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8 results on '"Industrial Electrolysis"'

1. Modeling the Effect of Material Properties on Liquid-Alkaline Water Electrolysis

Author

Lees, Eric W, Bui, Justin C, Wang, Guanhzi, Boyer, Hailey R, Peng, Xiong, Bell, Alexis T, and Weber, Adam Z

Subjects
Engineering, Materials Engineering, Chemical Sciences, Physical Chemistry, Affordable and Clean Energy, electrochemical engineering, theory and modelling, industrial electrolysis, Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Energy, Physical chemistry, Materials engineering
Abstract

Liquid-alkaline water electrolyzers (LAWEs) use electricity to drive the conversion of water to H2 and O2 gas. These devices benefit from the use of low-cost nickel electrodes and metal-oxide separators, but suffer from lower current densities and higher cell voltages than proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers. Identifying the inefficiencies that result in this poor performance is key to mitigating losses and optimizing LAWEs. Here, we report an experimentally-validated 1-D continuum model of a LAWE that elucidates the gradients within the cell, simulates H2 crossover, and projects the energy improvements made possible by modulating the properties of the electrodes and separator. The model captures the Nernstian polarization losses and the distribution of gas- and liquid-phases within the electrodes, enabling quantification of energy losses associated with kinetic, ohmic, and bubble-induced (mass-transport) resistances. Simulations demonstrate that LAWE can achieve energy intensities of 50 kWh kg−1 of H2 at 1 A cm−2 using improved electrode and separator properties.

Published
2024

2. Short Term Silver Electrode Microstructure Changes Under Epoxidation Conditions for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells.

Author

Jenkins, C. D., Tian, J., and Milcarek, R. J.

Abstract

Ethylene epoxidation is an important reaction forming ethylene oxide (EO), which is a precursor to many other critical chemicals. This study links short-term EO production to the effects on the microstructure of Ag/yttria-stabilized zirconia cells with and without electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC). Nano-scale features, called striations, were observed on the silver under all epoxidation reaction conditions tested, using a scanning electron microscope. While appearing in both cases, the striations for the EPOC case are finer in size (∼150 to 250 nm) compared to the no current case (∼400 to 500 nm). These features did not appear when epoxidation conditions were not present. Striation formation was further linked to the epoxidation reaction through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Ethylene conversion to EO declines over the course of hours as striations form, indicating that striations have a negative influence on the reaction. Distribution of relaxation times was performed to determine the effect striation formation has on the electrochemical performance of the cells. It was observed that the low-frequency peaks in the DRT analysis significantly decrease as striations formed over the course of 10 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Dual-Functional Ru/Ni-B-P Electrocatalyst Toward Accelerated Water Electrolysis and High-Stability.

Author

Habib MA, Burse S, Lin S, Mandavkar R, Joni MH, Jeong JH, Lee SS, and Lee J

Abstract

Development of advanced electrocatalysts for the green hydrogen production by water electrolysis is an important task to reduce the climate and environmental issues as well as to meet the future energy demands. Herein, Ru/Ni-B-P sphere electrocatalyst is demonstrated by a combination of hydrothermal and soaking approaches, meeting the industrial requirement of low cell voltage with stable high-current operation. The Ru/Ni-B-P sphere catalyst demonstrates low overpotentials of 191 and 350 mV at 300 mA cm -2 with stable high current operation, ranking it as one of the best oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. The bifunctional 2-E system demonstrates a low cell voltage of 2.49 V at 2000 mA cm -2 in 6 m KOH at 60 °C of harsh industrial operation condition. It also demonstrates outstanding stability with continuous 120 h (5 days) CA operation at 1000 mA cm -2 . Further, the hybrid configuration of Ru/Ni-B-P || Pt/C being paired with the conventional benchmark electrode demonstrates a record low 2-E cell voltage of 2.40 V at 2000 mA cm -2 in 6 m KOH and excellent stability at high current of 1500 mA cm -2 under industrial operational condition., (© 2023 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Published
2024
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4. Heterogeneous bimetallic sulfides based seawater electrolysis towards stable industrial-level large current density

