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A network model that illustrates occupants of robust positions as recipients of diversified support from durably located others within a social network is presented. The recursive nature of Bonacich's method is applied to the model. The applicability of the model to input-output networks among industries and hiring networks among academic departments is also described.

This research tests United States industry equity indices returns in order to determine if terrorism has some industry-specific effect. I use the event-study approach applied to 135 industrial equity return series in assessing industry level reaction to 11 September, the Bali bombing and the Madrid bombing. The event study method used in this paper is adjusted for GARCH effects. The results show that industries react unevenly to terrorism. Following 11 September, airline, hotel and leisure industries exhibit negative abnormal returns while water, defence and telecom experienced positive returns. There was little impact on the US industry equity returns with the Bali and the Madrid attacks, suggesting that US industries were only moderately sensitive to these attacks. JEL Classification: G1; G11; H56 Key words: Terrorism; Stock market; Political risk; US

The patience and work ethics of the middle-class families and the refined taste for leisure of upper-class families were the class-specific attitudes that were the key determinants of success once industrialization transforms the economic landscape. This explains the rise of the middle class during the British Industrial Revolution.

Four criteria are offered here to guide companies looking to balance philanthropy and corporate earnings.

This paper puts forward a theoretical model to describe and explain variations within business governance within the developed nations, and the business and social results of the resulting business activities.

This research article presents evidence that owners of U.S. and Japanese companies impact research and development within those companies in different ways. This article documents some of the differences.

The authors contrast the relationship between a business and its client with a company and its employees to show that business/client relationship more easily allow for trust to develop than for company/managers/employees.

Proteanism is about the simultaneous disruption of place and the seeking of a new sense of place. These metaphorical concepts of the fluid yet grounded, the shape-shifting and consolidation, and the evolving creation of a sense of place are applied to a discussion of changing organizational forms and communicative processes. These new formings within ever-changing forms are referred to as Protean Places. The protean concepts of sequentiality, simultaneity, and sociality are examined within the context of what we know about changing organizational forms, major communicative processes, and the history of a virtual customer service team organized across time and space. Finally, the metaphor of Protean Places and the case study are utilized to provide direction for future research, theory building, and practical application in organizational communication. KEY WORDS: Proteanism, sequentiality, simultaneity, sociality, metaphors, organizational forms, virtual teams, organizational communication.

While indicators show improvement in economic and social qualities since the industrial revolution, social indicators show quality of life has declined for large groups of people. The author examines the link between this and decline in trust, norms and social networks. The author suggests it is as important for business enterprises to invest in features of social organization, such as trust, norms and social networks as it is for business to pursue physical capital investment.

Nonprofits play an increasingly important role in American society. The complex and highly interdependent relationships these organizations have with government and business are explored here.

The author examines which corporate directors of Israeli business groups are likely to get ahead. The study determines that the organizational position of directors plays a greater role in their success than their elite position or ties to social networks.

A substantial literature shows that ideology, often describable on a conservative-liberal spectrum, is a significant independent variable influencing the formulation of public policy. The 1960s-1990s are frequently depicted as decades of ideological tumult. However, analysis of the editorials of major publications shows that substantial agreement existed on public policy directions for business and the economy throughout most of these years. Furthermore, in some policy areas initial dissensus was followed by significant movement toward consensus. A theory presented here based on the concepts of successful market operation, market misbehavior, and market breakdown explains in large part the reasons for this long term policy consensus as well as movement from dissensus to consensus.

This study was undertaken for Ngoroe-Kah Indigenous Performance Aboriginal Corporation in conjunction with the `Ribbons of Steel' celebration, which marked the closure of the BHP Steel Works in Newcastle in [...]

This article examines the economic and social conditions of Kentucky. The author argues that Kentucky counties suffer from industrial exploitation and an inordinate amount of social control which leads to criminal activity among the residents, and maintains increased marijuana production has risen in reaction to economic exploitation, whereas child abuse has risen due to excessive physical labor demands.

