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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.05.003 Byline: S. Cloetingh (a), J.D. van Wees (a)(b), P.A. Ziegler (c), L. Lenkey (d), F. Beekman (a), M. Tesauro (a), A. Forster (e), B. Norden (e), M. Kaban (e), N. Hardebol (a), D. Bonte (a), A. Genter (f), L. Guillou-Frottier (g), M. Ter Voorde (a), D. Sokoutis (a), E. Willingshofer (a), T. Cornu (a), G. Worum (a) Keywords: geothermal; EGS; tectonics; basin models Abstract: Knowledge of temperature at drillable depth is a prerequisite in site selection for geothermal exploration and development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Equally important, the thermo-mechanical signature of the lithosphere and crust provides critical constraints for the crustal stress field and basement temperatures where borehole observations are rare. The stress and temperature field in Europe is subject to strong spatial variations often linked to polyphase extensional and compressional reactivation of the lithosphere, in different modes of deformation. The development of innovative combinations of numerical and analogue modelling techniques is key to thoroughly understand the spatial and temporal variations in crustal stress and temperature. In this paper we present an overview of advances in developing and applying analogue and numerical thermo-mechanical models to quantitatively assess the interplay of lithosphere dynamics and basin (de)formation. Field studies of kinematic indicators and numerical modelling of present-day and paleo-stress fields in selected areas yield new constraints on the causes and the expression of intraplate stress fields in the lithosphere, driving basin (de)formation. The actual basin response to intraplate stress is strongly affected by the rheological structure of the underlying lithosphere, the basin geometry, fault dynamics and interplay with surface processes. Integrated basin studies show that the rheological structure of the lithosphere plays an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of stress-induced vertical motions, varying from subtle faulting to basin reactivation and large wavelength patterns of lithospheric folding. These findings demonstrate that sedimentary basins are sensitive recorders of the intraplate stress field. The long lasting memory of the lithosphere, in terms of lithospheric scale weak zones, plays a far more important role in basin formation and reactivation than hitherto assumed. A better understanding of the 3-D linkage between basin formation and basin reactivation is, therefore, an essential step in connecting lithospheric forcing and upper mantle dynamics to crustal vertical motions and stress, and their effect on sedimentary systems and heat flow. Vertical motions in basins can become strongly enhanced, through coupled processes of surface erosion/sedimentation and lower crustal flow. Furthermore, patterns of active thermal attenuation by mantle plumes can cause a significant spatial and modal redistribution of intraplate deformation and stress, as a result of changing patterns in lithospheric strength and rheological layering. The models provide useful constraints for geothermal exploration and production, including understanding and predicting crustal stress and basin and basement heat flow. Author Affiliation: (a) Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands (b) TNO, PO Box 80015, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands (c) Department of Earth Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 32, 4056 Basel, Switzerland (d) Department of Geophysics, Lorand Eotvos University, Ludovika ter 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary (e) GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany (f) EIGE Heat Mining, France (g) BRGM, 3av. Claude Villemin, Orleans, France Article History: Received 18 August 2009; Accepted 19 May 2010

Stylized models of spatial equilibrium are reviewed to examine place based policies and the rationale for spatially targeted subsidies. The model seeks to answer the question of why governments should subsidize companies to locate in a particular place if workers do not want to live there.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.11.020 Byline: Haluk Yapicioglu (a), Alice E. Smith (a), Gerry Dozier (b) Keywords: Multiple criteria analysis; Semi-obnoxious; Location; Evolutionary computation; Bi-objective PSO Abstract: In this paper, a new model for the semi-obnoxious facility location problem is introduced. The new model is composed of a weighted minisum function to represent the transportation costs and a distance-based piecewise function to represent the obnoxious effects of the facility. A single-objective particle swarm optimizer (PSO) and a bi-objective PSO are devised to solve the problem. Results are compared on a suite of test problems and show that the bi-objective PSO produces a diverse set of non-dominated solutions more efficiently than the single-objective PSO and is competitive with the best results from the literature. Computational complexity analysis estimates only a linear increase in effort with problem size. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA (b) Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Article History: Received 4 April 2005; Accepted 21 November 2005

Research on facility location is abundant. However, this research does not typically address the particular conditions that arise when locating facilities to service large-scale emergencies, such as earthquakes, terrorist attacks, etc. In this work we first survey general facility location problems and identify models used to address common emergency situations, such as house fires and regular health care needs. We then analyze the characteristics of large-scale emergencies and propose a general facility location model that is suited for large-scale emergencies. This general facility location model can be cast as a covering model, a P-median model or a P-center model, each suited for different needs in a large-scale emergency. Illustrative examples are given to show how the proposed model can be used to optimize the locations of facilities for medical supplies to address large-scale emergencies in the Los Angeles area. Furthermore, comparison of the solutions obtained by respectively using the proposed model and the traditional model is given to show the benefits of the proposed model in reducing loss of life and economic losses. Keywords: Facility location, Large-scale emergency, Covering problem, P-median, P-center, 1. Introduction Research on facility location problems is abundant and many models have been developed to formulate and solve various location problems. However, prior work on facility location problems has [...]

