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81 results on '"Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES)"'

1. The distribution of coastal fish <scp>eDNA</scp> sequences in the Anthropocene

Author: Laetitia Mathon, Virginie Marques, Stéphanie Manel, Camille Albouy, Marco Andrello, Emilie Boulanger, Julie Deter, Régis Hocdé, Fabien Leprieur, Tom B. Letessier, Nicolas Loiseau, Eva Maire, Alice Valentini, Laurent Vigliola, Florian Baletaud, Sandra Bessudo, Tony Dejean, Nadia Faure, Pierre‐Edouard Guerin, Meret Jucker, Jean‐Baptiste Juhel, Kadarusman, Andrea Polanco F., Laurent Pouyaud, Dario Schwörer, Kirsten F. Thompson, Marc Troussellier, Hagi Yulia Sugeha, Laure Velez, Xiaowei Zhang, Wenjun Zhong, Loïc Pellissier, David Mouillot, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Dynamique et durabilité des écosystèmes : de la source à l’océan (DECOD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institute for the Study of the Anthropic Impacts and the Sustainability in the Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Andromède Océanologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest]), Zoological Society of London - ZSL (UNITED KINGDOM), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, SPYGEN [Le Bourget-du-Lac], Ecologie marine tropicale dans les Océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Réunion]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Fundación Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Sorong (POLTEK), Programa de Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Marino, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), University of Exeter, Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Ecosystèmes lagunaires : organisation biologique et fonctionnement (ECOLAG), Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitas Indonesia (UI ), Centre of Chemical Safety and Risks, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing University (NJU), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
Subjects: α- and β-diversity, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, coastal fish communities, environmental factors, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, socio-economic factors, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, environmental DNA, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Aim Coastal fishes have a fundamental role in marine ecosystem functioning and contributions to people, but face increasing threats due to climate change, habitat degradation and overexploitation. The extent to which human pressures are impacting coastal fish biodiversity in comparison with geographic and environmental factors at large spatial scale is still under scrutiny. Here, we took advantage of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to investigate the relationship between fish biodiversity, including taxonomic and genetic components, and environmental but also socio-economic factors. Location Tropical, temperate and polar coastal areas. Time period Present day. Major taxa studied Marine fishes. Methods We analysed fish eDNA in 263 stations (samples) in 68 sites distributed across polar, temperate and tropical regions. We modelled the effect of environmental, geographic and socio-economic factors on α- and β-diversity. We then computed the partial effect of each factor on several fish biodiversity components using taxonomic molecular units (MOTU) and genetic sequences. We also investigated the relationship between fish genetic α- and β-diversity measured from our barcodes, and phylogenetic but also functional diversity. Results We show that fish eDNA MOTU and sequence α- and β-diversity have the strongest correlation with environmental factors on coastal ecosystems worldwide. However, our models also reveal a negative correlation between biodiversity and human dependence on marine ecosystems. In areas with high dependence, diversity of all fish, cryptobenthic fish and large fish MOTUs declined steeply. Finally, we show that a sequence diversity index, accounting for genetic distance between pairs of MOTUs, within and between communities, is a reliable proxy of phylogenetic and functional diversity. Main conclusions Together, our results demonstrate that short eDNA sequences can be used to assess climate and direct human impacts on marine biodiversity at large scale in the Anthropocene and can further be extended to investigate biodiversity in its phylogenetic and functional dimensions.
Published: 2023

