion on a natural scene background seen from a first-person point of view that moved forward and backward periodically. Blurring the boundaries of motion areas could not reverse the illusion in all subjects. Taken together, our observed illusion is likely induced by optic flow processing with some components of motion contrast. Expanding or contracting dots may induce the self-motion perception of either approaching or leaving way from the circle. These will make the circle appear smaller or larger since its retinal size remains constant.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of Hybrid-Constrained Induced Movement Therapy (H-CIMT), defined as CIMT combined with Bimanual Intensive Movement Therapy (BIMT), on grip and pinch strength and fatigability we measured grip and pinch strength and fatigability during clinical H-CIMT.METHODS: The children participated in a H-CIMT model organized in a therapeutic summer-camp. Children received 90 hours of intensive treatment. Grip and pinch strength and fatigability was measured and fatigue was calculated according to a Static Fatigue Index (SFI).RESULTS: Pinch strength significantly increased, grip strength did not increase significantly. A non-significant decrease was seen in SFI in pinch and grip.CONCLUSIONS: H-CIMT showed to be effective in increasing muscle pinch strength in the AH. Effectiveness in decreasing muscle fatigue during grip and pinch tests is not yet shown although there was a tendency towards a decrease in muscle fatigue. However, the long-term effects on these aspects are also important in future research.

Railway level crossing collisions have recently been linked to a size-speed illusion where larger objects such as trains appear to move slower than smaller objects such as cars. An explanation for this illusion has centred on observer eye movements - particularly in relation to the larger, longer train. A previous study (Clark et al., 2016) found participants tend to make initial fixations to locations around the visual centroid of a moving vehicle; however individual eye movement patterns tended to be either fixation-saccade-fixation type, or smooth pursuit. It is therefore unknown as to which type of eye movement contributes to the size-speed illusion. This study isolated fixation eye movements by requiring participants to view computer animated sequences in a laboratory setting, where a static fixation square was placed in the foreground at one of two locations on a train (front and centroid). Results showed that even with the square placed around the front location of a vehicle, participants still underestimated the speed of the train relative to the car and underestimation was greater when the square was placed around the visual centroid of the train. Our results verify that manipulation of eye movement behaviour can be effective in reducing the magnitude of the size-speed illusion and propose that interventions based on this manipulation should be designed and tested for effectiveness.

The paper presented an evaluation using the Back Stepping control (BSC) for the regulation of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) aided sit-to-stand (STS) motion restoration by investigating the effect of human mass distribution across the world. The study focused on eradicating or reducing to the minimum the tasks of changing the control system parameters when applying the device for different subjects. The comparison was made with the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) based gain scheduling based control approach. Results do indicate the robustness of the BSC control method as it portrays that despite the alteration of the masses to the extremes the control system was able to keep the tracking error approaching zero or very close to the desired with and without changes. It outperformed the PID based gain scheduling control scheme. It also operates within the permissible limits specified. Hence, it reveals the effectiveness of the BSC scheme for solving the problem of continuous readjustments making the equipment universal. It, therefore, relieve the burden of the necessity of changing the control variables continuously. The study is novel because the BSC has never been evaluated on four segments based induced STS movement in paraplegia model. The universal human mass distribution has also not been considered using the control scheme on the model

The work presented an enhanced trajectory planning for better handling of Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) actuated revival of sit-to-stand (STS) manoeuvre. Currently there the problem of lack of FES aided devices as results of the failures of the proposed equipment to pass clinical tests. Employing control systems techniques have been yielding fruitful results. Literature indicated that further enhancement of trajectory planning could help in achieving milestones towards better performances. Continuous and coupled with bump-free trajectories are some essential properties for better control systems designs for such systems. The proposed trajectory planning utilises the six-order polynomial. Comparisons are made with the five and seven order polynomials. The fifth order polynomials give an insight of the performance of the system with lower order polynomials while the seventh order gave that of the higher order counterparts. It was employed to enhance the desired movement trajectories. Obtained results portrayed that the trajectory planning achieved are continuous and the tendencies of the appearances of jerks or spikes are eliminated. Others are an improvement on execution time by 11%, reducing the upper and lower bound terminal velocities by 16.9% and 20.9% accordingly. Thus, these indicate the possibilities of realisations of higher performance control systems for the induced movement tasks.

