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We have developed a gold‐catalyzed cascade reaction of aryldiynes bearing a hydrosilyl group to afford a variety of unexplored 5H‐benzo[b]indeno[2,1‐d]silines. The reaction system is applicable to the synthesis of bidirectionally π‐extended silacycles from tetra(alkynyl)aryl compounds. Computational studies suggest that 5H‐benzo[b]indeno[2,1‐d]silines are formed via the insertion of a vinyl carbocation intermediate into the Si−H bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the reaction mechanism between [(BDI)Ca(μ‐H)]2 and cyclopentadiene (C5H6). By analyzing the reaction pathways, it is found that compared with the traditional CaH/CC insertion reaction of polyenes with [(BDI)Ca(μ‐H)]2, C5H6 is more inclined to undergo a CaH/CH2 dehydrogenation reaction, resulting in more stable cyclopentadienyl complexes. The subsequent reactions also tend to continue with dehydrogenation to form dimeric complexes. The aromatization process of C5H6 is a key factor driving this reaction trend. This result provides a new perspective for understanding the catalytic behavior of calcium hydride derivatives and can help in the design and synthesis of new catalysts and functional materials based on such compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the marker repository and the development of breeder-friendly markers in chickpeas is important in relation to chickpea genomics-assisted breeding applications. Insertion–deletion (InDel) markers are widely distributed across genomes and easily observed with specifically designed primers, leading to less time, cost, and labor requirements. In light of this, the present study focused on the identification and development of InDel markers through the use of double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) data from 20 chickpea accessions. Bioinformatic analysis identified 20,700 InDel sites, including 15,031 (72.61%) deletions and 5669 (27.39%) insertions, among the chickpea accessions. The InDel markers ranged from 1 to 25 bp in length, while single-nucleotide-length InDel markers were found to represent the majority of the InDel sites and account for 79% of the total InDel markers. However, we focused on InDel markers wherein the length was greater than a single nucleotide to avoid any read or alignment errors. Among all of the InDel markers, 96.1% were less than 10 bp, 3.6% were between 10 and 20 bp, and 0.3% were more than 20 bp in length. We examined the InDel markers that were 10 bp and longer for the development of InDel markers based on a consideration of the genomic distribution and low-cost genotyping with agarose gels. A total of 29 InDel regions were selected, and primers were successfully designed to evaluate their efficiency. Annotation analysis of the InDel markers revealed them to be found with the highest frequency in the intergenic regions (82.76%), followed by the introns (6.90%), coding sequences (6.90%), and exons (3.45%). Genetic diversity analysis demonstrated that the polymorphic information content of the markers varied from 0.09 to 0.37, with an average of 0.20. Taken together, these results showed the efficiency of InDel marker development for chickpea genetic and genomic studies using the ddRADSeq method. The identified markers might prove valuable for chickpea breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insertions and deletions constitute the second most important source of natural genomic variation. Insertions and deletions make up to 25% of genomic variants in humans and are involved in complex evolutionary processes including genomic rearrangements, adaptation, and speciation. Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies allow detailed inference of insertions and deletion variation in species and populations. Yet, despite their importance, evolutionary studies have traditionally ignored or mishandled insertions and deletions due to a lack of comprehensive methodologies and statistical models of insertions and deletion dynamics. Here, we discuss methods for describing insertions and deletion variation and modeling insertions and deletions over evolutionary time. We provide practical advice for tackling insertions and deletions in genomic sequences and illustrate our discussion with examples of insertions and deletion-induced effects in human and other natural populations and their contribution to evolutionary processes. We outline promising directions for future developments in statistical methodologies that would allow researchers to analyze insertions and deletion variation and their effects in large genomic data sets and to incorporate insertions and deletions in evolutionary inference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this work, we extend vcfdist to be the first variant call benchmarking tool to jointly evaluate phased single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertions/deletions (INDELs), and structural variants (SVs) for the whole genome. First, we find that a joint evaluation of small and structural variants uniformly reduces measured errors for SNPs (− 28.9%), INDELs (− 19.3%), and SVs (− 52.4%) across three datasets. vcfdist also corrects a common flaw in phasing evaluations, reducing measured flip errors by over 50%. Lastly, we show that vcfdist is more accurate than previously published works and on par with the newest approaches while providing improved result interpretability.

The crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) is a carnivoran of the family Procyonidae geographically distributed in Central and South America. It is a scansorial species with more terrestrial than arboreal abilities. Previous studies have described the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in this species; however, the terminology and some muscle attachments differ among them. Besides, these studies did not consider the innervation to infer the evolutionary derivation of the muscles, and did not address the arterial supply. The present study aimed to analyze the anatomical arrangement of the intrinsic shoulder and brachial muscles in six Procyon cancrivorus specimens fixed with 10% formaldehyde. The shape, origin, insertion, arterial supply, and variations were described. Furthermore, the innervation previously reported was reviewed again in detail to infer the evolutionary derivation of these muscles. Differences were found with previously reported findings in the same species and other procyonids. Some intraspecific anatomical variants were discovered, such as an accessory head in the biceps brachii muscle bilaterally; a biceps brachii muscle joined to the brachialis muscle unilaterally; and a fusion of the lateral and accessory heads of the triceps brachii muscle. Tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle is divided into two parts in most cases, which are innervated by the radial nerve. The anconeus medialis muscle is independent of the triceps brachii muscle and is innervated by the ulnar nerve. In conclusion, these muscles in P. cancrivorus potentially conserve the evolutionary derivation of the last common ancestor of mammals based on the topology, anatomical variations, and innervation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis causing the tan spot of wheat produces specific necrotrophic effectors Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB, and Ptr ToxC, inducing necrosis and chlorosis on the leaves of susceptible varieties. On the basis of the ability of P. tritici-repentis strains to produce specific necrotrophic effectors or their combinations, eight races of the pathogen are distinguished. Monitoring the race composition of P. tritici-repentis populations is necessary to assess the evolutionary potential of the pathogen and develop a methodology for breeding wheat cultivars with long-term resistance. We have analyzed 179 monoconidial P. tritici-repentis strains from Kazakhstan and Russian populations in 2020–2022. The widespread distribution of races 2 and 4 was revealed, strains of which were present in each analyzed P. tritici-repentis population with a frequency of 2–36 and 7–82%, respectively. The dominance of avirulent race 4 was noted: the strains of this race accounted for 27% of all analyzed P. tritici-repentis strains. Molecular identification of the ToxA and ToxB genes, as well as toxb, a homolog of the ToxB gene, in 118 P. tritici-repentis strains from six populations revealed the presence of the ToxA gene in 69% of the analyzed strains. The ToxB gene was not detected in any strains, while the toxb gene was found sporadically and was identified in the genome of 18 P. tritici-repentis strains (9%), most of which were avirulent and belonged to race 4. In PCR with specific primers for the ToxA gene of ten P. tritici-repentis strains, a product of ~800 bp was amplified, which turned out to be significantly larger than expected. This was explained by the presence of an insertion in the amplified region of the ToxA gene. Such gene was called ToxAL. All P. tritici-repentis strains with the ToxAL variant were assigned to races 4 and 5, which do not form the necrotrophic effector Ptr ToxA. The structure of the ToxAL gene and its protein product is the subject of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To compare the surgical outcomes of the inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique and ILM insertion for macular hole (MH) without retinal detachment in eyes with extremely high myopia. Methods In this retrospective study, we analyzed 22 eyes with an axial length ≥ 30.0 mm that had underwent MH surgery between April 2015 and August 2021. The surgical procedures involved either an inverted ILM flap or ILM insertion. The outcomes were compared between the two techniques. Closure of the MH was confirmed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured before and after surgery. Associated complications were documented. Results The median of axial length was 30.64 mm (range, 30.0-34.42). The MH closed in 100% (22/22) eyes and did not recur with a median follow-up of 12.5 months. For the inverted ILM flap technique, the median BCVA improved significantly from 0.80 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (range, 0.40-2.00) before surgery to 0.70 logMAR (range, 0.09–1.52) after surgery (p = 0.002). In addition, the median of final BCVA was better for the inverted ILM flap than ILM insertion (0.7 logMAR V.S. 1.00 logMAR; p = 0.016). Conclusions In eyes with extremely high myopia, despite comparable effects on MH closure for both ILM insertion and the inverted ILM flap, the later technique achieved significantly better visual outcomes.