Quite frequently, business periodicals feature articles on the importance of building and maintaining a 'network' of business friends. Typically, these articles offer practical suggestions for 'networking.' This article is a philosophical investigation of business friends, and business friendships. Relying upon Aristotle's classic analysis, I argue that business friendships are instances of 'incomplete friendships for utility.' Viewed in this way, much is revealed about what business friendships are; even more is revealed about what business friendships are not. It is perfectly natural to say that business friends use one another; this raises the issue of whether business friendships violate the Kantian 'categorical imperative.' I argue that they need not, and that - so long as they are truly 'friendships' - they do not. What this discussion makes clear, however, is that business friendships are in continuous peril of eroding into relationships that cannot survive moral scrutiny. I conclude with a few practical suggestions - and philosophical cautions.

Company practice is increasingly assessed as an aspect of social investment. Social investments can take the form of screening company practices, using shareholder resolutions to promote change, developing disadvantaged areas, and funding small ventures for proactive social gains.

The cultural economy is defined in terms of a set of sectors ranging from certain traditional artisanal industries like clothing or jewelry on the one side, to newer media industries like sound recording or television program production on the other. This article provides an overview of the industrial dynamic of French society since the second world war and assesses its (inimical) effects on segments of the cultural economy. An empirical description of the cultural-products industries of Paris is offered, with special reference to their locational structure and their competitive advantages and disadvantages. The entire institutional and policy environment within which these industries operate is then subject to analysis, and I seek to show how many of them have become locked in to dysfunctional competitive strategies. I conclude by suggesting that despite their current difficulties, the cultural-products industries of Paris remain a potential focus of significant new growth and development.

The requirement for ergonomics to adapt to a rapidly changing work environment caused by technological advance is discussed, with focus on the need for new framework to analyze the relationship between humans and machines.

The term 'new paradigm' is becoming increasingly popular in business. However, there is little agreement as to what this construct means. In this article, the authors present key factors influential in the development of this paradigm. They then turn to categorizing the different supporters along two continua. This classification is used to offer suggestions as to how the new paradigm might be enacted and to briefly explore why new paradigm thought should be considered by business.

The most elementary law of nature, the principle that best explains how the world works, is that actions have consequences. The consequences of enterprise (or business) will be as profitable or detrimental as the actions behind them. The rapidly approaching new millennium forces society to assess where we are (the consequences) and how we got here (the actions). The standard of living in the western world is a direct consequence of past and present enterprise, but the actions taken to get to this plateau and their associated costs may far over-shadow the gains. A major issue facing those who study the development and evolution of enterprise is whether past merits and mistakes can be used to develop a new paradigm that is more reflective of what is currently experienced and most likely to occur in the future. This paper discusses some of the shortcomings in current economic thinking, how current developments in economic thinking need to become the norm and the future of socio-ecologically behavior and patterns of growth for enterprise. KEYWORDS: enterprise, alternative paradigm, economic theory

The article recounts a discussion among 6 professionals about the value of philosophical contributions to corporate culture in a format structured on the Socratic model. An intractable split grew between group members who preferred an objective, rational view of the discussion and those who chose an intuitive, holistic approach.

Issues concerning the audiovisual and telecommunication industry are discussed. A comparison is made between the trade policies of three regional agreements, NAFTA, UR, and MECOSUR, in order to explore the effects and ramifications on each policy's reconciliation of cultural specificity with industry.

Colleges and university staff are being increasingly pressured to create partnerships with business, moving their tasks from scholarship to salesmanship. Media portrayals of universities and their employees increasingly show teachers becoming researchers and finally entrepreneurs. English teachers need to promote higher education in the public interest rather than for profit.

An argument against stakeholder theory, or corporate social responsibility, is presented. It is posited that social responsibility is more properly managed within the public sector rather than the private sector, as companies incur excessive costs in attempting to comply.

The role violence, including coercion and racketeering, has in Russian business relations has been investigated. It has been exaggerated recently, but, although use of forcible means has gone down in recent years, pressure is still there, though somewhat more civilized. When spheres of influence were being established between the legal and illegal areas and among criminal groups, violence was more common. The smaller cities permit a higher level of local criminal activity than do larger urban areas. State enforcement agencies seem to embrace mentality and values of criminal activity, not of law-governed society.