2. Applying convolutional neural networks to speed up environmental DNA annotation in a highly diverse ecosystem

Author: Flück, Benjamin, Mathon, Laetitia, Manel, Stéphanie, Valentini, Alice, Dejean, Tony, Albouy, Camille, Mouillot, David, Thuiller, Wilfried, Murienne, Jérôme, Brosse, Sébastien, Pellissier, Loïc, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), SPYGEN [Le Bourget-du-Lac], Dynamique et durabilité des écosystèmes : de la source à l’océan (DECOD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
Subjects: Classification and taxonomy, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversity, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: High-throughput DNA sequencing is becoming an increasingly important tool to monitor and better understand biodiversity responses to environmental changes in a standardized and reproducible way. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from organisms can be captured in ecosystem samples and sequenced using metabarcoding, but processing large volumes of eDNA data and annotating sequences to recognized taxa remains computationally expensive. Speed and accuracy are two major bottlenecks in this critical step. Here, we evaluated the ability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to process short eDNA sequences and associate them with taxonomic labels. Using a unique eDNA data set collected in highly diverse Tropical South America, we compared the speed and accuracy of CNNs with that of a well-known bioinformatic pipeline (OBITools) in processing a small region (60 bp) of the 12S ribosomal DNA targeting freshwater fishes. We found that the taxonomic labels from the CNNs were comparable to those from OBITools, with high correlation levels for the composition of the regional fish fauna. The CNNs enabled the processing of raw fastq files at a rate of approximately 1 million sequences per minute, which was about 150 times faster than with OBITools. Given the good performance of CNNs in the highly diverse ecosystem considered here, the development of more elaborate CNNs promises fast deployment for future biodiversity inventories using eDNA., Scientific Reports, 12 (1), ISSN:2045-2322
Published: 2022

3. Ecological indices from environmental DNA to contrast coastal reefs under different anthropogenic pressures

Author: Polanco F., A., Waldock, C., Keggin, T., Marques, V., Rozanski, R., Valentini, A., Dejean, T., Manel, S., Vermeij, M., Albouy, C., Pellissier, L., Beauval Nature, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Partenaires INRAE, Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), WSL, Swiss Federal Research Institute, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), SPYGEN [Le Bourget-du-Lac], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity Foundation (CARMABI), Dynamique et durabilité des écosystèmes : de la source à l’océan (DECOD), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques (LRH), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, and Freshwater and Marine Ecology (IBED, FNWI)
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, fungi, fish composition, phylogenetic diversity, Caribbean region, coral reefs, Curaçao, environmental DNA, functional diversity, Curacao, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Human activities can degrade the quality of coral reefs and cause a decline in fish species richness and functional diversity and an erosion of the ecosystem services provided. Environmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) has been proposed as an alternative to Underwater Visual Census (UVC) to offer more rapid assessment of marine biodiversity to meet management demands for ecosystem health indices. Taxonomic information derived from sequenced eDNA can be combined with functional traits and phylogenetic positions to generate a variety of ecological indices describing ecosystem functioning. Here, we inventoried reef fish assemblages of two contrasting coastal areas of Curacao, (i) near the island's capital city and (ii) in a remote area under more limited anthropogenic pressure. We sampled eDNA by filtering large volumes of seawater (2 x 30 L) along 2 km boat transects, which we coupled with species ecological properties related to habitat use, trophic level, and body size to investigate the difference in fish taxonomic composition, functional and phylogenetic indices recovered from eDNA metabarcoding between these two distinct coastal areas. Despite no marked difference in species richness, we found a higher phylogenetic diversity in proximity to the city, but a higher functional diversity on the more isolated reef. Composition differences between coastal areas were associated with different frequencies of reef fish families. Because of a partial reference database, eDNA only partly matched those detected with UVC, but eDNA surveys nevertheless provided rapid and robust species occurrence responses to contrasting environments. eDNA metabarcoding coupled with functional and phylogenetic diversity assessment can serve the management of coastal habitats under increasing threat from global changes., Ecology and Evolution, 12 (8), ISSN:2045-7758
Published: 2022