Abstract Background Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disorder that results in the abnormal development of structures derived from ectodermal tissue. This rare condition predominantly affects the hair, nails, eccrine glands, and teeth. While HED can be caused by various genes, the EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A genes account for approximately 90% of cases. Notably, HED forms associated with variants in the EDA, EDAR, or EDARADD genes may exhibit similar phenotypes due to defects in a common signaling pathway. Proper interaction among the products of these genes is crucial for the activation of the nuclear factor (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which subsequently regulates the transcription of targeted genes. The EDARADD gene, in particular, harbors one of the rarest reported variants associated with HED. Case presentation Five-and two-years-old brothers born into consanguineous parents were examined at our outpatient medical genetics clinic at Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Both displayed the same classical phenotypic features of HED. The elder had a very sparse dark and brittle hair, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes, conical upper and lower premolar teeth with hypodontia, widely spaced teeth, very dry skin, mildly prominent forehead, and periorbital wrinkles. The younger one showed the same, but less severe, clinical features. After thorough examination and patient history evaluation, targeted next-generation sequencing analysis yielded the novel homozygous insertion variant c.322_323insCGGGC p.(Arg108ProfsTer7) in EDARADD. The mutation has not been reported to date in the literature. Conclusions In this report, we present two siblings exhibiting classical HED symptoms and a novel insertion variant of the EDARADD gene, which leads to a frameshift introducing a stop codon. Both brothers inherited such mutation from their parents, who were heterozygous carriers of the same variant. The present study may shed light about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying HED, and expand the spectrum of EDARADD gene variants associated with this condition.

Ritah Kiconco,1,2 Robert Kalyesubula,3,* Gertrude N Kiwanuka4,* 1Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; 2Department of Biochemistry, Soroti University, Soroti, Uganda; 3Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 4Department of Biochemistry, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ritah Kiconco, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda, Tel +256 783990501, Fax +256-485-20782, Email rkiconco@must.ac.ugPurpose: We aimed at determining the distribution of the ACE insertion/deletion gene polymorphisms among type 2 diabetic patients and their association with the nephropathy biomarkers and the metabolic indicators.Patients and Methods: Data were collected from 237 adult type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving healthcare at the diabetic clinic of Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Peripheral blood genomic DNA was amplified using a conventional PCR technique and analyzed for the ACE homozygous forms of the insertion (II), deletion (DD) and heterozygous insertion deletion (ID) genotypes as well as their respective allele counts. Biomarkers of nephropathy were analyzed on a Beckman coulter AU480 chemistry analyzer using system compatible reagents.Results: Majority of the participants were older persons (Median = 57, IQR = 49– 64) and female 171 (72.2%). Most of them had the Deletion allele 198 (83.5%) and DD genotype 116 (48.9%). At multivariate logistic regression, the nephropathy biomarkers that is microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, urea, eGFR and electrolytes had no association with the ACE I/D alleles or genotypes (p > 0.05). On the other hand, selected metabolic indicators had a positive relationship. The insertion allele was associated with increasing glycated hemoglobin (OR = 1.082, p = 0.019) and decreasing serum glucose levels (OR = 0.891, p = 0.001). Deletion allele was associated with decreasing glycated hemoglobin (OR = 0.924, p = 0.047) and increasing serum glucose levels (OR = 1.208, p = 0.001). ACE II genotype was associated with decreasing serum glucose levels (OR = 0.873, p = 0.029). ACE DD genotype was associated with decreasing glycated hemoglobin (OR = 0.917, p = 0.010) and increasing serum glucose levels (OR = 1.132, p = 0.001). ACE ID genotype was associated with increasing glycated hemoglobin (OR = 1.077, p = 0.022), triglyceride levels (OR = 1.316, p = 0.031) and decreasing serum glucose levels (OR = 0.933, p = 0.038).Conclusion: The presence or absence of the ACE I/D alleles and genotypes affects the ultimate increase or decrease in the serum glucose, glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride levels. Although there was no significant association between the biomarkers of nephropathy and the ACE I/D alleles or genotypes, the above implicated metabolic indicators should be included in healthcare guidelines used when attending to type 2 diabetic patients.Keywords: angiotensin converting enzyme gene, insertion, deletion, polymorphism, biomarkers, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, Uganda

We studied the reaction of N‐alkyl(aryl)pyrazoles with silylformamidine 1 that exists in an equilibrium with its carbene form via migration of the trimethylsilyl group from the carbon to nitrogen atom. The carbene insertion proceeded at the C−H group in 5th position. N‐alkyl(aryl)pyrazoles featuring substituents such as Br, CN and NO2 group reacted readily affording the corresponding aminals. This approach allowed us to synthesize pyrazole dialdehyde and phosphine featuring a vicinal aldehyde group. The reaction does not require any catalyst. The insertion position was unambiguously confirmed by X‐ray analysis of an aminal and a set of derivatives. Aminals hydrolysis afforded the corresponding pyrazole carbaldehydes. Methanolysis of the aminals gave N‐methylimines of the pyrazolecarbaldehydes. Highly acidic nitro pyrazole instead of the insertion underwent silylation in 5th position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The anatomy of the extraocular rectus muscle insertions is clinically relevant in the field of ophthalmology. This descriptive cadaveric study determines the relative degree orientation of the superior, lateral, and inferior rectus muscles with respect to the medial rectus and investigates the distances between the rectus muscle insertions. Method: Thirty cadavers (50% female, mean age = 81.86 years, SD 12.16) were included for a total of 60 eyes. For each eye, a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis were performed followed by a peritomy. Muscle hooks were then used to access and isolate the rectus muscles. The degree orientation was determined by marking the muscle midpoints at insertion, using the center of the cornea as the vertex, and measuring the angle with the Angle Meter 360 application (© Alexey Kozlov) (Figure 1). The distances between rectus muscles were measured from the same muscle midpoints using calipers. Results: The degree orientations with respect to the medial rectus are displayed in Figure 2 and were as follows: superior rectus (mean = 93.14, SD = 3.04, min. 82.3, max. 100.3), lateral rectus (mean = 180.21, SD = 5.65, min. 170.5, max. 190.6), and inferior rectus (mean = 90.57, SD = 4.47, min. 84.0, max. 98.9). The distances (measured in mm) between rectus muscle midpoints at insertion included medial rectus to inferior rectus (mean = 13.64, SD = 0.54), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (mean = 13.79, SD = 0.75), lateral rectus to superior rectus (mean = 13.54, SD = 0.63), and superior rectus to medial rectus (mean = 13.83, SD = 0.75). The relative distances between the midpoints of the extraocular muscles observed in males versus females showed statistically significant differences in medial rectus to inferior rectus (13.8 vs. 13.5, p = .01), inferior rectus to lateral rectus (14.1 vs. 13.5, p = .03), and superior rectus to medial rectus (14.0 vs. 13.5, p = .04), respectively (Table 1). Conclusion: This is an important study of the extraocular muscle degree orientation performed with an innovative measuring approach. The degree orientation of the insertions relative to the medial rectus may have surgical application in the field of ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of a CC unit with an isoelectronic BN unit in aromatic systems can give rise to molecules and materials with fascinating properties. We report here the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a 1,4,2,3‐diazadiborole species, 2, featuring an unprecedented 6π‐aromatic BN‐heterocyclic moiety that is isoelectronic to cyclopentadienide (Cp−). Bearing an unsymmetrical B=B entity, 2 exhibits reactivity toward oxidants, protic reagents, electrophiles, and unsaturated substrates. This reactivity facilitates the synthesis of a variety of novel mono‐ and bicyclic organoboron derivatives through mechanisms including ring retention, cleavage/recombination, annulation, and expansion. These findings reveal innovative synthetic routes to BN‐embedded aromatic compounds via desymmetrization, affording unique building blocks for synthetic chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting heading date of rice. Despite its importance, genes responsible for temperature-sensitive heading in rice have remained elusive. Our previous study identified a quantitative trait locus qHd1 which advances heading date under high temperatures. A 9.5-kb insertion was found in the first intron of OsMADS51 in indica variety Zhenshan 97 (ZS97). However, the function of this natural variant in controlling temperature sensitivity has not been verified. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the 9.5-kb insertion in ZS97. Experiments conducted under cotrolled conditions in phytotrons confirmed that deletion increased temperature sensitivity and advanced heading by downregulating the expression level of OsMADS51. One-hybrid assays in yeast, ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift, and luciferase-based transient transactivation assays collectively confirmed that OsMADS51 affects heading date by regulation of heading date gene Ehd1. We further determined that the long non-coding RNA HEATINR is generated from the first intron of OsMADS51, offering an explanation for how the 9.5-kb insertion affects temperature sensitivity. We also found that OsMADS51 was strongly selected in early/late-season rice varieties in South China, possibly accounting for their strong temperature sensitivity. These insights not only advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the temperature-responsive regulation of heading date in rice but also provide a valuable genetic target for molecular breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact lens neophytes often learn about contact lens insertion and removal through YouTube videos of unknown quality. This study evaluates the quality of soft contact lens insertion and removal videos on YouTube. A search for the keywords 'Contact lens insertion', 'Contact lens removal', 'Put in contact lens', and 'Take off contact lens' was performed on YouTube. The first 50 videos for each keyword were evaluated. The number of views, source of the publisher, days since upload, and video quality were scored based on the content in the videos. The maximum score of insertion and removal videos were 7 and 5 respectively. The videos were classified into three groups by publisher category: videos published by eye care professionals, companies and YouTubers. Only 45 contact lens insertion and 44 removal videos met the inclusion criteria and were analysed. Insertion and removal videos published by YouTubers had the highest view and view rate. However, their quality scores were significantly lower than videos published by eye care professionals and companies. Videos uploaded by companies had the highest scores (insertion: 5.00 ± 1.10; removal: 3.25 ± 0.75). The mean scores of insertion and removal videos published by YouTubers were 1.65 ± 0.93 and 1.00 ± 0.89, respectively, while the insertion and removal videos uploaded by eye care professionals scored 3.58 ± 2.07 and 2.75 ± 1.53, respectively. There was also a negative correlation between the quality scores and view rate (p = 0.008, r = -0.41). Contact lens insertion and removal videos uploaded by YouTubers had the highest view rate but the lowest quality. Videos made by companies included most essential elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The RHCE gene plays an important role in the complex and polymorphic Rh blood group system. RHCE genotyping holds significant clinical and transfusion‐related implications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of RHC/c genotyping in the Chinese Han population. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 653 Chinese Han blood donors. The serological RhD and RhCcEe types were determined using monoclonal antibodies. Subsequently, multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was performed for RHC and RHc genotyping. Additionally, exon 2 of RHCE and exon 1 of RHD were sequenced. Results: The analysis in this study found 443 RhD‐positive donors and 210 RhD‐negative donors. Among the 653 total donors, discrepancies between the RHC genotyping results and the serological results were found in 37 individuals. Specifically, 6 false‐positive RhC results in RhD‐positive donors and 28 false‐positive RhC results in RhD‐negative donors were identified based on c.48C in RHCE exon 1. Additionally, 3 false‐negative RhC results were observed in the RhD‐positive donors due to a 109 bp insertion in RHCE intron 2. RHc typing demonstrated complete consistency between the real‐time PCR and the serological results. Conclusion: In the Chinese Han population, RHC genotyping was reliable when consistent results were achieved by both c.48C‐based and 109 bp insertion‐based genotyping. Moreover, RHc genotyping based on c.203A and c.307C polymorphic loci demonstrated dependable performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Design Methods Results Conclusion Reporting Method Patient or Public Contribution To explore the implementation contexts and strategies that influence the uptake and selection of alternative peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) materials and design.Qualitative evaluation of end user perspectives within a randomized control trial of different PICC materials and design.Semi‐structured interviews with key stakeholders were undertaken via an adapted, rapid‐analytic approach using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Outcomes were mapped against the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) tool for strategies to guide innovation in PICC practice.Participants (n = 23) represented a combination of users and inserters/purchasers, from adult and paediatric settings. Dominant themes included intervention characteristics (intervention source), inner setting (structural characteristics) and individuals involved (self‐efficacy). Strategies emerging to support a change from ERIC mapping (n = 16) included promotion of intervention adaptability, inclusion of staff and consumer perspectives and sufficient funding. Implementation contexts such as inner setting and individuals involved equally impacted PICC success and implementation effectiveness and enabled a greater understanding of barriers and facilitators to intervention implementation in this trial.Trial evidence is important, but healthcare decision‐making requires consideration of local contexts especially resourcing. Implementation contexts for Australian healthcare settings include a practical, strategic toolkit for the implementation of alternative PICC materials and designs.This study adhered to COREQ guidelines.No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Eight zwitterionic rare earth metal complexes stabilized by amino‐bridged tris(phenolato) ligands bearing quaternary ammonium side‐arms were synthesized and characterized. These complexes were used as single‐component catalysts for the cycloaddition of CO2 and epoxides, and their catalytic activities are obviously higher than those of their binary analogues. Further studies revealed that the halide anions (Cl–, Br–, I–) and the metal complexes influenced the catalytic activity, and the lanthanum complex bearing iodide anion showed the highest catalytic activity for this addition reaction. A variety of mono‐substituted epoxides were converted to cyclic carbonates in good to excellent yields (55%—99%) with high selectivity (> 99%) at 30 °C and 1 bar CO2, whereas internal epoxides required higher both reaction temperatures (60—120 °C) and catalyst loading (2 mol%) for high yields. The catalyst was recyclable for four times without noticeable loss of catalytic activity. Based on the results of kinetic studies and in situ IR reactions, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare the surgical outcomes of the inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap technique and ILM insertion for macular hole (MH) without retinal detachment in eyes with extremely high myopia. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 22 eyes with an axial length ≥ 30.0 mm that had underwent MH surgery between April 2015 and August 2021. The surgical procedures involved either an inverted ILM flap or ILM insertion. The outcomes were compared between the two techniques. Closure of the MH was confirmed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was measured before and after surgery. Associated complications were documented. Results: The median of axial length was 30.64 mm (range, 30.0-34.42). The MH closed in 100% (22/22) eyes and did not recur with a median follow-up of 12.5 months. For the inverted ILM flap technique, the median BCVA improved significantly from 0.80 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (range, 0.40-2.00) before surgery to 0.70 logMAR (range, 0.09–1.52) after surgery (p = 0.002). In addition, the median of final BCVA was better for the inverted ILM flap than ILM insertion (0.7 logMAR V.S. 1.00 logMAR; p = 0.016). Conclusions: In eyes with extremely high myopia, despite comparable effects on MH closure for both ILM insertion and the inverted ILM flap, the later technique achieved significantly better visual outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intrauterine device (IUD) is one of the widely adopted contraceptive methods all over the world, especially in developing countries such as Egypt. The study aimed to assess the psychological effects and pain in Egyptian females on their first use of IUD. Subjects and Methods: Multicenter longitudinal cross-sectional study, started from June 2018 till July 2022, in the tertiary hospitals in 7 Egyptian governorates. About 553 participants were subjected to a pre-designed validated questionnaire including data on pain and psychological effect of IUD insertion with its different forms. Results: Psychological effects of IUD were felt more at insertion but later on they changed greatly from marked to not being detected, however, there was a slight increase in pain and discomfort later on after insertion (P<0.001). The absence of knowledge about IUD insertion was present in 44.3% of the participants. Knowing how IUD is inserted was associated with the presences of these psychological effects (P=0.014 and <0.001 respectively). There was an association between male doctor gender and less psychological effects and pain (P<0.001). Conclusion: There were negative psychological effects and pain among Egyptian women during the insertion of IUDs. Also, there was a low level of awareness about the IUD in most of the females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fluoroscopy is considered to be the gold standard and an essential requirement for catheter insertion. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the outcomes in ultrasound (USG)-guided insertion with and without fluoroscopy. We compared the complications of USG-guided tunneled dialysis catheter (TDC) insertion with and without fluoroscopy assistance. Materials and Methods: This was a single-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) done in a tertiary hospital in North India. After screening 153 patients, 149 were enrolled: 87 were randomized into USG-guided insertion without fluoroscopy (group A) and 62 were randomized into USG-guided insertion with fluoroscopy (group B). All insertions were done in a dedicated procedure room by trained nephrologists. Outcomes were analyzed at baseline and at 1-month follow-up. Mechanical complications as well as infective and thrombotic complications were compared between both the groups. Results: TDC insertion was successful (100%) in all the study participants (N = 149). One hundred twenty-nine catheters (86.5%) were inserted in the first attempt, 19 (12.5%) in the second attempt, and one catheter insertion required three attempts for insertion. The mean age of study participants was 43 years (±16.5), and males constituted 63% of the study cohort. Baseline laboratory characteristics of the two groups were comparable. The mean time of catheter insertion was 41.26 min (standard deviation [SD] 11.8) in group A and 47.74 min (SD 17.2) in group B (P = 0.007). The mean score of ease of catheter insertion, exit site bleed, infective and mechanical complications were not different between the two groups. Conclusion: Our study concluded that fluoroscopy has no additional advantage in reducing mechanical, infective, or thrombotic complications. In experienced hands, USG-guided TDC insertion without fluoroscopy assistance is as good as the insertion done with fluoroscopy assistance, with a shorter procedure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As shared autonomous vehicles (SAV) emerge as an economical and feasible mode of transportation in modern cities, effective optimization models are essential to simulate their service. Traditional optimization approaches, based on first-come-first-served principles, often result in sub-optimal outcomes and, more notably, can impact public transport (PT) operations by creating unnecessary competition. This study introduces four insertion strategies within the MATSim model of the Melbourne Metropolitan Area, addressing these challenges. Two strategies optimize SAV operations by considering overall network costs, and the other two make insertion decisions based on the available PT service in the network. The findings show that strategic insertions of the requests can significantly enhance SAV service quality by improving the vehicle load and decreasing vehicle and empty kilometers traveled per ride. The analysis indicates that these strategies are particularly effective for smaller fleet sizes, leading to an increased number of served rides and a more equitable distribution of wait times across the network, reflected in an improved Gini Index. The findings suggest that prioritization-based insertions significantly enhance service quality by prioritizing users with limited access to PT, ensuring that those with fewer PT options are served first, and encouraging a more integrated and sustainable urban transportation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disorder that results in the abnormal development of structures derived from ectodermal tissue. This rare condition predominantly affects the hair, nails, eccrine glands, and teeth. While HED can be caused by various genes, the EDA, EDAR, EDARADD, and WNT10A genes account for approximately 90% of cases. Notably, HED forms associated with variants in the EDA, EDAR, or EDARADD genes may exhibit similar phenotypes due to defects in a common signaling pathway. Proper interaction among the products of these genes is crucial for the activation of the nuclear factor (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which subsequently regulates the transcription of targeted genes. The EDARADD gene, in particular, harbors one of the rarest reported variants associated with HED. Case presentation: Five-and two-years-old brothers born into consanguineous parents were examined at our outpatient medical genetics clinic at Sanliurfa Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. Both displayed the same classical phenotypic features of HED. The elder had a very sparse dark and brittle hair, sparse eyebrows and eyelashes, conical upper and lower premolar teeth with hypodontia, widely spaced teeth, very dry skin, mildly prominent forehead, and periorbital wrinkles. The younger one showed the same, but less severe, clinical features. After thorough examination and patient history evaluation, targeted next-generation sequencing analysis yielded the novel homozygous insertion variant c.322_323insCGGGC p.(Arg108ProfsTer7) in EDARADD. The mutation has not been reported to date in the literature. Conclusions: In this report, we present two siblings exhibiting classical HED symptoms and a novel insertion variant of the EDARADD gene, which leads to a frameshift introducing a stop codon. Both brothers inherited such mutation from their parents, who were heterozygous carriers of the same variant. The present study may shed light about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying HED, and expand the spectrum of EDARADD gene variants associated with this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Creation of a novel 3D-printed physical cochlear model that demonstrated the feasibility of creating the model, and impact of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) system on training insertion metrics. Study Design: Feasibility study with a pilot prospective data collection. Setting: Tertiary academic center. Methods: The study was IRB exempt. Five resident trainees (PGY1-PGY5) practiced electrode insertions in cadaveric temporal bones before using the simulator. Nine students were educated on how to hold the electrodes and position them, and then allowed to use the simulator. All trainees were instructed that slower insertions were favorable. One cochlear implant (CI) surgeon used the simulator. The GUI captured the real video feed, but also provided distance, trajectory, and velocity measurements. The program is designed to plot the real-time depth of insertion and speed of insertion of the electrode; the user is also provided real-time occurrence of any kinks and back-outs. Results: A total of 14 trainees and 1 CI surgeon inserted the electrode at least 5 times without the use of the GUI (before) and then at least 5 times with the use of the GUI (after). Average Speed before and after (100.84 and 53.23 mm/s); Average minimum speed before and after (59.34 and 9.65 mm/s); and Average maximum speed before and after (416 and 285.81 mm/s). Statistically significant improvements were noted in all the measured speeds of insertion (P <.001). The other variables improved but not to a statistical significance. Conclusions: Real-time training using the 3D-printed model and GUI for cochlear implantation can help improve surgical resident training and comfort levels with electrode insertion for surgical trainees. The advantage of this model is that surgeons/trainees can use it as many times as they like, as the whole set-up is easy, economical, and reusable. The real time graphical user interface enhances training and retention of the practiced skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that on super-reflexive spaces a Moreau-Yosida type of regularisation by infimal convolution together with a known insertion-type theorem (a variant of Ilmanen's lemma) easily give an approximation of a Lipschitz function by a C^{1,\alpha }-smooth Lipschitz function with the same Lipschitz constant. This is a generalisation of the well-known theorem of J.-M. Lasry and P.-L. Lions from Hilbert spaces. It also gives a new self-contained and probably simpler proof of the Lasry-Lions theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the insertion of religious moderation policies in Islamic Religious Education in madrasas. This study uses qualitative research with a policy research approach. The data collected are about characteristics of religious moderation policy insertion in learning Islamic Religious Education in madrasas. Data were collected from various regulations related to religious moderation and education policies in madrasas. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The results of the study indicate that the insertion of religious moderation in Islamic Religious Education learning is rational-incremental and responsive. Rational-incremental policies mean the hierarchy and structural relations of policymakers in the interest of realizing a tolerant and harmonious religious life. Responsive policies are seen from the patterns of interaction between policymakers and policy implementers who involve the community so that they reflect a sense of justice in society and accommodate community participation.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes diarrhea and vomiting in piglets, leading to a mortality rate of 100%. Due to the high frequency of mutation, it is important to monitor the evolution of PEDV and develop potential vaccine candidates. In this study, two PEDV strains (ZJ2022 and ZQ2022) were identified by PCR. These strains were subsequently isolated, and their genome sequences, growth characteristics, and pathogenicity were compared. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses revealed that both strains belonged to GIIa-subgroup, and ZQ2022 was identified as a recombinant strain derived from ZJ2022. Further sequence analysis showed that the ZJ2022 strain had a modified top region of the S1 protein due to a three amino acid insertion (T380_Y380insGGE) in the S1 gene. According to the virus growth curve, ZJ2022 exhibited better cellular adaptation than ZQ2022, with higher viral titers from 8 hpi to 24 hpi. Additionally, ZQ2022 exhibited a high level of pathogenicity, causing severe diarrhea in piglets at 36 hpi and a 100% mortality rate by 96 hpi. In contrast, ZJ2022 showed lower pathogenicity, inducing severe diarrhea in piglets at 60 hpi, with a mortality rate of 60% at 96 hpi and 100% at 120 hpi. In summary, our findings provided evidence of the undergoing mutations in Chinese PEDV strains. Furthermore, the S gene insertion strain ZJ2022 exhibited strong cellular adaptability and low pathogenicity, making it a potential candidate strain for vaccine development.