This experiment investigated different characteristics of various forms and the effect of different levels of dynamic optical illusion expression, upper absolute threshold, low absolute threshold, and the angle of the appearance of a rotational velocity threshold boundary. Also, this study investigated the interrelationship and causality among forms, rotational velocity and three kinds of motion perception. The experiment found that the interrelationship between different forms and rotational velocity would affect the formation and strength of two kinds of visual interference phenomena, which have a causality relationship between formation and the appearance of three kinds of motion perception. For the expression effect in apparent movement, the pyramid is better than the column, and the triangular pyramid is the best; for the expression effect in induced movement, the column is better than the pyramid, and the cylinder is the best; for the expression effect in movement after-image, the pyramid is better than the column, and the triangular pyramid is the best.

We present a new induced movement illusion from global expansion or contraction in a triangular region filled with rising or falling textures. Objective global expansion or contraction induces lateral movement in the oblique edges of the triangle. The effects may be due to common and relative movements operating within a single texture.

Wind-induced movement is a ubiquitous occurrence for all plants grown in natural or agricultural settings, and in the context of high, damaging wind speeds it has been well studied. However, the impact of lower wind speeds (which do not cause any damage) on mode of movement, light transmission, and photosynthetic properties has, surprisingly, not been fully explored. This impact is likely to be influenced by biomechanical properties and architectural features of the plant and canopy. A limited number of eco-physiological studies have indicated that movement in wind has the potential to alter light distribution within canopies, improving canopy productivity by relieving photosynthetic limitations. Given the current interest in canopy photosynthesis, it is timely to consider such movement in terms of crop yield progress. This opinion article sets out the background to wind-induced crop movement and argues that plant biomechanical properties may have a role in the optimization of whole-canopy photosynthesis via established physiological processes. We discuss how this could be achieved using canopy models.

[Purpose] The neck and trunk play crucial roles in body movement and are extremely important areas of treatment for physical therapists. However, many aspects of the neural basis of this motor control remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the distribution and electrophysiological properties of the neck and trunk in the primary motor cortex in rats. [Subjects and Methods] Using intracortical microstimulation, we investigated the somatotopic representation and movements induced by electrical stimulation of the neck and truck areas of the motor cortex in 8 Wistar rats. [Results] We determined that the neck and trunk areas are located separately on the rostral and caudal sides of the motor cortex, respectively. The neck area was significantly larger in size, while the threshold was significantly larger for the trunk area. Stimulation of the neck area with a current higher than the threshold induced movement of the forelimbs, jaw, trunk, and whiskers. However, stimulation of the trunk area did not result in movement in sites other than the trunk. [Conclusion] During movement, the respective activities of the neck and trunk are interdependent. However, due to the separate locations of these areas in the motor cortex, their properties differ greatly.

The paper presents results of experimental studies of how cyber sickness (also known as the simulator sickness) can influence basic tasks performed by users of industrial VR (virtual reality) training simulations. Two application cases are presented – a simple walk around a virtual environment using two different movement possibilities and a more complex training process with object interaction involved. They were tested with representatives of real target groups – engineers and employees of production companies. The used equipment involved mobile and stationary headsets. The obtained results confirm initial expectations about stationary headsets being generally more safe for use regarding the cyber sickness issue. It was also found that continuous artificially induced movement in a VR application is generally less comfortable for the users and therefore unadvised to employ in training scenarios.

Importance Recognized peripherally induced movement disorders include the painful legs moving toes syndrome, postamputation dyskinesias, and belly dancer dyskinesias. Objective To introduce and characterize the dancing dorsal quadrilaterals, a novel peripherally induced movement disorder that predominantly affects dorsal quadrilateral muscles (trapezius and rhomboids) after upper spine instrumentation. Design, Setting, and Participants Between 1990 and 2015, a total of 4 patients who developed abnormal movements of the dorsal quadrilateral muscles after upper spine instrumentation were referred to movement disorders clinics at 3 academic medical centers in the United States, Canada, and Argentina. A prospective and retrospective analysis of the clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of their abnormal movements is presented in this brief report. Data were analyzed between July 2015 and January 2018. Exposures Extensive upper spine instrumentation complicated with misalignment and prolonged postsurgical neuropathic pain. Main Outcomes and Measures Video documentation of clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of dancing dorsal quadrilaterals. Results Four patients with upper spine disease (2 women and 2 men, ranging in age from early 30s to early 70s) required extensive surgical manipulation and instrumentation that was complicated by misalignment, prolonged dorsal neuropathic pain, and unusual abnormal movements. These movements consisted of semirhythmic, repetitive writhing, and jerky movements of the scapular region with distinctive rotatory motions. They are referred to as the dancing dorsal quadrilaterals because they predominantly affected the bilateral trapezius and rhomboids (dorsal quadrilateral muscles) but could spread to adjacent muscles, and they are similar in appearance and possibly pathogenesis to “belly dancer” dyskinetic movements. The movements of the dancing dorsal quadrilaterals occur when upright but not when lying down or during voluntary muscle activation. Sensory stimulation also diminishes the movements. Long-duration bursts of normal motor unit potentials with normal recruitment pattern were evidenced. Conclusions and Relevance The dancing dorsal quadrilaterals syndrome represents a further example of a peripherally induced movement disorder characterized by neuropathic pain preceding a regional movement disorder following soft-tissue or nerve injury.