4. Tackling unresolved questions in forest ecology: The past and future role of simulation models

Author: Alessio Collalti, Kirsten Thonicke, Fanny Langerwisch, Friedrich J. Bohn, Manfred J. Lexer, Xavier Morin, Edna Rödig, Heike Lischke, Franziska Taubert, Isabelle Maréchaux, Martin Gutsch, Giorgio Vacchiano, Boris Sakschewski, Anja Rammig, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Harald Bugmann, Andreas Huth, Rupert Seidl, Mateus Dantas de Paula, Rico Fischer, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Palacky University Olomouc, Osnabrück University, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Tuscia, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), COST Action FP1304 PROFOUND, German Federal Ministry of Science and Education. Grant Number: 01LS1711A, Austrian Science Fund. Grant Number: Y895‐B25, ANR-10-LABX-0025,CEBA,CEnter of the study of Biodiversity in Amazonia(2010), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Universität Osnabrück - Osnabrück University, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), and Lehrstuhl für Ökosystemdynamik und Waldmanagement in Gebirgslandschaften
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Reviews, Context (language use), Review, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Dynamic global vegetation model, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Forest ecology, ddc:630, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, 030304 developmental biology, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Pace, Gap model, 0303 health sciences, Forest dynamics, Ecology, business.industry, Forest modelling, Simulation modeling, Environmental resource management, Species distribution model, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, ddc, Geography, 13. Climate action, Complementarity (molecular biology), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract: Understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure, and diversity remains challenging, although data on forest systems are being collected at a rapid pace and across scales. Forest models have a long history in bridging data with ecological knowledge and can simulate forest dynamics over spatio‐temporal scales unreachable by most empirical investigations.We describe the development that different forest modelling communities have followed to underpin the leverage that simulation models offer for advancing our understanding of forest ecosystems.Using three widely applied but contrasting approaches – species distribution models, individual‐based forest models, and dynamic global vegetation models – as examples, we show how scientific and technical advances have led models to transgress their initial objectives and limitations. We provide an overview of recent model applications on current important ecological topics and pinpoint ten key questions that could, and should, be tackled with forest models in the next decade.Synthesis. This overview shows that forest models, due to their complementarity and mutual enrichment, represent an invaluable toolkit to address a wide range of fundamental and applied ecological questions, hence fostering a deeper understanding of forest dynamics in the context of global change., Forest models can help understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure and diversity, since they can can simulate forest dynamics over spatio‐temporal scales unreachable by most empirical investigations. Here we describe the development of three widely applied but contrasting forest mo−delling approaches — species distribution models, individual‐based models and dynamic global vegetation models. We provide an overview of recent model applications and pinpoint ten key questions that could, and should, be tackled with forest models in the next decade.
Published: 2021

5. Global determinants of freshwater and marine fish genetic diversity

Author: Stéphanie Manel, Camille Albouy, David Mouillot, Loïc Pellissier, Simon Blanchet, Pierre-Edouard Guerin, Laure Velez, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), James Cook University (JCU), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Aquatic Organisms, Science, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biogeography, Biodiversity, General Physics and Astronomy, Environment, DNA, Mitochondrial, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Databases, Genetic, Animals, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, Marine biology, Genetic diversity, Multidisciplinary, Geography, biology, Ecology, Fishes, Genetic Variation, Ecological genetics, Species diversity, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, respiratory system, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Spatial ecology, Freshwater fish, Freshwater ecology, lcsh:Q, human activities
Abstract: Genetic diversity is estimated to be declining faster than species diversity under escalating threats, but its spatial distribution remains poorly documented at the global scale. Theory predicts that similar processes should foster congruent spatial patterns of genetic and species diversity, but empirical studies are scarce. Using a mined database of 50,588 georeferenced mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences (COI) for 3,815 marine and 1,611 freshwater fish species respectively, we examined the correlation between genetic diversity and species diversity and their global distributions in relation to climate and geography. Genetic diversity showed a clear spatial organisation, but a weak association with species diversity for both marine and freshwater species. We found a predominantly positive relationship between genetic diversity and sea surface temperature for marine species. Genetic diversity of freshwater species varied primarily across the regional basins and was negatively correlated with average river slope. The detection of genetic diversity patterns suggests that conservation measures should consider mismatching spatial signals across multiple facets of biodiversity., Biogeographic patterns of genetic diversity are poorly documented, especially for fish species. Here the authors show that (mitochondrial) genetic diversity has global spatial organization patterns with different environmental drivers for marine and freshwater fishes, where genetic diversity is only partly congruent with species richness.
Published: 2020