The two most widely considered measures for optimization under uncertainty are minimizing expected cost and minimizing worst-case cost or regret. In this paper, we present a novel robustness measure that combines the two objectives by minimizing the expected cost while bounding the relative regret in each scenario. In particular, the models seek the minimum-expected-cost solution that is p-robust; i.e., whose relative regret is no more than 100p% in each scenario. We present p-robust models based on two classical facility location problems. We solve both problems using variable splitting, with the Lagrangian subproblem reducing to the multiple-choice knapsack problem. For many instances of the problems, finding a feasible solution, and even determining whether the instance is feasible, is difficult; we discuss a mechanism for determining infeasibility. We also show how the algorithm can be used as a heuristic to solve minimax regret versions of the location problems., 1. Introduction Optimization under uncertainty typically employs one of two approaches: (i) stochastic optimization; or (ii) robust optimization. In stochastic optimization, random parameters are governed by a probability distribution, and [...]

The spatial structure and the strategies exhibited by broad-line specialist stores are explored. The adoption of proximity or distancing as a location strategy depends upon market characteristics and the broad-line specialists tend to use proximity in trade areas with high income, high population density, high per capital income, with younger populations and high home ownership.

A new location model is presented, which is a generalization of the bicriteria median problem. Two sum objectives and criteria dependant edge lengths are introduced.

Subgame perfect equilibria exist in directional markets with continuous location and noncooperation constraints. This models demonstrates a location equilibrium with movers at the midpoint and the endpoint, different from the Hotelling model.

The first new business enterprise will locate either in the center of a market to maximize deterrence or on the periphery to minimize competition. The second business will locate in the periphery. Location choice depends on customer location, interest rates, and transportation costs.

Geometrical analyses were used to understand the quadratic bicriteria location models for a continuous, unweighted single-facility. The method allowed the characterization of Pareto-optimal locations and development of a solution to the scalarized location problems using the Pareto-optimal locations. The two processes could be geometrically and analytically presented using the farthest-point Voronoi diagram.

Modeling residential and employment location in urban areas should incorporate the decisions of both households and firms because these decisions are made interdependently of each other. To satisfy such a requirement, an interdependent model of residential and employment location that consists of both household location equations and employment location equations was developed. This model was empirically tested using census data from the Boston Metropolitan Statistical Area. In addition to standard employment location variables, the set of employment location equations also covered access to workers. Meanwhile, the residential location equations also featured access to jobs in addition to standard residential location variables. Results showed that the location of households influences the location of employment although the location of employment does not affect household location.

A location-allocation model contained within a geographic information systems (GIS) software package was used to design a recycling depot scheme for a community of 22,000 people. Considered a less expensive alternative to curbside recycling, the depot scheme would receive a variety of recyclable materials from the public on a voluntary basis. Depot sites were located using a model that maximized the coverage of a depot site, with constraints based on projected 'recycler behavior.' Shopping centers, municipal parking lots, and roadside sites were candidate locations for recycling depots in the two modeled cases. A GIS-based approach is shown to be useful for determining the number and location of material recycling depots for use within an integrated municipal solid waste management system.

A bicriteria model was developed to address the problem of locating a partly desirable facility in the plane. Through the use of the model, which reduces the two criteria's weighted sum, an approach designed to identify the efficient frontier of facility locations was obtained. The model's first criterion, the minisum criterion, intends to lessen the weighted sum of Euclidean distances raised to a negative power.

The Regional Weber Problem is analysed by creating some properties of the onbjective function that helps solve the problem by techniques of convex optimization. However, the greatest disadvantage is the high computational cost generated in the evaluation of the objective function. The formulation is a continuation of the Weber problem, which prevents the demand from being concentrated onto a finite set of points but follow an arbitrary probability measure. The problem is solved by a new approximation of the objective function, including replacing the demand distribution by an easier one.

The existing literature is quite voluminous on how one country engages in trade relations with another country, how international trade is mutually gainful to each other, what factors determine trade […]

In this paper we examine the determinants of foreign bank location. We initially present some time series data on the postwar expansion of international banking. We show that foreign branching increased very rapidly from about 1960 to the mid-1980s and slowed significantly after 1985. One interpretation of this growth in foreign branching is that it largely paralleled the increase in trade and foreign direct investment, although it may also have been encouraged by the improvements in communications and the rapid financial innovation of the 1960s and 1970s. To assess the role of trade and foreign direct investment on bank expansion, we employ a cross-sectional analysis of the pattern of foreign bank offices. Whereas previous studies have focused on a single parent or host country, our study extends the existing literature by analyzing the location of nearly 2000 overseas offices across 37 parent and 82 host countries. Our results suggest a significant relationship between the pattern of bank location, trade and foreign direct investment. We define a banking centre as one in which there are more foreign banks than can be explained in terms of real business activity and we show that the USA, UK, Switzerland, Singapore and Indonesia most clearly qualify as banking centres. We also provide some evidence for a sample of host countries that the abnormal number of bank offices is related to capital market activities. (JEL E30, G21). Copyright [C] 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