A study was conducted to analyze the foundations of Guanxi, a concept on the special associations built into networks which underpin the way the Chinese prefer to carry out business, in the form of a four-stage framework. The model was compared with relationship building in Wester cultures. The dynamics of the development of guanxi were determined as a process that begins with the potential network members as 'outsiders' and builds until they become friends in the 'insider' state of the relationship.

Advertising is everywhere. 'Almost every physical object now carries advertising, almost every human environment is suffused with advertising, almost every moment of time is calibrated by advertising,' notes James Twitchell, [...]

Ownership is a political issue in relation to taxation or nationalism. Political institutions and agenda are conditioned by how assets are controled. Democratic politicians are also concerned about who controls those assets and whether they are legitimate in terms of democratic values. This is particularly important in ownership of large companies, which are accountable to shareholders and social interests.

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of hierarchical structure of organizations and corporate size to wage inequality. The data used in the study was gathered from the 'NPAO survey.' The results indicate that wage is primarily influenced by hierarchical position, higher positions generate higher wages. Furthermore, the results supported the hypothesis that hierarchal positions contribute to wage differences in different sizes of firms.

International trends in business relations have shifted away from antagonistic actions to associations characterized by cooperation and mutual benefit. A conceptual model of cross-cultural relationships was developed in order to ascertain what elements constitute an effective business relationship. Results showed social and structural bonds and their connection with familiarity with cultural orientation are primary conditions in long-term involvements of cross-national business relations.

An analysis of the effects of marital choices on work decisions reveals that the higher the educational attainment of husbands, the higher the tendency for wives to remain at home. The study also finds that schooling yields market as well as non-market benefits and that the subject of marital consequences on work behavior deserves more attention as the subject is not widely studied.

In response to Barry Wilkinson's (1996) criticisms of the culturalist and institutionalist explanations of the structure of business in East Asia, this paper examines the influence of culture at the macro- and meso-level of business activity in Hong Kong. Aspects of Wilkinson's critique are criticized as unhelpful, whereas other aspects of it are taken as valid and are addressed. A theoretical framework is outlined which synthesises culturalist and institutionalist explanations constituted by combinations of models form formal market and hierarchy perspectives and informal network perspectives. This enables sufficient complexity to identify cultural influences, and reflects a general submission that only complex models contain the multiple social, political, economic and other influences inherent in cultural investigation. Simple organizational models, based upon assumptions of the market, are shown to be culture-bound in Anglo-Saxon ethnocentrism and of little validity in the Hong Kong context. The considerable methodological problems and research issues associated with this desirable synthesis of the culturalist and institutionalist explanations are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed upon the relevance of a 'network' approach, along with implications for 'strategy.' In addition, the implications for the promotion of 'intercultural' and interdisciplinary approaches amongst social scientists interested in Hong Kong and other 'Confucian Dynamic' economies are outlined. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Introduction Barry Wilkinson's (1996) criticisms of the culturalist and institutionalist explanations of the structure of business in East Asian 'miracle' economies requires a response and a solution to the problems [...]

Current developments in the sociotechnical framework address a number of vital issues that failed to occupy the high ground in its formative years. These include: (i) the purpose of the [...]

Commerce-driven organizations associate their success with efficiency, as determined by task completion, working within the law, and recognition of their leaders and managers. These for-profit organizations also measure the success of their socially responsible endeavors with earnings as the primary organizational objective. Leaders and managers of these organizations view themselves as moral when they reach their efficiency and revenue objectives.

A study was conducted to test P. Hersey and K.H. Blanchard's situational leadership theory (SLT) in an actual business environment characterized with more than 150 senior executives within service and manufacturing businesses of a Fortune 100 firm. The concept focused on determining the interaction between leadership behavior and follower readiness as a function of leader effectiveness. Results showed negligible support for SLT but provided insights associated with the interactions of concept variables.

The popular film Schindler's List is a cinematic portrayal of Oskar Schindler, the German industrialist who rescued more than a thousand of his Jewish workers during the Holocaust. While the film has generated much debate over the character's motivations, the historical Oskar Schindler can be viewed as an economic actor who made several choices. Examined together, these various choices make an excellent case for amenity potential, a concept from the work of Harold Demsetz which explains how one's control over a firm's resources gives one opportunities to use those resources for whatever purposes one sees fit, subject to legal and market constraints. Applying amenity potential to the economic puzzle of Schindler's choices reveals how and why he was able to make various choices which followed the letter of the law in Nazi Society, while violating its spirit.