6. A functional vulnerability framework for biodiversity conservation

Author: Arnaud Auber, Conor Waldock, Anthony Maire, Eric Goberville, Camille Albouy, Adam C. Algar, Matthew McLean, Anik Brind’Amour, Alison L. Green, Mark Tupper, Laurent Vigliola, Kristin Kaschner, Kathleen Kesner-Reyes, Maria Beger, Jerry Tjiputra, Aurèle Toussaint, Cyrille Violle, Nicolas Mouquet, Wilfried Thuiller, David Mouillot, Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire National d’Hydraulique et Environnement (EDF R&D LNHE), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CoralCoE), James Cook University (JCU), Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Nouvelle-Calédonie]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Nouvelle-Calédonie])-Ifremer - Nouvelle-Calédonie, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (UNC), Department of Biometry and Environmental System Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, University of Leeds, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research (BCCR), Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen] (BIO / UiB), University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences [Tartu], University of Tartu, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: Mammals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishes, General Physics and Astronomy, Biodiversity, General Chemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, FOS: Biological sciences, Animals, 570 Life sciences, biology, Community ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecological modelling, Ecosystem
Abstract: Setting appropriate conservation strategies in a multi-threat world is a challenging goal, especially because of natural complexity and budget limitations that prevent effective management of all ecosystems. Safeguarding the most threatened ecosystems requires accurate and integrative quantification of their vulnerability and their functioning, particularly the potential loss of species trait diversity which imperils their functioning. However, the magnitude of threats and associated biological responses both have high uncertainties. Additionally, a major difficulty is the recurrent lack of reference conditions for a fair and operational measurement of vulnerability. Here, we present a functional vulnerability framework that incorporates uncertainty and reference conditions into a generalizable tool. Through in silico simulations of disturbances, our framework allows us to quantify the vulnerability of communities to a wide range of threats. We demonstrate the relevance and operationality of our framework, and its global, scalable and quantitative comparability, through three case studies on marine fishes and mammals. We show that functional vulnerability has marked geographic and temporal patterns. We underline contrasting contributions of species richness and functional redundancy to the level of vulnerability among case studies, indicating that our integrative assessment can also identify the drivers of vulnerability in a world where uncertainty is omnipresent., Nature Communications, 13 (1), ISSN:2041-1723
Published: 2022

7. How wild bees find a way in European cities: Pollen metabarcoding unravels multiple feeding strategies and their effects on distribution patterns in four wild bee species

Author: Pedro Pinho, Nicolas Deguines, Stefanie Müller, Loïc Pellissier, Marta Alós Ortí, Anskje Van Mensel, Piotr Tryjanowski, Roeland Samson, Alexander Keller, François Chiron, Tiit Hallikma, Cristiana Aleixo, Joan Casanelles-Abella, Marco Moretti, Lauri Laanisto, Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Centre for Ecology - Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (IAES), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose (EES), Ecologie et biologie des interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Poznan University of Life Sciences (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu) (PULS), and ANR-16-EBI3-0012,BIOVEINS,Connectivity of green and blue infrastructures: living veins for biodiverse and healthy cities(2016)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Distribution (economics), urbanization, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, urban biodiversity, 03 medical and health sciences, remote sensing, feeding behaviour, trap-nests, Urbanization, Pollen, medicine, species distribution models, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, business.industry, fungi, cavity-nesting bees, food and beverages, Remote sensing (archaeology), business
Abstract: 1. Urban ecosystems can sustain populations of wild bees, partly because of their rich native and exotic floral resources. A better understanding of the urban bee diet, particularly at the larval stage, is necessary to understand biotic interactions and feeding behaviour in urban ecosystems, and to promote bees by improving the management of urban floral resources. 2. We investigated the larval diet and distribution patterns of four solitary wild bee species with different diet specialization (i.e. Chelostoma florisomne, Osmia bicornis, Osmia cornuta and Hylaeus communis) along urban intensity gradients in five European cities (Antwerp, Paris, Poznan, Tartu and Zurich) using two complementary analyses. Specifically, using trap-nests and pollen metabarcoding techniques, we characterized the species' larval diet, assessed diet consistency across cities and modelled the distribution of wild bees using species distribution models (SDMs). 3. Our results demonstrate that urban wild bees display different successful strategies to exploit existing urban floral resources: not only broad generalism (i.e. H. communis) but also intermediate generalism, with some degree of diet conservatism at the plant family or genus level (i.e. O. cornuta and O. bicornis), or even strict specialization on widely available urban pollen hosts (i.e. C. florisomne). Furthermore, we detected important diet variation in H. communis, with a switch from an herbaceous pollen diet to a tree pollen diet with increasing urban intensity. 4. Species distribution modelling indicated that wild bee distribution ranges inside urban ecosystems ultimately depend on their degree of specialization, and that broader diets result in less sensitivity to urban intensity. 5. Policy implications. Satisfying larval dietary requirements is critical to preserving and enhancing wild bee distributions within urban gradients. For high to intermediate levels of feeding specialization, we found considerable consistency in the preferred plant families or genera across the studied cities, which could be generalized to other cities where these bees occur. Identifying larval floral preferences (e.g. using pollen metabarcoding) could be helpful for identifying key plant taxa and traits for bee survival and for improving strategies to develop bee-friendly cities., Journal of Applied Ecology, 59 (2), ISSN:0021-8901, ISSN:1365-2664
Published: 2021