A simple model that incorporates one public facility and duopolistic private firms was used to determine the optimal locational strategies of firms in relation with a fixed public facility. The results show that firms do not locate optimally in the quartiles of an urban area due to the market area effect, regardless of transportation cost. The market failure due to the choice of suboptimal locations may be corrected with transportation taxes or subsidies. To preserve an optimal spatial structure, transportation taxes should be raised or subsidies should be reduced as transportation costs decrease.

The development of an algorithm for problems involving the Planar Location Theory is examined. The analysis focuses on the single-facility location problem, which assumes that a service facility's location must meet total demand by a collectivity. Since a general formulation leads to various problems, degree of freedom is relaxed for the globalizing function and the problem's distance measures.

A model defining problems of new brewery location and malt and beer distribution is examined. The model's variables and parameters include yearly amount of beer shipped from brewery to customer zone, yearly amount of malt shipped from malt plant to brewery, alternative brewery locations and customer zones. It is shown that the new brewery will optimize operations with a capacity level of 20% based on transportation costs.

The problem of competitive location among firms that provide goods or services to customers is analyzed. The analysis focuses on the development of mathematical computations that will generate numerical solutions for particular cases. This location problem involving planar rectilinear distances assumes a finite customer number and is also applicable to product selection, political and work allocation models.

A study was conducted to show that the mathematical constructs of facility location modeling may be applied to vendor selection problems. The vendor selection operation is an important component of planning and designing distribution models. However, it has become more and more complex due to the need for decisions on how to reduce the number of vendors, select the best vendors and develop strategies for logistic interaction with vendors. The study showed that facility location modeling may be used in formulating and solving specific vendor selection problems.

The stated preference and revealed preference models for recreational site choice are comparatively analyzed. It was shown that although both models were based on the random utility theory, joint estimation of the model parameters give evidence of the similarity of the underlying preferences. In addition, attributes in the stated preference model were grounded on a choice from hypothetical sets.

Location theory has benefitted from using spatial systems in the view of many researchers. Central points can also be used to set up obnoxious facility location models, using logarithmns. The equivalence which results can be used to cope with the obnoxious location problem.

Producers of goods pass on their transport costs to consumers in a variety of ways. These include mill prices, fixed prices and uniform delivered prices amongst others. The locations where likely consumers live are also important, whether at an intersection of many roads or between urban areas. Consumer location will have a bearing on what type of pricing policy is in operation, as shown in a mathematical model.

Some observers have noted that large cities can arise even in areas which are geographically or economically unimportant, the disadvantages of the 'first nature' being overtaken by the 'second nature' of the establishment of the settlement. A mathematical model has been constructed to illustrate this phenomena and apply it to company location also. It is suggested that further work could be done on this idea focussing on the dynamics of such settlements.

Industries such as dairying, sygar refining, wood products and meat packaging need large amounts of raw material, much of which is lost in the production process. This makes the area from which supplies are sent of great importance. A mathematical model has been devised to illustrate how plant and supplier should be positioned to maximise profit.

A 0-1 integer programming model for location decision problems is presented. The model maximizes population capture from a competitor located within the same vicinity. Based on calculations, a large proportion of the population can be lured from competitors in most areas, even when the latter optimizes their locations by utilizing a p-median model. The model allows the location of new servers and the relocation of existing servers.

Presented in this paper is a formal economic model that identifies the optimal intraurban location for a producer-service vendor that caters to the technical needs of spatially dispersed clients in the manufacturing sector. Two major components are incorporated into the model. The first of these describes the oft-cited externalization process among industrial firms, where in-house service provision is selectively abandoned in favor of out-sourcing. The second component describes a vendor location process based on profit maximization, where buyers and sellers are optimally located relative to one another. Normative modeling propositions are then compared with current empirical streams in the literature on producer-service location, the role of manufacturing demand, and the process of selective vertical disintegration among industrial firms. The paper is concluded with a brief research agenda for modeling the intraurban locational behavior of specialist firms in the producer services.

We study two-firm location games on graphs. Earlier work analyzes two-firm location games on a line or a circle, and all examples given possess pure Nash equilibria. We produce an example of a graph with no pure Nash equilibria and also a general class of graphs that do possess pure Nash equilibria.

This paper examines the impact of non-uniform linear demand on plant location under FOB mill pricing. It shows that the principle of median location and the Rydell principle fail to apply, and some well-established results in plant location theory no longer hold when demand is linear but non-uniform.