Thriving in the new economy requires companies to adopt a proactive, collaborative approach. This means the effective fusion of mobility, innovation and propagation which, in turn, necessitates the striving for continuity, cohesion and a strong sense of identity. Companies have to be vigilant in its recruitment practices which connote employing only those with true potential who would greatly contribute to the advancement of the company., What distinguishing features characterize the New Economy? Is it a mere wave of new technology, or should we look deeper? Does it threaten only the weak and the meek? Or [...]

Violent crime ultimately has a devastating impact on business, first when customers and employees avoid crime-ridden areas, again as companies relocate and soon economic and social decline spirals. It is in the interest of business professionals to help prevent the consequence of crime. A high crime metropolitan area of Miami, Florida is examined for its success in averting the consequences of violent crime through the action of business and public agencies.

The impact of inter-industrial dependency or control on the survival of organizations in Israel are investigated using social capital modes and structural exchange models. The differences between two approaches to social capital are compared and the structural determinants of industry's corporate instability are identified. The study aims to show the ways in which relations between environments modify relations within environments and how environments and real market players are structurally embedded.

Organizational theorists have increasingly become fascinated with issues about the boundaries of processes involving sets of many organizational populations. Concerns involving multiple boundaries for organizational population-related processes are investigated in the nation's automotive industry, specifically questions pertaining to geographic level of applicability for density-dependent processes of legitimation and competition.

The transition to an information society is intimately tied to capitalism and represents an even greater societal integration of industrialization and commodification. The growth of cultural industries, typified by widespread computerization, advanced communication systems, and institutionalized cultural commodification, has simultaneously shaped the political economy of society. Cultural industries theory, the concept of club logic, societal promotion of information services and information products, the role of the state, and other aspects of the information society paradigm are discussed.

Written scholarship on the issue of urban technology and its role in the evolution of American culture are abundant and diverse in both scope and subject matter. The interdisciplinary attempts of writers such as Ruth Cowan, John Fairfield, and Mark Rose succeed in illustrating how the hardware of urban technology are transformed into artifacts whose use and design reflect the values of their social milieu.

Key words: journey to work, industry, suburbs, women, men, Toronto. Historians and social scientists alike have emphasized the extent to which the decentralization of employment has caused suburban growth. Reasonably [...]

Labor migration between agriculture and industry in mid-19th century France was dependent on the comparative wage structure of the two sectors. Industrial firms reacted to the competition from the agricultural sector by utilizing wage bonuses which varied with the firms' economic status. New entrants from agriculture to industry earned less and therefore showed an increased tendency to be attracted by the seasonal demand in agriculture. Workers from the pastoral counties of northern France left industry to seek summer work in agriculture in the neighboring grain growing areas.

Community based group of companies use technology to create opportunities in the shape of new products, services, and better job prospects. These clusters of technology-oriented companies develop the economic future of the communities by relying on their technological strengths. Clusters of such companies will gradually link the state and federal science and technology policy to the needs of the communities. The computer industry in California's Silicon Valley, biotechnology in San Diego, software in Seattle, the Internet in Washington D.C. are examples of such clusters.

The structures of business in the East Asian 'miracle' economies have been explained by culturists in relations to pre-modern belief systems, and more recently by institutionalists in relation to pre-modern traditions and emerging 'institutional environments.' Each school of thought draws selectively on the work of Max Weber. While the latter school's account carries a higher face validity than the former, it is argued that both are at best partial, are often misleading and, at worse, serve to legitimate, rather than critically analyze, the activities of East Asian business elites. In locating business structures firmly in society-wide belief systems or institutional environments, both approaches tend to give deterministic accounts which deny a role for human agency, and which neglect the importance of interests, power and ideology in the design and maintenance of business structures. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Introduction Economic success in post-war Japan and the Asian newly industrialized countries (ANICs) has led to a focus of attention on the East Asian variants of capitalism by large numbers [...]