8. Contrasting resistance and resilience to extreme drought and late spring frost in five major European tree species

Author: Thomas Wohlgemuth, Arthur Gessler, Patrick Fonti, Maxime Cailleret, Mathieu Lévesque, Brigitte Rohner, Alessandra Bottero, Pascale Weber, Christof Bigler, Yann Vitasse, Andreas Rigling, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, frost risk, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, tree phenology, Forests, 01 natural sciences, Trees, climate warming, extreme climatic events, tree‐ring width, Forest ecology, Fagus, Dendrochronology, Environmental Chemistry, Beech, Ecosystem, growing degree‐days, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, biology, Resistance (ecology), dendrochronology, Global warming, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Droughts, Geography, Frost, climatic water balance, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Larch, Temperate rainforest, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; Extreme climate events (ECEs) such as severe droughts, heat waves, and late spring frosts are rare but exert a paramount role in shaping tree species distributions. The frequency of such ECEs is expected to increase with climate warming, threatening the sustainability of temperate forests. Here, we analysed 2,844 tree‐ring width series of five dominant European tree species from 104 Swiss sites ranging from 400 to 2,200 m a.s.l. for the period 1930–2016. We found that (a) the broadleaved oak and beech are sensitive to late frosts that strongly reduce current year growth; however, tree growth is highly resilient and fully recovers within 2 years; (b) radial growth of the conifers larch and spruce is strongly and enduringly reduced by spring droughts—these species are the least resistant and resilient to droughts; (c) oak, silver fir, and to a lower extent beech, show higher resistance and resilience to spring droughts and seem therefore better adapted to the future climate. Our results allow a robust comparison of the tree growth responses to drought and spring frost across large climatic gradients and provide striking evidence that the growth of some of the most abundant and economically important European tree species will be increasingly limited by climate warming. These results could serve for supporting species selection to maintain the sustainability of forest ecosystem services under the expected increase in ECEs.
Published: 2019

9. Raccolta di varie schede di rilevamento macrosismico metropolitano dagli archivi dell'Ufficio centrale sismologico francese dal 1910 al dicembre 2020