We report here a formal insertion of a metal carbene complex in a single carbon‐carbon bond. This behavior occurs with the participation of an α‐imino gold carbene complex, generated from benzofused triazapentalenes or, in a one‐pot procedure, from their 1‐propargyl‐1H‐benzotriazole precursors, and gold‐catalytically activated ynamides. As the result, 3H‐indole derivatives were obtained, with formation of a quaternary center. A computational analysis carried out on the reaction mechanism indicates that the bulkiness of the gold ligand plays a key role forcing a conformation, which includes aromatic interactions, that favors the approximation of the carbenic carbon to the reactive site. In addition, a negative crossover experiment rules out a cationic arene migration pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental goal in evolutionary biology and population genetics is to understand how selection shapes the fate of new mutations. Here, we test the null hypothesis that insertion–deletion (indel) events in protein-coding regions occur randomly with respect to secondary structures. We identified indels across 11,444 sequence alignments in mouse, rat, human, chimp, and dog genomes and then quantified their overlap with four different types of secondary structure—alpha helices, beta strands, protein bends, and protein turns—predicted by deep-learning methods of AlphaFold2. Indels overlapped secondary structures 54% as much as expected and were especially underrepresented over beta strands, which tend to form internal, stable regions of proteins. In contrast, indels were enriched by 155% over regions without any predicted secondary structures. These skews were stronger in the rodent lineages compared to the primate lineages, consistent with population genetic theory predicting that natural selection will be more efficient in species with larger effective population sizes. Nonsynonymous substitutions were also less common in regions of protein secondary structure, although not as strongly reduced as in indels. In a complementary analysis of thousands of human genomes, we showed that indels overlapping secondary structure segregated at significantly lower frequency than indels outside of secondary structure. Taken together, our study shows that indels are selected against if they overlap secondary structure, presumably because they disrupt the tertiary structure and function of a protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) has become an increasingly valuable crop for food, feed, and especially bioenergy feedstock production, which makes the crop extremely attractive for studying genomics and genetic diversity. Molecular markers and genomics play essential roles in sorghum breeding. The rapid development of next-generation sequencing technology has facilitated the identification of genome-wide insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphisms, enabling the efficient construction of InDel markers that are suitable for user-friendly PCR. This study was conducted with the objective of discovering and developing InDel markers using double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-Seq) data. A total of 19,226 InDels distributed across 10 chromosomes in the sorghum genome was identified. Of those, deletions constituted 65.7% while the remain was insertions. A comprehensive analysis of all the chromosomes revealed a total of 80 InDel sites with a minimum length of 10 bp. For a good conversion of the InDel regions to beneficial molecular markers, specific primers were designed for the amplification of 47 InDel regions that were selected for further investigation. A diverse panel of sorghum consisting of 16 accessions served a source for the developed InDel markers validation. Of the 47 InDel markers, 14 were tested across 16 sorghum accessions and were demonstrated their helpfulness for marker-assisted selection in sorghum. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values of the 16 markers varied between 0.11 and 0.38, with an average of 0.28. The findings of this study indicated that the identification of InDels and the development of molecular markers for sorghum were accomplished using the ddRAD-Seq data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Posterior heel pain secondary to insertional Achilles tendinopathy is a common condition that often times requires surgical management. Typically, this involves reflecting a portion of the Achilles tendon from its insertion to adequately debride devitalized or thickened tendon as well as any osseous prominence and then reattached into the calcaneus via suture anchors. Oftentimes, it is suggested that patients with an increased body mass index (BMI) have a higher risk of complications. However, there is no published evidence to support this claim. The present study is a retrospective review of 78 patients who underwent detachment/reattachment of the Achilles tendon for chronic insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Patients were separated into three groups based on BMI: normal, obese, and morbidly obese. The mean BMI of all patients included was 35.6 kg/m2 (range: 21.8-54.9, SD: 6.9). We compared complication rates between the groups and found no significant difference (p =.541). Patients in all groups also demonstrated statistically significant improvements in both American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot-ankle scores (Normal BMI: p =.002; Obese: p = <.001; Morbidly obese: p = <.001) and Patient-Recorded Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores (Normal BMI: p =.003; Obese: p = <.001; Morbidly obese: p =.001). In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that detachment/reattachment of the Achilles insertion in the management of insertional Achilles tendinopathy in obese and morbidly obese patients may be safe and effective without the risk of increased complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical charge storage in porous materials is associated with ion adsorption at the meso/nanopores surface (physical insertion) and/or insertion in the bulk material (chemical insertion). The first process is capacitive whereas the second is Faradaic. A model is brought about for describing the cyclic voltammetry responses of these systems and their dependence upon the various intrinsic and operational governing parameters. These responses may be considered as illustrating the behaviors expected in working conditions in terms of diagnosis of the main phenomena at work and of their mutual interactions, namely, dynamics of double‐layer charging, transport in solution, transport in the pores, interfacial transfer kinetics, and transport in the material bulk. Several limiting cases are examined in details and discussed, focusing on the effect of scan rate as a widely used diagnostic tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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C−F Insertion reactions, where an organic fragment formally inserts into a carbon–fluorine bond in a substrate, are highly attractive, yet largely unexplored, methods to prepare valuable fluorinated molecules. The inherent strength of C−F bonds and the resulting need for a large thermodynamic driving force to initiate C−F cleavage often leads to sequestering of the released fluoride in an unreactive by‐product. Recently, however, several groups have succeeded in overcoming this challenge, opening up the study of C−F insertion as an efficient and highly atom‐economical approach to prepare fluorinated compounds. In this article, the recent breakthroughs are discussed focusing on the key conceptual advances that allowed for both C−F bond cleavage and subsequent incorporation of the released fluoride into the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reception of the Decree Perfectae caritatis in Latin America can be understood in connection with the emergence of the preferential option for the poor and the call for consecrated religious life to the insertion since the 1960s. As part of the existing link between conciliar texts and renewal movements, it is worth highlighting the testimony of religious life lived in solidarity with the poor as a way of practicing chastity and incorporating sexuality. This topic is explored through the life stories of two individuals, Alice Domon in Argentina (1937–1977) and José Aldunate Lyon in Chile (1917–2019), within the framework of related studies on ethnographic ecclesiology and the theology of renewed religious life. Amidst military governments, institutional violence, abuses of power, and human rights violations, the lives of these two consecrated individuals showcase an alternative path marked by self-emptying, unwavering fidelity, non-violent action, and prophetic denunciation. The pursuit of integration between contemplative and apostolic aspects in the love for God and the poor, along with the defense of human rights in solidarity with the victims and their families, are some of the keys that define an adapted understanding of religious life in the Latin American context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The ideal position of the femoral bone tunnel in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is controversial. The functional importance of the ACL fiber varies depending on where it is attached to the femur. Functionally important fibers can cause high mechanical stress on the bone, and the Wolff law predicts that bone mineral density will increase at high mechanical stress sites. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to use computed tomography imaging to determine the distribution pattern of bone density in the lateral intercondylar wall. It was hypothesized that the high-density area (HDA) of the lateral intercondylar wall would reflect the functional insertion of the ACL as reported in previous anatomic studies. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data from 39 knees without ACL injuries were retrospectively collected. The HDA of the lateral intercondylar wall was defined as the region containing the top 10% of the radiodensity values. The shape of the HDA was approximated as an ellipse, and the quadrant method was used to determine the center of the ellipse. The association between the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the ellipse and background characteristics was investigated. Results: According to the quadrant method, the center of the HDA ellipse was 33.6% in the deep-shallow direction and 23.4% in the high-low direction. The center of the ellipse was comparable to the anatomic center of the ACL footprint, as previously reported. The ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the ellipse was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.54-0.62). There was a significant negative correlation between the ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the HDA ellipse and the posterior tibial slope (r = −0.38, P = .02). Conclusion: The center of the HDA ellipse was found to be similar to the anatomic center of the ACL footprint. Considering the mechanical stress responses in bone, the HDA of the lateral intercondylar wall has the potential to represent the ACL insertion, especially functional insertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed two grade X physics textbooks published by Erlangga and Yudhistira. The analyzed textbooks emphasized the insertion of four aspects of the nature of science (NOS), consisting of science as a body of knowledge, science as a way of investigating; science as a way of thinking; and science and its interaction with technology and society. The content analyzed is the subject matter in the odd semester. The raters consisted of one physics lecturer (rater 1) and two teachers (rater 2 and 3). The raters used the scoring rubric developed by the researchers based on indicators from the four aspects of NOS. The results stated that Erlangga's Textbook inserted (a) the first 58.46% of the NOS aspects; (b) 26.28% second aspect of NOS; (c) 31.78% of the third aspect of NOS; and (c) 16.86% of the fourth aspect of NOS. Also, the results in Yudhistira's book revealed that (a) the first 49.55% of the NOS aspects; (b) 13.88% second aspect of NOS; (c) 24.55% third aspect of NOS; and (d) 12.01% of the fourth aspect of NOS. The percentage of inter-rater agreements ranged from 70-88%. The percent agreement strengthens with the interval of kappa value from 0.60 to 0.88. The results indicated that the two books devoted half of the learning material that reflected science as a body of knowledge but neglected science as a way of investigating, and science and its interaction with technology and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been well documented that formulaic language (such as collocations; e.g., provide information) enjoys a processing advantage over novel language (e.g., compare information). In natural language use, however, many formulaic sequences are often inserted with words intervening in between the individual constituents (e.g., provided information → provide some of the information). Whether or not the processing advantage persists in nonadjacent forms remains largely unknown. The present study thus sought to address this gap by recording the eye movements of Chinese native speakers when they were reading sentences embedded with formulaic sequences (high frequency collocations) versus novel phrases (low frequency controls), in their adjacent (e.g., 解决困难 ‘resolve difficulties’ vs. 经历困难 ‘experience difficulties’), short-insertion (e.g., 解决这些困难 ‘resolve these difficulties’ vs. 经历这些困难 ‘experience these difficulties’), and long-insertion forms (e.g., 解决了这么多困难 ‘resolved so many difficulties’ vs. 经历了这么多困难 ‘experienced so many difficulties’). Results suggested that the processing advantage for formulaic language over novel language existed not only in their adjacent form, but also in their short-insertion form, albeit the magnitude of the processing advantage diminished with the increase of insertion length. The persistence of FL processing advantage is in line with usage-based approach to language learning, processing, and use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractFibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), a chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology, is more common in women. This suggests that biological sex is important. Therefore, we performed an analysis to determine whether the progesterone receptor (P GR) gene Alu insertion (named P ROGINS) variant is associated with an increased risk of FMS in the Turkish population. A total of 288 subjects, including 138 patients diagnosed with FMS according to the 2016 American College of Rheumatology criteria and 150 healthy subjects, were evaluated. Genotyping of the P GR P ROGINS variant was determined by polymerase chain reaction (P CR) analysis. The results of the analyses were evaluated for statistical significance. There were no subjects in the control group carrying the T2 allele. The P GR P ROGINS T1/T2 genotype was more prevalent in both all patients and female patients compared to all controls and female controls (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). A statistically significant relationship was observed in both all patients and female patients when compared to the control group according to T1/T1 vs. T1/T2+T2/T2 (p < 0.000, p < 0.001, respectively). The current study suggests that the P GR Alu insertion variant T2 allele might influence FMS susceptibility in the Turkish population. Large-sample sizes and studies of different ethnicities are required to further evaluate the association between this variant and FMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germline and somatic mutations cause various diseases, including cancer. Clinical applications of genome editing are keenly anticipated, since it can cure genetic diseases. Recently, we reported that a 5′-tailed duplex (TD), consisting of an approximately 80-base editor strand oligodeoxyribonucleotide and a 35-base assistant strand oligodeoxyribonucleotide, could edit a target gene on plasmid DNA and correct a single-base substitution mutation without an artificial nuclease in human cells. In this study, we assessed the ability of the TD to correct base substitution mutations located consecutively or separately, and deletion and insertion mutations. A TD with an 80-base editor strand was co-introduced into human U2OS cells with plasmid DNA bearing either a wild-type or mutated copepod green fluorescent protein (copGFP) gene. Among the mutations, three-base consecutive substitutions were efficiently repaired. The correction efficiencies of deletion mutations were similar to those of substitution mutations, and two to three times higher than those of insertion mutations. Up to three-base substitution, deletion, and insertion mutations were excellent targets for correction by TDs. These results suggested that the TDs are useful for editing disease-causing genes with small mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilising a flexible intracortical microprobe to record/stimulate neurons minimises the incompatibility between the implanted microprobe and the brain, reducing tissue damage due to the brain micromotion. Applying bio-dissolvable coating materials temporarily makes a flexible microprobe stiff to tolerate the penetration force during insertion. However, the inability to adjust the dissolving time after the microprobe contact with the cerebrospinal fluid may lead to inaccuracy in the microprobe positioning. Furthermore, since the dissolving process is irreversible, any subsequent positioning error cannot be corrected by re-stiffening the microprobe. The purpose of this study is to propose an intracortical microprobe that incorporates two compressible structures to make the microprobe both adaptive to the brain during operation and stiff during insertion. Applying a compressive force by an inserter compresses the two compressible structures completely, resulting in increasing the equivalent elastic modulus. Thus, instant switching between stiff and soft modes can be accomplished as many times as necessary to ensure high-accuracy positioning while causing minimal tissue damage. The equivalent elastic modulus of the microprobe during operation is ≈ 23 kPa, which is ≈ 42% less than the existing counterpart, resulting in ≈ 46% less maximum strain generated on the surrounding tissue under brain longitudinal motion. The self-stiffening microprobe and surrounding neural tissue are simulated during insertion and operation to confirm the efficiency of the design. Two-photon polymerisation technology is utilised to 3D print the proposed microprobe, which is experimentally validated and inserted into a lamb’s brain without