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Abstract Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES), also known as phenotypic diarrhea or syndromic diarrhea, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in SKIC2 (THES-type 2) or SKIC3 (THES-type 1) and is characterized by early onset diarrhea, woolly brittle hair, facial dysmorphic features and liver disease. We report the case of a 24-month-old girl who presented with chronic diarrhea since the neonatal period along with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), developmental delay, dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, liver disease, and recurrent infections. The diagnosis was made through whole-exome sequencing analysis, which detected a homozygous variant (c.4070del, p.Pro1357Leufs*10) in the SKIC3 gene. The patient required parenteral nutrition and was hospitalized for the first 10 months of life and then discharged on PN after showing improvement. She remained stable on PN after discharge despite a few admissions for central line infections. Recent follow-up at the age of 2 years revealed that she was stable on long-term parenteral nutrition and that she had advanced chronic liver disease.

Trichohepatoenteric syndrome (THES), also known as phenotypic diarrhea or syndromic diarrhea, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in SKIC2 (THES-type 2) or SKIC3 (THES-type 1) and is characterized by early onset diarrhea, woolly brittle hair, facial dysmorphic features and liver disease. We report the case of a 24-month-old girl who presented with chronic diarrhea since the neonatal period along with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), developmental delay, dysmorphic features, congenital heart defects, liver disease, and recurrent infections. The diagnosis was made through whole-exome sequencing analysis, which detected a homozygous variant (c.4070del, p.Pro1357Leufs*10) in the SKIC3 gene. The patient required parenteral nutrition and was hospitalized for the first 10 months of life and then discharged on PN after showing improvement. She remained stable on PN after discharge despite a few admissions for central line infections. Recent follow-up at the age of 2 years revealed that she was stable on long-term parenteral nutrition and that she had advanced chronic liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital glucose-galactose malabsorption (CGGM) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a deficient intestinal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) protein. Its failure leads to a lack of absorption of galactose, glucose, and sodium, which remains inside the intestinal lumen. The consequence of that involves, among other things, dehydration and diarrhea on neonatal onset. The basic treatment consists of diet management. A 6-month-old Brazilian infant with CGGM caused by a one base pair deletion on SLC5A1gene, in both alleles, causing a frameshift mutation and, consequently, a deleterious impact on the terminal protein portion is, for the first time, characterized here. Besides the common disease aspects, the child presented Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), a new outcome for his condition. The fact that a non-consanguineous couple could produce a child with a recessive disease is puzzling. However, we were able to correlate all symptoms, including NEC, to the disruption of the protein terminal portion, based on literature review. This article brings a new point of view on disease report; putting together the social aspects, clinical examination, laboratory trials, genetic diagnostic, protein assemble and literature research in order to fulfill the patient history. This process allows us to improve the understanding of the disease mechanism, perform targeted genetic counseling and institute appropriate treatment using an adequate diet through nutritional guidance and surveillance.

IntroductionCongenital glucose–galactose malabsorption (CGGM) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that primarily causes chronic intractable diarrhea. This study aims to describe the clinical history, laboratory profile, diagnostic workflow, and management of the first patient reported with CGGM in Mexico.MethodsThe case involves a Mexican female infant with recurrent admissions to the emergency room since birth due to chronic diarrhea.ResultsThe infant was born at term by C-section with a birth weight of 3.120 kg and height of 48 cm for consanguineous parents. She had been breastfed until day 5 of her life when she presented lethargy, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and jaundice. During the first evaluation at the emergency room, the significant laboratory finding was blood tyrosine elevation; afterward, amino acid and succinylacetone determinations were obtained, discarding tyrosinemia. When admitted to the hospital, an abdominal ultrasound detected a duplex collecting system. At this time, rice formula was introduced to the patient. She was discharged with jaundice improvement, but diarrhea persisted. Several formula changes had been made from rice to extensively hydrolyzed casein protein to whey-based, with no clinical improvement; the patient still had 10–12 excretions daily. In the second hospitalization, the patient presented anemia, severe dehydration, hyperammonemia, and renal tubular acidosis. A next-generation sequencing panel for inborn errors of metabolism and congenital diarrhea was performed, identifying a homozygous variant in SLC5A1 (c.1667T > C). The diagnosis of CGGM was made at 3 months of age. The infant was initially treated with a modular galactose–glucose-free formula with oil, fructose, casein, minerals, and vitamins until a commercial fructose-based formula was introduced. This led to a complete resolution of diarrhea and improved nutritional status.DiscussionDiagnosing CGGM is challenging for clinicians, and next-generation sequencing is a valuable tool for providing appropriate treatment. More detailed information on patients with this condition might lead to possible phenotype–genotype correlations. This case's primary clinical and biochemical findings were chronic diarrhea, anemia, jaundice, renal tubular acidosis, hyperammonemia, and initial hypertyrosinemia. Symptoms were resolved entirely with the fructose-based formula.

Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) with genetic etiology are uncommon hereditary intestinal diseases characterized by chronic, life-threatening, intractable watery diarrhea that starts in infancy. CDDs can be mechanistically divided into osmotic and secretory diarrhea. Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), also known as intestinal epithelial dysplasia, is a type of secretory CDD. CTE is a rare autosomal recessive enteropathy that presents with intractable neonatal-onset diarrhea, intestinal failure, severe malnutrition, and parenteral nutrition dependence. Villous atrophy of the intestinal epithelium, crypt hyperplasia, and irregularity of surface enterocytes are the specific pathological findings of CTE. The small intestine and occasionally the colonic mucosa include focal epithelial tufts. In 2008, Sivagnanam et al. discovered that mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM, MIM# 185535) were the genetic cause of CTE (MIM# 613217). More than a hundred mutations have been reported to date. Furthermore, mutations in the serine peptidase inhibitor Kunitz type 2 (SPINT2, MIM# 605124) have been linked to syndromic CTE. In this study, we report the case of a 17-month-old male infant with congenital diarrhea. Despite extensive etiological workup, no etiology could be established before admission to our center. The patient died 15 hours after being admitted to our center in a metabolically decompensated state, probably due to a delay in admission and diagnosis. Molecular autopsy with exome sequencing revealed a previously reported homozygous missense variant, c.757G>A, in EpCAM, which was confirmed by histopathological examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at identifying and documenting medicinal plants used as medicines in the traditional treatment of infections of the digestive tract (diarrhea, oral thrush and anites) by traditional healers in the central region of Togo. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews method from 45 traditional practitioners. This study identified 61 plants species, from 54 genera and 26 botanical families. The most represented families were Fabaceae (9 genera / 9 species), Asteraceae (5/5), Combretaceae (4/5), Moraceae (2/5) and Euphorbiaceae (4/4). The most cited species are: Parkia biglobosa (Frequency of Citation = Frequency of citation = 12.92%), Pteleopsis suberosa (Frequency of Citation = 8.31%), Maytenus senegalensis (Frequency of Citation = 8.31%), Anchomanes difformis (Frequency of Citation = 7.38%) and Hymenocardia acida (Frequency of Citation = 4.37%). Sixty-seven percent (67%) of the identified plants are used in the treatment of childhood diarrhea. The leaves (30%) are the most used plant parts followed by stem barks. The decoction (59%) is the most used mode of preparation. The oral route (66%) remains the main route of administration of the phytomedicines. The medicinal plants are important in the traditional treatment of childhood infections in the central region of Togo. It is therefore necessary to investigate the effectiveness and toxicity of these plants for a better traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rotavirus vaccine is a live vaccine, and there is a possibility of infection by the virus strain used in the vaccine. We investigated the process of determining whether an infection was caused by the vaccine strain in a severe complex immunodeficiency (SCID) patient with rotavirus infection. The patient was vaccinated with RotaTeq prior to being diagnosed with SCID. The testing process was conducted in the following order: confirming rotavirus infection, determining its genotype, and confirming the vaccine strain. Rotavirus infection was confirmed through enzyme immunoassay and VP6 gene detection. G1 and P[8] were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for the genotype, and G3 was further identified using a single primer. By detecting the fingerprint gene (WC3) of RotaTeq, it was confirmed that the detected virus was the vaccine strain. Genotypes G1 and P[8] were identified, and the infection was suspected of having been caused by rotavirus G1P[8]. G1P[8] is the most commonly detected genotype worldwide and is not included in the recombinant strains used in vaccines. Therefore, the infection was confirmed to have been caused by the vaccine strain by analyzing the genetic relationship between VP4 and VP7. Rotavirus infection by the vaccine strain can be identified through genotyping and fingerprint gene detection. However, genetic linkage analysis will also help to identify vaccine strains.

From March thru April 1990 an unmatched case-control study had been conducted at the pediatric out-patient Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan to assess risk factors of infantile diarrhea. The study population were infants, aged younger than 21 months. The mothers of the infants were interviewed, using structured questionnaires. Sample size, calculated by means of formula, with 95 % level of confidence, 90 % power of study, 50% estimated proportion of exposure in the control-group and 2.0 estimated odds ratio, was 121. All infants with diarrhea were included in the case-group until a total number of 124 infants were reached. One control, an infant without diarrhea, was taken for each case from the nearest sequence of attendance after the case. A total of 20 risk factors were tested. Exposure was indicated from the last day before illness. Computerized statistical analysis was performed to calculate odds ratio, 95 % confidence interval and two tailed significance testing for qualitative dichotomic data by means of Chi square test. A total of nine factors were confirmed as risk factors of infantile diarrhea i.e mothers age than 20 years, working mother, not cleaning nipple before suckling the baby bottle feeding, having only one nursing botlle/teat, not ready for use nursing bottle/teat, giving left over supplementary food without reheating, no band-washing before giving supplementary food and malnutrition. The result of this study can be emphasized in health education, especially in diarrheal disease control of infancy; Further well-designed studies are needed.

Objective: To determine the type and frequency of predominant enteropathogens in acute diarrhea and their associated characteristics in children treated at Hospital Regional Lambayeque (HRL) - Peru. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 70 fecal samples between March and May 2015. These samples were studied by coproculture and immunochromatography for the detection of enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses, respectively, while enteroparasites were sought by direct microscopic examination, Kinyoun staining method and ELISA for the detection of coproantigens (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp). Leukocyte count and chemical tests (Benedict, Thevenon and Sudan III) were also performed for the functional study of the diarrheal disease. Results: In 48.6% of the samples, the infectious etiology of diarrhea was detected, prevailing the parasitic cause (25.8%), followed by the bacterial (17.1%) and viral (5.8%) ones. The most common enteropathogens were G. lamblia (18.6%) and Salmonella enteritidis (10.0%). An association between greater than 100 fecal leukocytes per field and the bacterial etiology (p=0.027) was observed, while less than 10 fecal leukocytes per field (p=0.002) and a positive Sudam III test (p=0.003) were associated with the parasitic etiology. Conclusions: In more than half of the samples (51.4%) the infectious etiology of diarrhea could not be proven, whereas Giardia lamblia was the most frequent cause of diarrhea in the studied population. However, it is necessary to implement more sensitive and specific techniques for the detection of a greater range of enteropathogens with which to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease

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Rotaviruses are the main cause of infantile acute diarrhea, and a monovalent (G1P[8]) vaccine against the virus was introduced into the Brazilian National Immunization Program for all infants in March 2006. The objectives of this study were to determine the rate and genotype distribution of rotavirus causing infantile diarrhea in the Triângulo Mineiro region of Brazil during 2011-2012 and to assess the impact of local vaccination. Fecal specimens were analyzed for detection and characterization of rotavirus using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR-genotyping assays. Overall, rotavirus was diagnosed in 1.7% (6/348) of cases. Rotavirus positivity rates decreased 88% [95% confidence intervals (CI)=15.2, 98.3%; P=0.026] in 2011 and 78% (95%CI=30.6, 93.0%; P=0.007) in 2012 when compared with available data for baseline years (2005/2006) in Uberaba. In Uberlândia, reductions of 95.3% (95%CI=66.0, 99.4%; P=0.002) in 2011, and 94.2% (95%CI=56.4, 99.2%; P=0.004) in 2012 were also observed compared with data for 2008. The circulation of rotavirus G2P[4] strains decreased during the period under study, and strains related to the P[8] genotype reemerged in the region. This study showed a marked and sustained reduction of rotavirus-related cases, with a lack of rotavirus in the 2011 and 2012 seasons, suggesting a positive impact of the vaccination program.