Author: Sira, Christophe, Mendel, Véronique, Schaming, Marc, Cara, Michel, Masson, Frédéric, Schlupp, Antoine, Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Terre Environnement Strasbourg (ITES), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Sira, Christophe
Subjects: Earthquake, Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg, Macroseismic intensity, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, intensity scale, Seismic vulnerability, Sismicité historique, échelle d'intensité, Tremblement de terre, Enquête macrosismique, EMI, Rossi-Forel, archives, Macroseismic survey, Testimony, questionnaire, RESIF, Intensité macrosismique, MSK64, Historical seismicity, Dommages, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Témoignages, Mercalli, MCS, Damages, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDE.ES] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Did you feel it, Vulnérabilité sismique, EMS98
Abstract: This document presents a comparison of the various macroseismic survey forms contained since 1910 in the archives of the French Central Seismological Bureau (BCSF), as well as the forms themselves. These forms have made it possible, and today make it possible for some of them to collect information on seismic effects on a municipal or individual scale in order to estimate the intensity of ground shaking according to the scale used when the form was used.Collection des différents formulaires métropolitains d’enquête macrosismique du Bureau central sismologique français - 1921 à 2021. 2Collection of different metropolitan macroseismic survey forms of the French Central Seismological Office - 1921 to 2021.These forms were successively used by the Central Bureau of Meteorology of France (BCMF), the Institute of Earth Physics in Strasbourg (IPGS), the German Imperial Main Station for Earthquake Research in Strasbourg, the Geological and Mining Research Office (BRGM), or the BCSF.The first versions of the forms were in paper form and distributed by mail, the latest versions are mainly distributed by Internet via a collection interface (www.franceseisme.fr). A few forms in the archives are not presented here, they are mainly forms from third-party institutes used occasionally for specific events (University of Rennes, 1930, University of Bordeaux, 1967, Civil Aviation from 1947 to 1963, etc.)., Ce document présente un comparatif des différents formulaires d’enquêtes macrosismiques contenus depuis 1910 dans les archives du Bureau central sismologique français (BCSF), ainsi que les formulaires eux-mêmes. Ces formulaires ont permis et permettent aujourd’hui pour certains d’entre eux de collecter l’information sur les effets sismiques à l’échelle communale ou individuelle afin d’estimer l’intensité de la secousse au sol selon l’échelle utilisée lors de l’utilisation du formulaire.Ces formulaires ont été successivement utilisés par le Bureau central météorologique de France (BCMF), l’Institut de physique du globe de Strasbourg (IPGS), la station principale impériale allemande pour la recherche sur les tremblements de terre à Strasbourg, le Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM), ou le BCSF. Les premières versions des formulaires étaient en papier et diffusées par courrier, les dernières versions sont principalement diffusées par Internet via une interface de collecte (www.franceseisme.fr). Quelques formulaires présents dans les archives ne sont pas présentés ici, il s’agit principalement de formulaires d’instituts tiers utilisés ponctuellement pour des événements spécifiques (Université de Rennes, 1930, Université de Bordeaux, 1967, Aviation civile de 1947 à 1963,…).
Published: 2021

10. Root traits as drivers of plant and ecosystem functioning: current understanding, pitfalls and future research needs

Author: A. Glyn Bengough, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Monique Weemstra, Jitka Klimešová, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Sarah E. Hobbie, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Alexandra Weigelt, Louise H. Comas, Elison B. Blancaflor, Martin Lukac, Liesje Mommer, Arthur Gessler, David W. Johnson, Laura Rose, Iván Prieto, Marcin Zadworny, Tao Sun, Ivano Brunner, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Peter Ryser, Richard D. Bardgett, Catherine Roumet, Nina Wurzburger, Boris Rewald, M. Luke McCormack, Hendrik Poorter, Alexia Stokes, Loïc Pagès, Colleen M. Iversen, Oscar J. Valverde-Barrantes, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Gerlinde B. De Deyn, Larry M. York, Johannes A. Postma, Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, ARS-USDA, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), University of Manchester [Manchester], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), University of Reading (UOR), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Center for Tree Science, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences [Hamburg], Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Macquarie University, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Georgia [USA], Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Noble Research Institute, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Anthropology [University of Minnesota], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, University of Minnesota System, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laurentian University, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Universiteit Leiden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Leipzig University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Grant Agency of the Czech Republic 1913103S, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Leiden University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Root (linguistics), spatial and temporal scales, Physiology, Ecology (disciplines), belowground ecology, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, plant functions, Ecosystem, ecosystem properties and processes, environmental gradients, trait covariation, Bodembiologie, Ecology, trait causal relationships, Atmosphere, Biosphere, Research needs, Soil Biology, 15. Life on land, Plants, PE&RC, 030104 developmental biology, Phenotype, root traits, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Terrestrial ecosystem, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; The effects of plants on the biosphere, atmosphere and geosphere are key determinants of terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, despite substantial progress made regarding plant belowground components, we are still only beginning to explore the complex relationships between root traits and functions. Drawing on the literature in plant physiology, ecophysiology, ecology, agronomy and soil science, we reviewed 24 aspects of plant and ecosystem functioning and their relationships with a number of root system traits, including aspects of architecture, physiology, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, biomechanics and biotic interactions. Based on this assessment, we critically evaluated the current strengths and gaps in our knowledge, and identify future research challenges in the field of root ecology. Most importantly, we found that belowground traits with the broadest importance in plant and ecosystem functioning are not those most commonly measured. Also, the estimation of trait relative importance for functioning requires us to consider a more comprehensive range of functionally relevant traits from a diverse range of species, across environments and over time series. We also advocate that establishing causal hierarchical links among root traits will provide a hypothesis-based framework to identify the most parsimonious sets of traits with the strongest links on functions, and to link genotypes to plant and ecosystem functioning.
Published: 2021