buckling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Currently, consensus is lacking on the necessity of internal fixation after reducing valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures with abduction > 15°. This study employs finite element analysis to compare the biomechanical differences between the femoral neck dynamic cross nail system (FNS) and inverted cannulated screw (ICS), aiming to provide a foundation for clinical procedures. Methods Human femur CT scan data were processed using MimICS21.0 and Geomagic 2021 software, imported into Solidworks2021 to create fracture models, based on Garden I abduction and Valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures. The internal fixation model was divided into two groups: A—Anatomic reduction group; B—Valgus-intercalated femoral neck fracture group. ANSYS software facilitated meshing, material assignment, and data calculation for stress and displacement comparisons when ICS and FNS were applied in reduction or non-reduction scenarios. Results Without internal fixation, peak femur stress in both groups was 142.93 MPa and 183.62 MPa. Post FNS fixation, peak stress was 254.11 MPa and 424.81 MPa; peak stresses for the two FNS models were 141.26 MPa and 248.33 MPa. Maximum displacements for the two FNS groups were 1.91 mm and 1.26 mm, with peak fracture-end stress at 50.751 MPa and 124.47 MPa. After ICS fixation, femur peak stress was 204.76 MPa and 274.08 MPa; maximum displacements were 1.53 mm and 1.15 mm. ICS peak stress was 123.88 MPa and 174.61 MPa; maximum displacements were 1.17 mm and 1.09 mm, with peak fracture-end stress at 61.732 MPa and 104.02 MPa, respectively. Conclusions Our finite element study indicates superior mechanical stability with internal fixation after reducing valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures (> 15°) compared to in situ fixation. Additionally, ICS biomechanical properties are more suitable for this fracture type than FNS.

Inserting rhymes and poetry into Persian prose has a long history. Looking at the ancient prose texts, we can see that most of the writers after the birth of Persian poetry tended to this mixture; it is as if they were aware of the effect of poetry on the soul of the audience and the persuasion caused by it. Incentives based on literary and social-political goals have caused poetry to enter prose texts. By looking at the list of old and new rhetorical science books, it became clear that so far, rhetoricians have not paid enough attention to the types of poetry insertion in prose texts, which is one of the aesthetic aspects. The only term that fits this technique better than other interpretations is "Esteshhad" (affidavit). a general term that includes verse, hadith, news, and poetry in the text. Other terms such as solution, adaptation, and guarantee have been proposed, which, according to the existing definitions, are not exactly related to poetry. The appearance of poetry among prose texts has types and rules that have not been discovered so far, and terms for these types have not been provided. The present article tried to examine the prose texts mixed with poetry in the 8th century as an example of research, because Persian poetry has reached the peak of its development in this century, and tried to explain the types of poetry insertion in prose and its purposes by citing examples of the texts and presenting its proposed definitions to solve the problem. The suggested term in this writing is the completely Persian and literary term "She’r-Amizi".Keywords: Poetry, Prose, Rhyme, Insertion, Esteshhad. IntroductionThe combination of poetry and prose has been common in Persian texts for a long time. The presence of scattered poems in most prose texts reminds us of the importance of examining them in terms of quantity and literary quality. The research on why and how to insert poetry in prose texts has results worthy of reflection. This article seeks to answer the question: 1- What is the appropriate term for this literary technique? 2 - what are the different forms of inserting poetry into prose? What goals did the author have in mind for this work? And what are the results of using this literary technique?The Goals of Inserting Poetry in Prose TextsPersuasion and satisfaction of the audience, boasting, documenting speech, lexical witness, technical witness, explanation and interpretation or translation of hadith, verse or Arabic poetry, and indirect expression. Literature ReviewRegarding the poetic Esteshhadat of literary texts, general or case research studies have been conducted so far.Faqihi (1994): Doctoral dissertation with the title "Arabic Verses in Persian Literary Texts until the Middle of the 6th Century: Including Extraction, Translation, Arabization, Reference of Persian and Arabic Sources, Mentioning the Names of Many Arab Poets and Some Necessary Explanations" in Tarbiat Modares University. It is worth mentioning that he did not analyze the poems as much as he should have and often limited himself to extracting and presenting a few extracted poems.Sarvestani (2009): Master's thesis with the title "Culture of Persian Poems in Persian Mystical Prose Texts" at Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, which was presented in the form of extracting poems and without analysis and research on the poems.Safari Agh Qal'eh (2015): a research in the form of a book titled "Persian Poems Scattered in Texts up to 700 AH" which was published in two volumes by Dr. Mahmoud Afshar’s publications. This book has examined almost all printed texts up to the end of the seventh century and has its own literary values, although the research scope of the present treatise seems to be a continuation of this book, most of the issues that should be analyzed in this treatise are in Mr. Safari's book.The Goals of Inserting Poetry in Prose TextsPersuasion and satisfaction of the audience, boasting, documenting speech, lexical witness, technical witness, explanation and interpretation or translation of hadith, verse, or Arabic poetry, and indirect expression.The Results of Inserting Poetry in Prose TextsIntroducing anonymous poets, revealing the author of some poems, revealing repetitive themes, discovering the intellectual values and tastes of writers, discovering plagiarism, revealing the involvement of writers in the text and preserving the cultural works of the Persian language.Types of Mixing Poetry in Prose- The author has sometimes changed some words from the original verse while maintaining the meter and rhyme and used another word that was more in harmony with the text and topic.- Does the poem relate to the previous text or not? Maintaining the connection between the poem and the text has various forms; sometimes this connection is completely perceptible and understandable. Sometimes the connection is far from the mind, to the extent that the necessary connection between the content of words and poetry may not be received.- The poem either comes after the end of the sentence, or it comes in the context of the sentence and words.- The style of the poem is expressed or not.- Titles such as one verse, verse, Masnavi, etc. are given before inserting the poem, and sometimes the poem is inserted without mentioning the title.Sometimes the way of inserting poems is subject to rhyme; that is, the text can be considered a proportional mixture of prose and rhyme, and sometimes the author has included poetry wherever necessary.- The pattern of the authors in giving the name of the poet is different; sometimes the author did not pay attention to this issue, and sometimes he wrote the name of the poet or the source who quoted the poem there, or both. MethodologyThe research method in this article is in the form of content analysis, and its content is 8th-century prose texts. FindingsAccording to the definitions of ancient and contemporary rhetoricians, the best term that can be considered for this innovative art is "Esteshhad". The main purpose stated for the use of Esteshhad is to prove the speaker's words, which also comes from the literal meaning of Esteshhad, but the patterns in the texts that we encountered in this article do not fully match the existing definitions of Esteshhad; when the author uses poetry when quoting one of the characters of his work, we do not see any intention to prove the claim in it. This issue is also true about the translation of Arabic verses, hadiths, and poems, or arranging the story told in the work. Therefore, it is necessary to broaden the definition of Esteshhad. On the other hand, "Esteshhad" is a common term in other sciences, such as law. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a special term in Persian literature regarding this issue. Since in this literary art we see the tendency of the author towards poetry and prose and poetry are mixed, the term "poetry" can express this literary art to a great extent. In addition, it does not have the mentioned problems regarding Esteshhad. ConclusionThe insertion of poetry in prose has been used for persuading the audience, clarifying the meanings of words, explaining, interpreting, or translating verses, etc., and boasting or simply embellishing words. Inserting the same poem or changing it, bringing the poem in the middle of the sentence or after it is finished, mentioning or not mentioning the poetic form, and inserting or not including headings such as verse, verse, and one verse before the poem are the methods of using this technique. The introduction of anonymous poets, the revelation of the composer of some poems, the revelation of the repetition of themes in the author's works, the discovery of the intellectual values of writers in a period, the discovery of literary plagiarism, and the revelation of the involvement of writers in writing texts and the preservation of cultural works are among the results of literary research.