Objective: To determine the type and frequency of predominant enteropathogens in acute diarrhea and their associated characteristics in children treated at Hospital Regional Lambayeque (HRL) - Peru. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 70 fecal samples between March and May 2015. These samples were studied by coproculture and immunochromatography for the detection of enteropathogenic bacteria and viruses, respectively, while enteroparasites were sought by direct microscopic examination, Kinyoun staining method and ELISA for the detection of coproantigens (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp). Leukocyte count and chemical tests (Benedict, Thevenon and Sudan III) were also performed for the functional study of the diarrheal disease. Results: In 48.6% of the samples, the infectious etiology of diarrhea was detected, prevailing the parasitic cause (25.8%), followed by the bacterial (17.1%) and viral (5.8%) ones. The most common enteropathogens were G. lamblia (18.6%) and Salmonella enteritidis (10.0%). An association between greater than 100 fecal leukocytes per field and the bacterial etiology (p=0.027) was observed, while less than 10 fecal leukocytes per field (p=0.002) and a positive Sudam III test (p=0.003) were associated with the parasitic etiology. Conclusions: In more than half of the samples (51.4%) the infectious etiology of diarrhea could not be proven, whereas Giardia lamblia was the most frequent cause of diarrhea in the studied population. However, it is necessary to implement more sensitive and specific techniques for the detection of a greater range of enteropathogens with which to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: la Cryptosporidium ocasiona diarrea aguda, acuosa, no sanguinolenta y que puede acompañarse de anorexia , náusea s o vómitos y dolor abdominal. Objetivo: determinar la presencia de Cryptosporidium como causa de diarreas en los pacientes pediátricos de 1 mes a 2 años, ingresados en el Hospital Provincial Pediátrico "Pepe Portilla" de Pinar del Río durante el periodo de enero-diciembre de 2010. Material y Métodos: se realizó una investigación aplicada y descriptiva, de corte transversal. Se empleó el método porcentual para cuantificar los resultados. Se realizó el examen de heces coloreadas por la técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada a 845 niños que conformaron el universo; la muestra la constituyeron 19 niños con heces positivos a Cryptosporidium. Resultados: el Cryptosporidium estuvo presente en el 2.3% (19) de los pacientes con diarrea aguda. Se reportaron más casos en los meses de julio y agosto, fueron más afectados el sexo masculino y los niños de 1-12 meses; la diarrea liquida fue la manifestación clínica que predominó. Unos 15 pacientes (79%) se alimentaban con lactancia artificial. No hervir el agua, la presencia de vectores y el hacinamiento, fueron los hábitos higiénicos deficientes encontrados en los hogares, más frecuentes en la zona urbana; el nivel de escolaridad de la persona a cargo del niño fue adecuado. Conclusiones. el Cryptosporidium forma parte de la etiología de las diarreas de los niños hospitalizados, las medidas preventivas aun son deficientes.Introduction: cryptosporidiosis provokes acute, aqueous, non-bloody diarrheas that can be accompanied by anorexia, nausea or vomits with abdominal pain. Objective: to determine the presence of Cryptosporidium as a cause of diarrheas in pediatric patients from 1 to 2 months old hospitalized at "Pepe Portilla" Pediatric Hospital, Pinar del Rio during January-December 2010. Material and Methods: an applied, descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out. Percentage method was used to quantify the results. Stained feces using modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique was applied to 845 infants that comprised the target group; the sample included 19 children with feces positive to Cryptosporidium. Results: cryptosporidium was present in 19 of the patients suffering from acute diarrhea (2.3%). The majority of the cases were reported on the months of July and August, male sex was the most affected as well as infants from 1-2 months old; aqueous diarrhea was the prevailing clinical manifestation. Fifteen (15) patients received bottle feeding. Not boiling the water, the presence of vectors and overcrowding conditions were the most deficient standards of hygiene found in these homes, most frequent in urban zones. The person taking care of infants showed an adequate educational level. Conclusions: cryptosporidium is part of the etiology of diarrheas in hospitalized infants, preventive measures are still insufficient.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de atualização em alimentação infantil na prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME), ocorrência de diarreia e de sintomas de morbidade respiratória. Ensaio de campo randomizado por conglomerados foi conduzido na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com vinte unidades básicas de saúde (UBS). Profissionais de saúde receberam informações sobre os Dez Passos da Alimentação Saudável para Crianças Menores de Dois Anos de Idade. Foram avaliadas 619 crianças com idade entre 6-9 meses. Observou-se maior duração do AME (p = 0,02) no grupo intervenção, porém sem significância na prevalência de diarreia e sintomas de morbidade respiratória. Análises complementares mostraram que a duração do AME foi maior no grupo de crianças sem ocorrência de diarreia (p = 0,001) e sem sintomas de morbidades respiratórias (p =0,03). Tais resultados sugerem que a estratégia de atualização não foi suficiente para interferir na ocorrência de morbidades, contudo foi eficaz em aumentar o tempo de AME.This study evaluated the impact of an infant feeding update program on exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea and respiratory illness in infants. A randomized cluster field study was conducted in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, with 20 healthcare centers. Health professionals received information on the Ten Steps to Healthy Feeding for Children up to Two Years of Age. We evaluated 619 infants 6-9 months of age. The results showed longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.02) in the intervention group but no significant differences in the incidence of diarrhea or respiratory symptoms. Complementary analyses showed that exclusive breastfeeding was longer in the group of children without the occurrence of diarrhea (p = 0.001) or respiratory symptoms (p = 0.03). The data suggest that the training was insufficient to affect incidence of illness, but that it was effective in extending exclusive breastfeeding.

Background/Aims: The objective of this study was to describe patients with chronic diarrhea and abnormal skin hyperpigmentation with distinct distribution. Methods: This is a retrospective review of children who presented with diarrhea and skin hyperpigmentation. The clinical presentation, laboratory investigations as well as endoscopic and histological data were reviewed. Results: Seven patients with chronic diarrhea had abnormal skin hyperpigmentation with distinct distribution and presented in the first two months of life. Six patients had other features such as abnormal hair and facial dysmorphism. Mental retardation was reported in one patient. Consanguinity was positive in six patients, and there was family history of consanguinity in four patients, with two patients being siblings. No significant immunodeficiency was reported. Intestinal biopsies were obtained in six patients and showed active chronic inflammation in three patients, partial villous atrophy in two patients, and eosinophilic infiltrate with mild villous atrophy in one patient. Colonic biopsies showed mild focal colitis in three patients and mild colitis with eosinophilic infiltrate in one patient. Skin biopsies showed a greater number of melanophagies with fibrosis of papillary derma in two patients but skin biopsy was normal in one patient. The hair of two patients was analyzed by electron microscopy, which showed an abnormal pattern with decreased pigmentation and diameter; however, its chemical analysis was normal. Two other patients had trichorrhexis nodosa, but no abnormalities were seen in one patient. Chromosomal number was normal in three patients. One patient died because of sepsis, and only one patient was dependent on total parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: We believe that this association might represent a new syndrome with an autosomal recessive inheritance that warrants further studies.