Author

Wang, Chengzhong, Zhu, Mingze, Cao, Zhengyi, Zhu, Ping, Cao, Yunqing, Xu, Xiaoyong, Xu, Chunxiang, Yin, Zongyou, Wang, Chengzhong, Zhu, Mingze, Cao, Zhengyi, Zhu, Ping, Cao, Yunqing, Xu, Xiaoyong, Xu, Chunxiang, and Yin, Zongyou

Abstract

Direct seawater electrolysis is an attractive technology for scalable hydrogen production as well as seawater desalination, which however demands efficient and robust anodic catalysts that can sustain oxygen evolution reaction (OER) against chloride corrosion. Here we report an outstanding anodic catalyst consisting of threedimensional standing arrays of hetero-lateral Ni3S2/Co3S4 (NiCoS) nanosheets uniformly grown on Ni foam for alkaline seawater electrolysis, in which the in-situ derived Ni/Co (oxy)hydroxide surface layer endows abundant active sites and superior resistance to chloride corrosion. Combined with an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst of Ni/Mo sulfides, a two-electrode electrolyzer affords an industrial-level high current density up to 800 mA cm− 2 at a super low voltage of 2.08 V for overall alkaline seawater splitting steadily over 100 h without chloride corrosion at room temperature. Furthermore, powered by a commercial single III-V triplejunction solar cell, the integrated system demonstrates light-driven overall seawater splitting with an impressive 15.13 % solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. This work is instrumental in the development of seawater electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production by renewable energy sources.

Published
2021

5. Coupling K convection-diffusion and Laplace equations in an open-source CFD model for tertiary current distribution calculations

Author

J. M. Bisang and A. N. Colli

Subjects
Coupling, Materials science, Current distribution, Laplace transform, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, HYDROCYCLONE, Mechanics, Computational fluid dynamics, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, tertiary current distribution, electrochemical reactors, purl.org/becyt/ford/2.4 [https], Open source, purl.org/becyt/ford/2 [https], Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Industrial Electrolysis, OpenFOAM, business, Convection–diffusion equation
Abstract

A mathematical model to calculate tertiary current distributions in electrochemical reactors is presented taking into account the potential and concentration fields together with the hydrodynamics under laminar or turbulent conditions. Multiple reactions with different kinetic controls are considered at both electrodes. The computational algorithm solving the model was implemented in OpenFOAM. It allows the calculations for a given local potential at the working electrode, potentiostatic control, or for a fixed cell potential difference and also for a current flowing through the cell, galvanostatic operation. The model was validated by using the reduction of ferricyanide and the oxidation of ferrocyanide from dilute solutions as main test reactions and hydrogen and oxygen evolution as secondary ones, in a modified hydrocyclone. A close agreement between experimental and predicted current distributions was obtained. The hydrocyclone presents a promising electrochemical performance being the mass-transfer conditions in its cylindrical part better than in the conical region. The computational tool developed in this paper can be employed to optimize both cells stack design and system operation conditions. Likewise, the algorithm can also be used to check, when limiting current studies are needed, whether the desired reaction is under mass-transfer or charge-transfer control for a given geometric configuration. Fil: Colli, Alejandro Nicolás. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina Fil: Bisang, Jose Maria. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Programa de Electroquímica Aplicada e Ingeniería Electroquímica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina

Published
2019
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6. Modeling the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid or formate at elevated pressures

Author

Morrison, A.R.T. (author), van Beusekom, Vincent (author), Ramdin, M. (author), van den Broeke, L.J.P. (author), Vlugt, T.J.H. (author), de Jong, W. (author), Morrison, A.R.T. (author), van Beusekom, Vincent (author), Ramdin, M. (author), van den Broeke, L.J.P. (author), Vlugt, T.J.H. (author), and de Jong, W. (author)