Enhancing the marker repository and the development of breeder-friendly markers in chickpeas is important in relation to chickpea genomics-assisted breeding applications. Insertion–deletion (InDel) markers are widely distributed across genomes and easily observed with specifically designed primers, leading to less time, cost, and labor requirements. In light of this, the present study focused on the identification and development of InDel markers through the use of double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) data from 20 chickpea accessions. Bioinformatic analysis identified 20,700 InDel sites, including 15,031 (72.61%) deletions and 5669 (27.39%) insertions, among the chickpea accessions. The InDel markers ranged from 1 to 25 bp in length, while single-nucleotide-length InDel markers were found to represent the majority of the InDel sites and account for 79% of the total InDel markers. However, we focused on InDel markers wherein the length was greater than a single nucleotide to avoid any read or alignment errors. Among all of the InDel markers, 96.1% were less than 10 bp, 3.6% were between 10 and 20 bp, and 0.3% were more than 20 bp in length. We examined the InDel markers that were 10 bp and longer for the development of InDel markers based on a consideration of the genomic distribution and low-cost genotyping with agarose gels. A total of 29 InDel regions were selected, and primers were successfully designed to evaluate their efficiency. Annotation analysis of the InDel markers revealed them to be found with the highest frequency in the intergenic regions (82.76%), followed by the introns (6.90%), coding sequences (6.90%), and exons (3.45%). Genetic diversity analysis demonstrated that the polymorphic information content of the markers varied from 0.09 to 0.37, with an average of 0.20. Taken together, these results showed the efficiency of InDel marker development for chickpea genetic and genomic studies using the ddRADSeq method. The identified markers might prove valuable for chickpea breeders.

In revision operations, ceramic heads of modular hip implants can be replaced. As the surface of the stem taper can be damaged, additional adapter sleeves are applied. The components are usually connected manually by the surgeon in a one-step procedure by hammer impacts. In this study, we investigated a two-step joining procedure with reproducible impaction force. First, the adapter sleeve and head were joined quasi-statically with a force of 2 kN using an assembly device. In the second step, these components were applied to the stem taper using a pulse-controlled instrument. For reference, the joints were assembled according to standard conditions using a tensile testing machine. An average pull-off force of 1309 ± 201 N was achieved for the components joined by the instrument, and the average measured values for the components joined by the testing machine were 1290 ± 140 N. All specimens achieved a force >350 N when released and therefore met the acceptance criterion defined for this study. This study showed that a modified procedure in two steps with a defined force has a positive effect on the reproducibility of the measured joining forces compared to previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, consensus is lacking on the necessity of internal fixation after reducing valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures with abduction > 15°. This study employs finite element analysis to compare the biomechanical differences between the femoral neck dynamic cross nail system (FNS) and inverted cannulated screw (ICS), aiming to provide a foundation for clinical procedures. Methods: Human femur CT scan data were processed using MimICS21.0 and Geomagic 2021 software, imported into Solidworks2021 to create fracture models, based on Garden I abduction and Valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures. The internal fixation model was divided into two groups: A—Anatomic reduction group; B—Valgus-intercalated femoral neck fracture group. ANSYS software facilitated meshing, material assignment, and data calculation for stress and displacement comparisons when ICS and FNS were applied in reduction or non-reduction scenarios. Results: Without internal fixation, peak femur stress in both groups was 142.93 MPa and 183.62 MPa. Post FNS fixation, peak stress was 254.11 MPa and 424.81 MPa; peak stresses for the two FNS models were 141.26 MPa and 248.33 MPa. Maximum displacements for the two FNS groups were 1.91 mm and 1.26 mm, with peak fracture-end stress at 50.751 MPa and 124.47 MPa. After ICS fixation, femur peak stress was 204.76 MPa and 274.08 MPa; maximum displacements were 1.53 mm and 1.15 mm. ICS peak stress was 123.88 MPa and 174.61 MPa; maximum displacements were 1.17 mm and 1.09 mm, with peak fracture-end stress at 61.732 MPa and 104.02 MPa, respectively. Conclusions: Our finite element study indicates superior mechanical stability with internal fixation after reducing valgus-intercalated femoral neck fractures (> 15°) compared to in situ fixation. Additionally, ICS biomechanical properties are more suitable for this fracture type than FNS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective & Background: The exact cause of hypertension is unknown in about 90 to 95% patients, known as essential hypertension. Genes may play a crucial role in the pathology of essential hypertension. Gene for angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is found on long arm of chromosome 17q23, where 287 base pair insertion or deletion (I/D) polymorphism may occur. This study was aimed to assess the association of I/D polymorphism of ACE gene with blood pressure (BP) in Patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). Methods: This Descriptive Cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st June 2021 to 30th September 2021 at Kuwait Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. The genomic DNA was extracted from lymphocytes and PCR was performed for identification of ACE I/D polymorphism. Results: Total 181 individuals (121 Hypertensive and 60 normal) were enrolled in the study. The measured systolic and diastolic BP in cases were 153.91mmHg±12.65 and 92.94mmHg±5.72, respectively while in control were 118.20±17.13 and 74.12mmHg±7.58, respectively. The Deletion Homozygous (DD), Insertion Homozygous (II) and Deletion and Insertion Heterozygous (DI) genotypes in hypertensive patients were 47 (38.84%), 17 (14.04%) and 57 (47.10%) respectively while in Control group the DD, II and DI were 4 (6.66%), 25 (41.66%) and 31 (51.66%) respectively. This study showed association of DD genotypes of the ACE gene with hypertension as compared to healthy individuals. Conclusion: Individuals with DD genotype may have association with hypertension. polymorphism of ACE gene was proved to be an important genetic marker for essential hypertension in Patients of KPK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]