Escherichia coli enteropatógena (EPEC) es una de las principales causas de diarrea en niños menores de dos años en países en vías de desarrollo. La principal característica histopatológica de la infección es una lesión que induce la EPEC en el intestino conocida como la lesión A/E (adherencia y eliminación). Las bacterias se adhieren a los enterocitos y permiten la acumulación de la actina del citoesqueleto en la región apical de la célula, hasta formar una estructura de tipo "pedestal" y causar la eliminación de las microvellosidades intestinales. A pesar de que se conoce de modo detallado el proceso de formación de los pedestales de actina, aún no se ha esclarecido el mecanismo global de la diarrea que induce EPEC. La diarrea se ha vinculado con: a) la destrucción de las microvellosidades del enterocito, b) la salida masiva de iones hacia la luz intestinal y c) la secreción de alguna enterotoxina. En estudios realizados en países en vías de desarrollo se ha demostrado que EPEC es uno de los principales agentes participantes en la diarrea infantil, con elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. El diagnóstico microbiológico de la infección se realiza con metodologías adicionales a las utilizadas con regularidad en el laboratorio de microbiología clínica, entre ellas las siguientes: a) serotipificación, b) ensayo de adherencia, c) prueba de FAS (tinción fluorescente para actina) y d) detección específica de genes que codifican a proteínas incluidas en la patogénesis, como el bfpA y eae. Un objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar los avances observados en la patogénesis molecular de la infección por EPEC, las metodologías para el diagnóstico microbiológico y la epidemiología en México y otros países en vías de desarrollo.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea in infants less than two years of age in developing countries. To induce diarrhea EPEC uses several virulence factors acting on a still unknown and mysterious mechanism. The hallmark of EPEC infection is a histological intestinal alteration known as the attaching and effacing (A/E) lesion. The bacterium attaches intimately to the enterocyte and induces assembly of cytoskeleton intracellular actin on the cellular surface. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton form a pedestal-like structure where bacterium tightly cups the cells, leading to degeneration of brush border microvilli. Although the mechanism of EPEC-induced pedestal formation has been dissected in detail, the overall mechanism of diarrhea is still obscure. It is believed that EPEC-mediated secretory diarrhea is related to a) intestinal microvilli effacement, b) massive loss of intracellular ions into the intestinal milieu and c) secretion of an EPEC enterotoxin. Epidemiological studies conducted in developing countries have shown that EPEC is one of the main bacteria frequently isolated from children with diarrhea, causing high morbidity and mortality rates. The microbiological diagnosis of EPEC-induced disease is performed with analytic methodologies different from those used by the standard microbiology laboratory, the most relevant being: a) serotypification, b) the adherence assay, c) FAS test, and d) the specific detection of virulence-involved genes (bfpA and eae genes) using molecular biology techniques. The purpose of this review is to update the most recent findings regarding the molecular pathogenesis of EPEC, its epidemiology in Mexico as well as other developing countries, and also the developed methodology for the diagnosis of EPEC infection.

Introduction Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare lipid storage disease characterized by infantile onset diarrhea, cataract, tendon xanthomas, and progressive neurologic dysfunction. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is exceptionally rare in Indian population with only few case reports till now. Case report An 18-year-old male presented to orthopedic outpatients clinic with complaints of insidious onset swelling of both achilles over last 3 years, with history of learning and visual difficulties. On examination, there were firm nontender swellings along the course of both tendoachillis. Plantar response was extensor and Romberg test was positive with eyes closed. Cranial MRI showed diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy. Family history showed history of diarrhea, mental retardation, and visual difficulties in his two younger siblings. They were also called upon and evaluated clinically. All three were diagnosed as having cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis based on clinical and radiological features. Conclusion Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a progressive and preventable disorder and it benefits from therapy, so early diagnosis is mandatory to prevent significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar si una solución de hidratación oral a base de harina de plátano precocida con electrolitos, además de ser efectiva para tratar la deshidratación, tiene propiedades antidiarreicas. Material y métodos. Se incluyeron 101 niños con edades entre 1 y 41 meses con diarrea de menos de una semana y deshidratación leve, y sin complicaciones asociadas. El grupo 1 (54 niños) recibió sales de rehidratación oral de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (SRO/OMS); el grupo 2 (47 niños) recibió solución con concentraciones de electrolitos similares pero que, en lugar de la glucosa, contiene 50 g de harina de plátano precocida (sales de rehidratación oral/plátano (SRO/plátano). Resultados. Se hidrató con éxito el 94,4% de los niños en el grupo SRO/OMS, y el 91,5% (p=0,70) del grupo SRO/plátano. El tiempo necesario para lograr la hidratación fue de 5,8 horas (DE=±3,0) en el grupo SRO/OMS y de 6,2 horas (DE:±3,7) en el grupo SRO/plátano (p=0,31). El gasto fecal hasta alcanzar la hidratación en el grupo SRO/OMS fue de 7,5 g/kg por hora (DE=±7,6), y en el grupo SRO/plátano de 7,05 g/kg por hora (DE=±9,4) (p=0,78). No hubo diferencia significativa en el sodio plasmático. El período de observación para el grupo SRO/OMS fue de 22,3 horas (DE=±5,3), y de 22,7 horas (DE=±4,7) para el grupo SRO/plátano. El gasto fecal durante el período de observación fue de 5,7 g/kg por hora (DE=±4,7) para el grupo SRO/OMS y de 6,3 g/kg por hora (DE=±7,9) para el grupo SRO/plátano (p=0,67). La proporción de niños que necesitaron líquidos endovenosos durante las primeras veinticuatro horas fue de 11,1% en el grupo SRO/OMS y de 8,5% en el grupo SRO/plátano (RR=1,31; C 95%: 0,39 a 4,35). Conclusiones. La solución a base de harina de plátano es efectiva y segura para corregir la deshidratación. No se pudo demostrar en este estudio el efecto antidiarreico de la solución a base de harina de plátano.

