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Around 7% of the male population in the world are entangle with considerable situation which is known as male infertility. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) is the application of low-level laser radiation, that recently used to increase or promote the various cell functions including, proliferation, differentiation, ATP production, gene expressions, regulation of reactive oxygen spices (ROS), and also boost the tissue healing and reduction of inflammation. This systematic review's main idea is a comprehensive appraisal of the literatures on subjects of PBMT consequences in four light ranges wavelength (blue, green, red, near-infrared (NIR)) on sperm cell characteristics, in vitro and in vivo. In this study, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were used for abstracts and full-text scientific papers published from 2003-2023 that reported the application of PBM on sperm cells. Criteria's for inclusion and exclusion to review were applied. Finally, the studies that matched with our goals were included, classified, and reported in detail. Also, searched studies were subdivided into the effects of four ranges of light irradiation, including the blue light range (400-500 nm), green light range (500-600 nm), red light range (600-780 nm), and NIR light range (780-3000 nm) of laser irradiation on human or animal sperm cells, in situations of in vitro or in vivo. Searches with our keywords results in 137 papers. After primary analysis, some articles were excluded because they were review articles or incomplete and unrelated studies. Finally, we use the 63 articles for this systematic review. Our category tables were based on the light range of irradiation, source of sperm cells (human or animal cells) and being in vitro or in vivo. Six% of publications reported the effects of blue, 10% green, 53% red and 31% NIR, light on sperm cell. In general, most of these studies showed that PBMT exerted a positive effect on the sperm cell motility. The various effects of PBMT in different wavelength ranges, as mentioned in this review, provide more insights for its potential applications in improving sperm characteristics. PBMT as a treatment method has significant effectiveness for treatment of different medical problems. Due to the lack of reporting data in this field, there is a need for future studies to assessment the biochemical and molecular effects of PBMT on sperm cells for the possible application of this treatment to the human sperm cells before the ART process., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Society for Reproductive Investigation.)

About 50% of infertility is caused by men. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of photobiomodulation on spermatogenesis in a busulfan-induced infertile mouse as a testicular degeneration treatment. Thirty-two adult NMRI male mice were divided into 4 groups: control, busulfan, PBMT 0.03 J/cm 2 , and laser 0.2 J/cm 2 . In the study, azoospermia was induced by busulfan as a testicular degeneration, and then, they were treated using photobiomodulation therapy at 0.03 J/cm2 and 0.2 J/cm 2 energy densities. Sperm parameters, stereological analysis, serum testosterone levels, together with SDH activity, MDA production oxidized as a marker for lipid peroxidation, glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane permeability (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ATP production as well as TUNEL assay were assessed. Photobiomodulation therapy with 0.03 J/cm 2 energy densities group revealed a significant increase the testosterone hormone level and spermatogenic cells with the reduction of apoptotic cells and marked increase in GSH, ATP, and SDH levels and decrease the levels of MDA and ROS production in the busulfan-induced mice when compared with the control and sham groups. In conclusion, the photobiomodulation therapy (0.03 J/cm 2 energy density) may provide benefits on the spermatogenesis following busulfan injection and might be an alternative treatment to the patients with oligospermia and azoospermia in a dose-dependent manner., (© 2021. Society for Reproductive Investigation.)

Male infertility is a worldwide critical condition that affects about the 7.5% of males in Europe leading to an increment of the couples referring to reproductive medicine units to achieve pregnancy. Moreover, in the recent years, an increased number of patients have required to freeze their gametes in order to preserve their fertility. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy is a potential treatment that has been used for different clinical application basically aimed at biostimulating cells and tissues. Here, we report a deep overview of the published studies, focusing on PBM mechanism of action, with the aim of expanding the knowledge in the field of laser light for a rational utilization of irradiation in the clinical practice. In the field of reproductive science, PBM was employed to increment spermatozoa's metabolism, motility, and viability, due to its beneficial action on mitochondria, leading to an activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and to the ATP production. This treatment can be particularly useful to avoid the use of chemicals in the spermatozoa culture medium as well as to promote the spermatozoa survival and movement especially after thawing or in largely immotile sperm samples.

Male infertility is a multifactorial syndrome associated with a wide range of pathological conditions affecting both the sexual and other body systems: endocrine, nervous, blood, and immune. Laser therapy is a form of modern physiotherapy that applies low-intensity laser irradiation (LILI) in various parts of the body. It is widely used in all areas of modern medicine due to its high efficiency, ease of use, the absence of contraindications and side effects. The authors reviewed the results of 171 studies investigating laser therapy, of which 93 were experimental (20 in Russian and 73 international publications), four clinical and experimental (all in Russian), 74 clinical (73 in Russian and 1 in English).Along with domestic literature, publications in Russian from Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine were also reviewed. The review suggests that laser therapy should be used as much as possible in the management of male infertility not just due to high effectiveness, but also because of the lack of alternatives. For local application, optimal laser irradiation regimens are pulsed LILI of red (635 nm) and infrared (904 nm) spectra. For intravenous laser blood irradiation, the authors recommend alternating a continuous LILI with a wavelength of 635 nm (red spectrum) and 365 nm (ultraviolet spectrum).