This paper proposes a method for creating art using an optical illusion called the footsteps illusion. We consider the mechanisms of this illusion, classify the apparent motions into eight patterns according to the widths of and the distance between objects, and create new illusion artwork by combining these patterns. By this method, we can create various types of apparent motion, such as crawling and flopping. Even apparent rotation can also be generated, although the actual motion is pure translation. Furthermore, we can control the direction of rotation, and we can generate a pair of identical shapes in such a way that they rotate in opposite directions. Finally, two practical applications are proposed.

PURPOSE The purpose of this proof of concept study is to demonstrate that electromyographic (EMG) activation patterns of leg muscles differ predictably among patients with predominantly spasticity, patients with predominantly dystonia, and typically developing control subjects during rest, volitional movement, and passively induced movement. METHODS Eight control subjects, 6 subjects with dystonia, and 7 subjects with spasticity were recruited, ages 6-25 years. Surface EMG sensors were applied over 4 muscle groups of each leg. EMG recordings and video were obtained during rest, quick stretch, and volitional movement. The number of muscles active during 3 resting, 4 quick stretch, and 8 volitional movement items were averaged and compared across subject groups. RESULTS Control subjects showed minimal numbers of muscles active during resting, quick stretch, or volitional movement activities. Spastic subjects showed multiple muscles responding with high amplitude to quick stretch but not to volitional movement activities. Dystonic subjects showed multiple muscles responding to volitional movement activities but not to quick stretch. Analysis with a Kruskal-Wallis test indicated significant differences between the three groups in numbers of muscles activated during quick stretch activities (p= 0.017) and volitional movement activities (p= 0.005). CONCLUSION EMG data collected with this protocol may be useful for distinguishing spastic from dystonic hypertonia.

Recent research on the perceived speed of large moving objects, compared to smaller moving objects, has revealed the presence of a size-speed illusion. This illusion, where a large object seems to be moving more slowly than a small object travelling at the same speed may account for collisions between motor cars and trains at level crossings, which is a serious safety issue in New Zealand and worldwide. One possible reason for the perceived size-speed difference may be related to the movement of our eyes when we track moving vehicles. In order to investigate this, we tested observers' relative speed perception of moving objects (both abstract and more detailed objects) moving in depth towards the observer, presented on a computer display and eye movements recorded with an eyetracker. Experiment 1 confirmed first the size-speed illusion when the observers were situated further away (18, 36m) from the simulated rail crossing or intersection. It also revealed that the eye movement behaviour of our participants was different when they judged the speeds of the small and large objects; eye fixations were localised around the visual centroid of longer objects and hence were further from the front of the moving large objects than the smaller ones. Experiment 2 found that manipulating eye movements could reduce the magnitude of the illusion. When observers tracked targets (dots) that were placed at corresponding locations at the front of the small object and the long object respectively, they perceived the speeds of the two objects as equal. When target dots were placed closer to the visual centroid, observers perceived the larger object to be moving slower. These results demonstrate that there is a close relationship between eye movement behaviour and our perceived judgement of an approaching train's speed.

Movement variability is an essential characteristic of human movement. It occurs in all kinds of activity including work-place tasks. However it is almost ignored in workstation design, where expected movements are highly standardized for productivity and quality considerations. Neglecting this variability may lead designers to omit parts of the future operator’s movements, thus leading to incomplete assessment of biomechanical risk factors.