Introducción : la osmolaridad elevada de los líquidos que se administran a los niños con diarrea puede en algunos casos aumentar el volumen de ésta. Con frecuencia se recomienda utilizar productos de leche fermentada para la alimentación de los niños durante la enfermedad diarreica. Sin embargo, estos productos pueden tener alta osmolaridad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la osmolaridad de algunos de estos productos así como de fórmulas lácteas y leches. Materiales y métodos : se determinó la osmolaridad de algunos kumis, yogures, fórmulas infantiles y preparaciones basadas en leche pasterizada. Resultados: la osmolaridad promedio de 9 muestras de yogures industriales con frutas y azúcar fue 741 mOsm/L (DE 97.5); la de 8 muestras de yogures “dietéticos”, 391 mOsm/L (DE 26.4); la de 4 muestras de kumis con azúcar, 658 mOsm/L (DE 69.9); la de 3 muestras de leches “deslactosadas”, 352 mOsm/L (DE 62.6); y la de 4 muestras de leches pasteurizadas, 262 mOsm/L (DE 6.3). Discusión: en Colombia no ha existido una cultura de utilización de bebidas lácteas fermentadas de preparación casera. Se dispone de yogures y kumis comerciales azucarados, con frutas, cuyo costo es relativamente elevado y que tienen alta osmolaridad. Es pertinente analizar si sus efectos benéficos superan a los dañinos. Introduction: high osmolarity of the fluids administered during diarrhea can, in some cases, increase its volume. The use of fermented milk products for feeding children during diarrheal illness is frequently recommended. The objective of this study was to determine the osmolarity of some of these products, infant formulas and milks. Materials and methods : the osmolarity of some kumis, yogurts, infantile formulas and milk, was determined. Results: average osmolarity of 9 samples of industrial yogurts with fruits and sugar was 741 mOsm/L (SD 97.5); of 8 samples of light yogurts, 391 mOsm/L (SD 26.4); of 4 kumis samples with sugar, 658 mOsm/L (SD 69.9); of 3 samples of milk without lactose, 352 mOsm/L (DS 62.6); and of 4 samples of pasteurized milk, 262 mOsm/L (DS 6.3). Samples of infantile formulas and preparations based on pasteurized milk were also analyzed. Discussion : in Colombia does not exist a culture of using fermented homemade lactic beverages. Commercial yogurts and kumis, with fruits and sugar, are available at relatively high cost and they have high osmolarity. It should be analyzed if their beneficial effects overcome the harmful ones produced by their high osmolarity.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre determinantes sócio-econômico-demográficos e biológicos e hospitalização por diarréia aguda (DA) em menores de dois anos. Utilizou-se estudo tipo caso-controle de base hospitalar no período de maio a outubro de 1997, em hospital pediátrico de nível terciário em Recife, Pernambuco. Os casos (n = 185) foram crianças internadas por DA e os controles (n = 185) foram crianças com doenças ambulatoriais, exceto diarréia, que tinham apresentado a doença nos últimos 15 dias, atendidas no mesmo local e período. Utilizaram-se os programas Epi Info e Stata para a análise dos dados. Foram calculados o odds ratio e os intervalos de confiança de 95% por meio da técnica de regressão logística múltipla, para o controle dos fatores de confusão, considerando um modelo hierarquizado dos fatores de risco. A investigação mediante o modelo proposto mostrou existência de associação entre internamento por DA e piso de terra ou tábua, paridade das mães igual a cinco ou mais filhos, criança menor de seis meses e gravidade dos episódios, que depende da interação entre condições sócio-econômicas desfavoráveis, baixa idade das crianças e episódio diarréico grave.The aim of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic, demographic, and biological determinants of hospitalization due to acute diarrhea (AD) in children under two years old. The hospital-based, case-control study was conducted from May to October 1997 in a pediatric hospital in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Cases (n = 185) were children hospitalized due to AD, and controls (n = 185) were children with various diseases (except AD) presenting in the previous 15 days in the same area and time period. Data analysis used the Epi Info and Stata software. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by multiple logistic regression to control confounding factors, considering a hierarchical risk factor model. Investigation using the proposed model showed an association between hospitalization due to AD and packed earth or plank floors in the house, greater multiparity, age of child under six months, and severity of bouts of diarrhea, which depended on the interaction between unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, younger age of the child, and severity of the diarrhea.

Se realizó un estudio clínico controlado para comparar la efectividad de un suero de baja osmolaridad (SBO) (245 mOsm/L), en relación con la solución de hidratación oral estándar recomendada por la OMS (SHO/OMS). El grupo 1 (69 niños) recibió el suero de hidratación oral, SHO/90 (311 mOsml/L) y el grupo 2 (71 niños) el suero de baja osmolaridad, SBO/75 (245 mOsm/L). La hidratación se consiguió con éxito en 88,4% en el grupo 1 y en 92,9% en el grupo 2 (p=0,35). El tiempo de hidratación fue 5,2 horas (DE=1,8) en el grupo 1 y 5,5 (DE=1,7) en grupo 2 (p=0,31). El gasto fecal fue 6,3 g/kg/hora (DE=5,0) en el grupo 1 y 5,6 g/kg/hora (DE=5,1) en el grupo 2 (p=0,94). El sodio al final de la hidratación fue 139,3 mEq/L (DE=7,1) en el grupo 1 y 136,7 mEq/L (DE=4,3) en el grupo 2 (p=0,014). El período de observación fue de 21 horas (DE=5,7) en el grupo 1 y de 22 horas (DE=5,6) en el grupo 2. El gasto fecal en el grupo 1 fue 5,2 g/kg/hora (DE=4,1) y 4,2 g/kg/hora (DE=4,1) en el grupo 2 (p=0,16). Necesitaron líquidos endovenosos 23,1% en el grupo 1 y 9,8% en el grupo 2 ( p=0,033). La solución de baja osmolaridad tiene la ventaja de disminuir la necesidad de utilizar líquidos endovenosos, corrige la mayor parte de los trastornos del sodio plasmático en niños deshidratados y no produce riesgo de desarrollo de hiponatremia.