Male infertility is associated with a wide range of pathological conditions affecting both the sexual and other body systems: endocrine, nervous, blood, and immune. Laser therapy is a form of modern physiotherapy that applies low-intensity laser radiation in various parts of the body. It is widely used in all areas of modern medicine due to its high efficiency, ease of use, the absence of contraindications and side effects. The authors reviewed the results of 171 studies investigating laser therapy, of which 93 were experimental (20 in Russian and 73 international publications), 4 clinical and experimental (all in Russian), 74 clinical (73 in Russian and 1in English). Along with domestic literature, publications in Russian from Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine were studied. The article analyzes the experimental studies, somehow related to the problem of infertility and its treatment using low-intensity lasers. The analysis findings suggest that there are all prerequisites to develop a laser therapy as an effective modality for treating infertile men.

This study presents an experience of application of follicle-stimulating drug in the treatment of men with normogonadotropic infertility. Patients of the study group have received standard treatment, including multivitamins, and additionally received follitropin-alpha (Gonal-f). They also underwent ultraviolet blood irradiation. Patients of comparison group were treated according to a standard scheme. All men underwent standard clinical and laboratory examination. The therapy consisting of follitropin alpha and ultraviolet blood irradiation in patients with infertility normalizes the function of endocrine glands, as indicated by an increase of testosterone levels, and decrease of prolactin and FSH levels. Moreover, there is a marked stimulation of spermatogenesis, as evidenced by a significant increase in the number of active sperm. The results of this study allow to recommend follitropin-alpha (Gonal-f) and ultraviolet blood irradiation for the correction of normogonadotropic treatment in men.

The trial included 144 patients aged from 24 to 46 years with secretory infertility in the presence of chronic prostatitis of 2 to 13 year duration. The study group consisted of 96 patients who received conventional treatment in combination with physical factors provided by the unit APK-ELM-01 Andro-Gin. The control group consisted of 48 patients on conventional treatment alone. The results were processed mathematically and statistically. The patients were examined before, 2 weeks, 1 and 6 months after the treatment. Positive response was greater in the study group: better parameters of prostatic secretion, spermogram. Normalization of all the parameters occurred in 95 and 80% patients of the study and control groups, respectively. Thus, Andro-Gin is effective for treatment of chronic prostatitis with secretory infertility.

Up to 10 to 15% of couples are infertile; in 40 to 45% of cases this is caused by male infertility. The study compares the effects of conventional drug therapy (n = 95), magnetolaser therapy (n = 93), and magnetolaser puncture (MLP) (n = 94) on the generative function of 282 men with excretory-inflammatory form of infertility. The results show that the most effective in the complex treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the reproductive organs in infertile men is topical laser irradiation in magnetic field, applied to the sacrum and the perineum (91.2%), as well as MLP applied to the lumbar area (85.1%) vs. conventional drug therapy (64.2%). Topical application of low-intensive laser in magnetic field may be part of rehabilitation measures, taken in order to improve the fertilizing properties of the ejaculate. The treatment does not last long and consists of no more than 5 procedures. The therapy should be repeated not earlier than 6 to 9 months after the end of the first course.

Undescended testis is a common problem leading to infertility. After orchiopexy some studies support the necessity of hormonal therapy. Electromagnetic field stimulation on living tissues increase cell proliferation, protein and DNA synthesis. Sixteen prepubertal rats was objected to the fixation of left testes to the anterior abdominal wall for 30 days, right testes were removed. Another group of sixteen rats objected only to the right orchiectomy and a manipulation simulating study group without fixation. After orchiopexy, animals were divided into two groups. Both groups had eight rats. Electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation group had the stimulation for two hours every day for ten days, while the second group did not. The sham group also divided into two groups. The first one applied EMF and name as Group CEM, the second one was sham. Weight of removed testes were measured and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for histopathological evaluation. At the creating of undescended testis and right orchiectomies a blood sample was obtained for testosterone level of prepubertal rats. After finishing EMF stimulation the rats were mated with females for 17 days. After fertility study a blood sample was obtained for testosterone assay and body weight were measured and fixed in formaline for histopathologic evaluation. All the rats were killed with overdose ether anesthesia and number of fetuses were recorded. Histopathological evaluation was based on Johnsen criteria and seminiferous tubule diameter measurements. We conclude that EMF stimulation resulted in Leydig cell proliferation, increase in testosterone level, testis weight, but decrease in germ cell population.

The study aimed at investigation of laser radiation effect on reproductive male function which has failed as a result of genital inflammation, versus the efficacy of routine chemotherapy. The treatment was given to 50 males of reproductive age who had been infertile for 1-12 years. 25 of them (group 1) were exposed to laser, the other 25 received standard drugs. The responses were assessed clinically and by ejaculate potency. Due to laser application clinical and ejaculate characteristics improved in the absence of side effects either on the reproductive system or the body as a whole. The author recommends laser application for treatment of ejaculate infertility in males with chronic genital inflammation.

Fifty-three males suffering from aspermatogenic sterility were exposed to low-intensity laser irradiation. The results suggest a conclusion on a stimulating effect of He-Ne laser on testicular function. Relevant laser stimulation is thought to hold promise for clinical purposes.