Abstract

In this work a model of an elevated pressure CO2 electrolyzer producing primarily formate or formic acid is presented. It consists of three parts: A model of the bulk electrolyte, the diffusion layer, and the electrode surface. Data from the literature was used to validate both the bulk portion of the model, as well as the overall model. Results from the literature were further explored and explained by reference to the model and faradaic efficiency is predicted very well (R-Square of 0.99 for the fitted data, and 0.98 for the non-fitted data). The primary effect of increasing the pressure on a CO2 electrolyzer is seen to be increasing the maximum attainable partial current density, while the faradaic efficiency and specific energy of formation plateau at pressures above 10-20 bar, at 95% and of 3.7 kWh/kg, respectively. Unlike the efficiencies, the profitability of running a reactor increases with pressure, following a similar trend as partial current density, showing the importance of this quantity as a performance metric of a CO2 electrolyzer. In general this work shows the utility of a model of this sort in the design, evaluation and operation of CO2 electrolyzers., Large Scale Energy Storage, Engineering Thermodynamics

Published
2019
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7. Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis: Correlating Porous Transport Layer Structural Properties and Performance: Part I. Tomographic Analysis of Morphology and Topology

Author

Thomas J. Schmidt, Felix N. Büchi, Ruben De Bruycker, and Tobias Schuler

Subjects
polymer electrolyte water electrolysis, Morphology (linguistics), Materials science, porous transport layer, Electrolyte, Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Surface roughness, Industrial Electrolysis, Porosity, Energy conversion, Energy Storage, membrane deformation, surface roughness, interface, Topology (chemistry), chemistry.chemical_classification, Electrolysis of water, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Polymer, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Chemical engineering, chemistry, Transport layer
Abstract

In the first paper of this series, the bulk, surface and transport properties of porous transport layer materials (PTL) for polymer electrolyte water electrolysis cells (PEWE) are characterized. A systematic PTL matrix of Ti fiber materials with 3 fiber diameters and 2 nominal porosities as well as a state of the art sintered powder material are investigated to get a better understanding of the governing parameters in electrolysis cells. X-ray tomographic microscopy analysis of ex situ PTL structures and post operando membrane electrode assemblies is performed. On the tomographic structures, bulk (porosity, pore/solid size distributions, fiber orientation), mass transport (diffusivity, permeability, conductivities) and surface parameters (roughness, membrane deformation, PTL surface area and interfacial contact area) are determined. The second paper of this series will correlate the structural parameters with in-depth electrochemical analysis. The new insights into the effect of PTL properties on PEWE performance allow to isolate governing key parameters. From know-how obtained on the fiber based materials fundamental design guidelines for optimization of PTL structures are deduced., Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 166 (4), ISSN:0013-4651, ISSN:1945-7111

Published
2019

8. Modeling the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid or formate at elevated pressures

Author

Vincent van Beusekom, Thijs J. H. Vlugt, Andrew R. T. Morrison, Wiebren de Jong, Mahinder Ramdin, and Leo J. P. van den Broeke

Subjects
Materials science, Formic acid, High Pressure Electrolyzer, 020209 energy, CO2 electroreduction, Analytical chemistry, Electrochemical Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Electrolyte, law.invention, Diffusion layer, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Materials Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Specific energy, Industrial Electrolysis, Formate, Partial current, Energy Conversion, Electrolysis, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Simulation, Bar (unit)
Abstract

In this work a model of an elevated pressure CO2 electrolyzer producing primarily formate or formic acid is presented. It consists of three parts: A model of the bulk electrolyte, the diffusion layer, and the electrode surface. Data from the literature was used to validate both the bulk portion of the model, as well as the overall model. Results from the literature were further explored and explained by reference to the model and faradaic efficiency is predicted very well (R-Square of 0.99 for the fitted data, and 0.98 for the non-fitted data). The primary effect of increasing the pressure on a CO2 electrolyzer is seen to be increasing the maximum attainable partial current density, while the faradaic efficiency and specific energy of formation plateau at pressures above 10-20 bar, at 95% and of 3.7 kWh/kg, respectively. Unlike the efficiencies, the profitability of running a reactor increases with pressure, following a similar trend as partial current density, showing the importance of this quantity as a performance metric of a CO2 electrolyzer. In general this work shows the utility of a model of this sort in the design, evaluation and operation of CO2 electrolyzers.

Published
2019
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