Objetivo. Comparar la gravedad de la diarrea por rotavirus (RV) y por no rotavirus. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal en 520 lactantes con diarrea aguda, efectuado entre octubre de 1994 y marzo de 1995 en siete centros del primer nivel de atención en cinco estados de México. El diagnóstico de RV se realizó con ensayo inmunoenzimático o por electroforesis. El análisis se hizo a través de medidas de tendencia central. Los resultados se presentan como promedio y desviación estándar o mediana o variación. Resultados. Se aisló RV en 264 lactantes (50.7%) con predominio en varones de 6 meses a un año. Las manifestaciones clínicas fueron significativamente diferentes entre el grupo rotavirus positivo y el grupo rotavirus negativo en mediana de evacuaciones por 24 horas, frecuencia de vómitos, temperatura > 38° C, deshidratación y calificación de gravedad, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Estos resultados mostraron peor pronóstico por mayor gravedad de la diarrea por RV en lactantes, con relación a otra etiología. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.htmlObjective. To compare the severity of rotavirus diarrhea (RV) and non-rotavirus diarrhea. Material and Methods. Between October 1994 and March 1995, a cross-sectional study was performed in 520 infants with acute diarrhea, at seven primary care level centers in five states of Mexico. Diagnosis of RV was done through immunoenzymatic assay or electrophoresis. Central tendency measures were used for data analysis. Results were presented as means and standard deviations, or median and variation. Results. RV was isolated from 264 children; most of them were males aged 6 months to 1 year. Differences in clinical manifestations were statistically significant between the rotavirus-positive group and the rotavirus-negative group, in the following variables: median number of stools/24 hours; frequency of vomiting; temperature > 38°C; dehydration; and clinical severity scoring. Conclusions. These results showed a poorer prognosis and a higher severity of rotavirus diarrhea, as compared to non-rotavirus diarrhea in infants. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

OBJETIVO: conhecer as concepções maternas sobre a diarréia infantil, estimulando a reflexão sobre a importância da comunicação entre as mães e os serviços de saúde. MÉTODOS: inquérito realizado em áreas selecionadas, localizadas em seis municípios de Pernambuco, participantes do projeto de implementação das ações de controle da diarréia, coordenado pela Secretaria Estadual de Saúde. As informações foram obtidas através de entrevistas com 770 mães, perfazendo uma amostra representativa de 1.026 crianças menores de cinco anos. RESULTADOS: as mães, em geral, relacionam a ocorrência da diarréia com os alimentos (gordurosos, mal cozidos). Aquelas com maior escolaridade, independentemente do local de residência, valorizam as condições higiênicas e sanitárias; as analfabetas e com menor escolaridade, na Região Metropolitana do Recife, as condições "quentes" e, no interior, a dentição. Cerca de 24,2% (63,4% residentes no interior) não sabem como evitar a doença. As duas medidas preventivas mais citadas são ingerir água tratada e cozinhar bem os alimentos; apenas 0,5% mencionam a amamentação. O número de filhos vivos e a idade da criança influenciam as concepções maternas. As principais fontes de informação sobre a prevenção da diarréia são a rede de apoio (45,5%), o setor saúde (35,9%) e os meios de comunicação (33,2%). CONCLUSÕES: a pequena participação do setor saúde na rede de informação sobre a diarréia, a desinformação e o profundo desacordo entre muitas das concepções maternas e os conhecimentos técnicos que fundamentam as práticas institucionais evidenciam que, na atenção à criança, é fundamental valorizar a dimensão comunicativa do trabalho educativo.OBJECTIVE: to understand maternal conceptions of infantile diarrhea, encouraging reflection on the importance of communication between mothers and health services. METHODS: survey carried out in selected areas of six towns in the state of Pernambuco, all of which participated in the diarrhea control project coordinated by the State Health Secretariat. The information was obtained through interviews with 770 mothers, producing a representative sample of 1,026 children younger than five years. RESULTS: in general, mothers associated the occurrence of diarrhea with some kinds of food (fatty or undercooked). Better educated mothers, regardless of their place of residence, attributed it to improper hygiene and sanitation, whereas illiterate and poorly educated mothers, from the metropolitan region of Recife, blamed it on hot weather, and those living in the countryside believe the occurrence of diarrhea is related to teething. Circa 24.2% (63.4% living in the countryside) do not know how to prevent the disease. The two preventive measures most frequently adopted consist in drinking treated water and cooking food thoroughly. Only 0.5% mentioned breast-feeding. The number of children still alive and their ages influence maternal conceptions. The main sources of information about the prevention of diarrhea are the support network (45.5%), the health sector (35.9%) and the media (33.2%). CONCLUSIONS: the insufficient participation of the health sector in the information network about diarrhea, misinformation, and sharp disagreement over maternal conceptions and technical knowledge, which are the cornerstone of institutional measures, show that it is necessary to value the communicative dimension of the educational approach in child care.

OBJETIVO: avaliar os conhecimentos de mães sobre a terapia de reidratação oral e determinar a concentração de sódio em soluções sal-açúcar preparadas pelas mães entrevistadas. MÉTODOS: estudo de corte transversal, com famílias de baixo nível socioeconômico, moradores na periferia da cidade de Natal, RN. Foram visitados 136 domicílios onde residiam crianças abaixo de 5 anos. Por entrevista, as mães forneceram informações sobre a indicação, o modo de administração e a forma de preparo da solução sal-açúcar. A concentração de sódio foi determinada em 100 soluções preparadas pelas mães entrevistadas. RESULTADOS: apenas 9,0% das mães informaram adequadamente sobre a indicação da solução e 21,0% sobre a forma correta de administração. Os percentuais de erros sobre o conhecimento quanto à medição dos ingredientes foram: 2,5% para o sal, 22,2% para a água e 43,2% para o açúcar, considerando as respostas das 81 mães que mencionaram as quantidades com base na colher plástica dupla. Metade das soluções analisadas, independentemente do tipo de medida utilizada no seu preparo, apresentou concentração de sódio dentro dos limites de segurança (30 mmol/l a 100 mmol/l). As soluções consideradas perigosas (> 100 mmol/l) e ineficazes (< 30 mmol/l) atingiram percentuais de 47,0% e 3,0%, respectivamente. Das 69 soluções preparadas com a colher plástica dupla, 63,8% foram adequadas quanto ao teor de sódio, enquanto que 19,3% das 31 preparadas com outros tipos de medidas encontravam-se dentro dos limites aceitáveis para a concentração de sódio (p=0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: os conhecimentos das mães sobre terapia de reidratação oral foram insuficientes, e a concentração de sódio das soluções sal-açúcar com freqüência estiveram fora dos limites de segurança, particularmente para aquelas que não utilizaram a colher plástica dupla durante o preparo da amostra de soro solicitada. Esses resultados devem ser considerados em futuros programas educacionais sobre a terapia de reidratação oral.OBJECTIVE: to evaluate mothers' knowledge about oral rehydration therapy and to determine the concentration of sodium in sugar salt solutions prepared by the interviewed mothers. METHODS: cross-sectional study of low-income families from the suburbs of Natal, a city in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. One hundred and thirty six households with children younger than 5 years were visited. The information on when to use the solution, how to administrate it and how to prepare it was provided by the interviewed mothers. The concentration of sodium was determined in 100 solutions prepared by those mothers. RESULTS: only 9.0% of mothers had appropriate knowledge about when to use the solution and 21.0% knew how to administer it correctly. The error rates regarding the measurement of ingredients were: 2.5% for salt, 22.2% for water and 43.2% for sugar, according to the answers given by 81 mothers, who used a double-ended spoon made of plastic to measure quantities. In fifty percent of the analyzed samples, sodium was within safe limits (30 mmol/l to 100 mmol/l). Those considered dangerous (> 100 mmol/l) or inefficient solutions (< 30 mmol/l) reached the percentage of 47.0% and 3.0%, respectively. Out of the 69 solutions prepared with the double-ended spoon, 63.8% were found appropriate in terms of sodium concentration, while only 19.3% of the 31 solutions prepared using other measuring utensils were within acceptable limits (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION: Mothers' knowledge about oral rehydration therapy was considered poor. Moreover, the concentration of sodium in sugar salt solutions seldom remains within safe limits, particularly those solutions in which the double-ended spoon was not used for preparation. These conclusions should be considered in future educational programs on oral rehydration.

INTRODUCTION: Recent estimates suggest that malnutrition (measured as poor anthropometric status) is associated with about 50% of all deaths among children. Although the association between malnutrition and all-cause mortality is well documented, the malnutrition-related risk of death associated with specific diseases is less well described. We reviewed published literature to examine the evidence for a relation between malnutrition and child mortality from diarrhoea, acute respiratory illness, malaria and measles, conditions that account for over 50% of deaths in children worldwide. METHODS:MEDLINE was searched for suitable review articles and original reports of community-based and hospital-based studies. Findings from cohort studies and case-control studies were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS: The strongest and most consistent relation between malnutrition and an increased risk of death was observed for diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. The evidence, although limited, also suggests a potentially increased risk for death from malaria. A less consistent association was observed between nutritional status and death from measles. Although some hospital-based studies and case-control studies reported an increased risk of mortality from measles, few community-based studies reported any association. DISCUSSION: The risk of malnutrition-related mortality seems to vary for different diseases. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of nutritional intervention programmes and child survival programmes being implemented in settings with different disease profiles.

Diarrheal disease is still the most prevalent and important public health problem in developing countries, despite advances in knowledge, understanding, and management that have occurred over recent years. Diarrhea is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. The impact of diarrheal diseases is more severe in the earliest periods of life, when taking into account both the numbers of episodes per year and hospital admission rates. This narrative review focuses on one of the major driving forces that attack the host, namely the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and the consequences that generate malnutrition in an early phase of life. EPEC serotypes form dense microcolonies on the surface of tissue-culture cells in a pattern known as localized adherence (LA). When EPEC strains adhere to epithelial cells in vitro or in vivo they cause characteristic changes known as Attaching and Effacement (A/E) lesions. Surface abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa shown by scanning electron microscopy in infants with persistent diarrhea, although non-specific, are intense enough to justify the severity of the clinical aspects displayed in a very young phase in life. Decrease in number and height of microvilli, blunting of borders of enterocytes, loss of the glycocalyx, shortening of villi and presence of a mucus pseudomembrane coating the mucosal surface were the abnormalities observed in the majority of patients. These ultrastructural derangements may be due to an association of the enteric enteropathogenic agent that triggers the diarrheic process and the onset of food intolerance responsible for perpetuation of diarrhea. An aggressive therapeutic approach based on appropriate nutritional support, especially the utilization of human milk and/or lactose-free protein hydrolyzate-based formulas and the adequate correction of the fecal losses, is required to allow complete recovery from the damage caused by this devastating enteropathogenic agent.

Objetivo. Identificar alimentos locales con aceptabilidad cultural para nutrir a niños con diarrea aguda y probar su aceptación e impacto sobre el peso corporal en niños enfermos. Material y métodos. Se entrevistó a 142 madres de niños menores de cinco años en comunidades rurales, para conformar dietas culturalmente aceptables mediante sorteo de grupos, desplegado en un diagrama multidimensional. Se hizo un ensayo sobre el curso clíniño de 54 niños de 4-50 meses de edad cursando las primeras 48 horas de un episodio diarreico, quienes recibieron las dietas desarrolladas. Resultados. Se diseñaron dietas de acuerdo con la edad del niño y con el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. En las 47.6 ± 22.2 horas que permanecieron hospitalizados, los niños consumieron 44.8 ± 28.6 kcal/kg/día (además de la leche materna) y ganaron 70.6 ± 179.7 g. Hubo una relación directa entre mayor edad y mayor consumo calórico, y entre éste y mayor ganancia de peso. Conclusiones. Los niños mostraron buena aceptabilidad a las dietas ofrecidas, de tal manera que se evitó la pérdida de peso.Objective. To identify locally available and culturally acceptable foods for children with acute diarrhea, and test their acceptance and effect on the childís weight. Material and methods. 142 mothers of children younger than five years of age living in rural communities were interviewed to indentify culturally accepted diets by means of group sorting. These were displayed in a multidimensional scale. A descriptive study was performed of the clinical course of 54 children, ages 4 to 50 months who received the designed diets during the first 48 hours of diarrhea. Results. The designed diets considered age of the child, and stage of the disease. Children spent 47.6 ± 22.2 h in the hospital during which they consumed 44.8 ± 28.6 kcal/kg/day (additional to breast milk) and they gained 70.6 ± 179.7 g. A direct relationship was observed between increasing age and larger caloric intake, and between this and greater weight gain. Conclusion. Children showed good acceptance of diets. Caloric intake was enough to prevent weight loss.

rotavirus infections are one of the etiological agents of infantile and children,s gastroenteritis.in this study 450 fecal samples from children under 2 years old from cities of Tehran nad Zahedan were collected.of these specimens.73 samples which were cosidered as moderately positive(++) by ELISA were selected.SDS-PAGE analysis showed fifty six different rotavirus electrophoretypes from which eight and forth eight patterns belonged to Zahedan and Tehran samples respectively.basically,from eight patterns of Zahedan samples,five(71.5%) were related to L and two (28.5%) to S rotavirus group A which includes seven different electrophoretypes.from forty eight patterns of Tehran samples,thirth six belonged to L series with twenty six defferent electrophoretypes (76.5) and twelve to S types with eight different electrophoretypes (23.5%).in addition, a mixed S and L electrophoretype and two abnormal genom of rotavirus with the pattern of 2&3&3&4 were identified.different electrophoretype of rotaviruses in Tehran and Zahedan showed a high diversity in comparison with electrophoretic patterns from other countries.

Os estudos epidemiológicos de doenças que acometem as crianças geralmente envolvem grande número de variáveis. As associações entre potenciais fatores de risco e doença freqüentemente são avaliadas através de modelagem estatística sem descrição das estratégias empregadas. No estudo realizado apresenta-se uma abordagem hierarquizada aplicada à avaliação de fatores de risco para diarréia grave. As variáveis foram hierarquicamente agrupadas em características socioeconômicas, ambientais, reprodutivas maternas, nutricionais e demográficas. Na análise univariada todas as variáveis associaram-se com diarréia grave. Em cada bloco selecionaram-se fatores de confusão através de um algoritmo, utilizando-se o processo retrógado de seleção, através do módulo em passos, segundo um p=0,10. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados através de regressão logística após o ajuste para fatores de confusão de cada conjunto e para aqueles hierarquicamente superiores. As variáveis incluídas no modelo permitiram identificar corretamente uma proporção elevada de casos (gamma=0,74) e todos os blocos contribuíram significativamente para a modelagem.In epidemiological investigations of infant diseases, data are usually collected on a large set of variables. The associations between presumptive risk factors and the outcome is commonly evaluated through statistical modeling, but the model-building strategies are seldom described. In the project, data collected in a case-control study of risk factors for dehydrating diarrhea in infants have been used to present a hierarchized approach to the assessment of risk factors. The variables were grouped into a hierarchy of categories, ranging from distal determinants to proximate ones. These categories included, in this order, socioeconomic, environmental, reproductive maternal, nutritional and demographic sets. According to the univariate analyses all variables were associated with the outcome. As the purpose was to identify a parsimonious model to explain the data, in each set the confounders were selected through backward elimination, according to an alpha level of 0.10. The risk factors were evaluated through logistic regression after adjustment for confounders in the same set or in hierarchically superior sets. This approach allows researchers to quantify the contribution of each level of adjustment, to understand the model-building strategy as well as interpret the independent associations. The goodness-of-fit assessed at each set showed significant improvements in the model. The gamma coefficient of association was employed to quantify the proportion of cases and controls correctly identified by comparing the observed value with that predicted by the variables in the model. The final model resulted in a gamma of 0.74. The children's ages did not improve the prediction of cases and controls, but they have been kept in the model as they affect some exposures such as breastfeeding.

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Objective To measure level and variation of healthcare quality provided by different types of healthcare facilities in Ghana and Kenya and which factors (including levels of government engagement with small private providers) are associated with improved quality. Design Provider knowledge was assessed through responses to clinical vignettes. Associations between performance on vignettes and facility characteristics, provider characteristics and self-reported interaction with government were examined using descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions. Setting Survey of 300 healthcare facilities each in Ghana and Kenya including hospitals, clinics, nursing homes, pharmacies and chemical shops. Private facilities were oversampled. Participants Person who generally saw the most patients at each facility. Main Outcome Measure(s) Percent of items answered correctly, measured against clinical practice guidelines and World Health Organization's protocol. Results Overall, average quality was low. Over 90% of facilities performed less than half of necessary items. Incorrect antibiotic use was frequent. Some evidence of positive association between government stewardship and quality among clinics, with the greatest effect (7% points increase, P = 0.03) for clinics reporting interactions with government across all six stewardship elements. No analogous association was found for pharmacies. No significant effect for any of the stewardship elements individually, nor according to type of engagement. Conclusions Government stewardship appears to have some cumulative association with quality for clinics, suggesting that comprehensive engagement with providers may influence quality. However, our research indicates that continued medical education (CME) by itself is not associated with improved care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This case describes the story of a virtual patient called Ana-Lena Olofsson, a 15-month-old girl with a history of loose stools and failure to thrive. As the case progresses, learners are able to determine a provisional diagnosis based on the history and examination findings. Learners have to decide on some initial investigations and interpret the results appropriately. By proceeding to specialist investigations, learners are able to confirm the diagnosis and then formulate a management plan. This virtual patient case has been repurposed as part of the Electronic Virtual Patient (e-ViP) program. e-ViP aims to create a bank of repurposed and enriched virtual patients available under a Creative Commons license. All e-ViP virtual patients have been repurposed using MedBiquitous Virtual Patient Technical Standards.

Of 126 infants under 2 years, enrolled in a study on the etiology of acute diarrhea in Recife, Brazil, we selected 37 from whom no recognized enteropathogens, except classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, were identified. For comparison, we also examined 37 matched-control infants without diarrhea seen at the same hospital setting. This paper had the purpose to determine the prevalence of localized, diffuse, and aggregative-adhering E. coli strains in both groups. Three to five fecal E. coli colonies, of each case and control, were tested individually for adherence to HeLa cells by using the one step 3-h incubation assay. Strains of E. coli showing localized adherence were found significantly more often in patients (37.8%) than in controls (13.5%), p < 0.02, and they were pratically confined to EPEC serovars 055:H-, 0111:H2, and 119:H6. In contrast, E. coli isolates exhibiting the diffuse or aggregative patterns of adherence were restricted to non-EPEC serogroups and were more frequently encountred among controls.