11. A starting guide to root ecology: strengthening ecological concepts and standardizing root classification, sampling, processing and trait measurements

Author: Boris Rewald, Agnieszka Bagniewska-Zadworna, Hans Lambers, Ina C. Meier, Grégoire T. Freschet, Tao Sun, A. Glyn Bengough, Marcin Zadworny, Larry M. York, Jitka Klimešová, Laura Rose, Oscar J. Valverde-Barrantes, Loïc Pagès, Monique Weemstra, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Johannes A. Postma, Eric Garnier, Ivano Brunner, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, V. G. Salmon, M. Luke McCormack, Peter Ryser, Štěpán Janeček, Moemy Gomes de Moraes, Catherine Picon-Cochard, Hendrik Poorter, Colleen M. Iversen, Alexandra Weigelt, Louise H. Comas, Elison B. Blancaflor, Catherine Roumet, Sarah A. Batterman, Arthur Gessler, Nishanth Tharayil, Nina Wurzburger, Johannes H. C. Cornelissen, Sarah E. Hobbie, Thomas S. Adams, Alexia Stokes, Liesje Mommer, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Swiss Federal Research Institute, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Leiden University, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Leipzig University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, University of Leeds, Federal University of Goiás [Jataí], The University of Western Australia (UWA), The Morton Arboretum, Narodowe Centrum Nauki. Grant Number: 2012/07/E/NZ9/00194, Volkswagen Foundation. Grant Number: 11-76251- 99-34/13 (ZN 2928), Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Numbers: NE/ M019497/1, NE/N012542/1, Grantová Agentura České Republiky. Grant Number: GA 19-13103S, British Council. Grant Number: 275556724, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Grant Number: 31003A_159866, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Grant Number: ME 4156/2-1, ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, Water Management and Systems Research (WMSR), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Macquarie University, The James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Noble Research Institut, Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Hamburg, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laurentian University, Universiteit Leiden [Leiden], Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], University of Georgia [USA], BioSciences Division [Oak Ridge], Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Clemson University, Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité expérimentale du Groupe d'Etude et de contrôle des Variétés et des Semences - INRA Avignon (GEVES Cavaillon), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences (BIOLOGY CENTRE CAS), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Department of Environmental Sciences [Wageningen], Universiteit Leiden, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing], University of Oklahoma (OU), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Universität Leipzig
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Root (linguistics), Databases, Factual, Physiology, Computer science, Root ecology, Plant Science, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 01 natural sciences, trait measurements, starting guide, Protocol, below‐ground ecology, below-ground ecology, handbook, plant root functions, protocol, root classification, root ecology, root traits, Ecology, Handbook, Plants, Root traits, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, PE&RC, Phenotype, ddc:580, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Trait, Plantenecologie en Natuurbeheer, Trait measurements, Ecology (disciplines), Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Context (language use), 010603 evolutionary biology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Controlled vocabulary, Ecosystem, Protocol (science), Forum, 15. Life on land, Metadata, Root classification, standardizing root classification, Below-ground ecology, Community Resources, Plant root functions, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Meaning (linguistics)
Abstract: In the context of a recent massive increase in research on plant root functions and their impact on the environment, root ecologists currently face many important challenges to keep on generating cutting-edge, meaningful and integrated knowledge. Consideration of the below-ground components in plant and ecosystem studies has been consistently called for in recent decades, but methodology is disparate and sometimes inappropriate. This handbook, based on the collective effort of a large team of experts, will improve trait comparisons across studies and integration of information across databases by providing standardised methods and controlled vocabularies. It is meant to be used not only as starting point by students and scientists who desire working on below-ground ecosystems, but also by experts for consolidating and broadening their views on multiple aspects of root ecology. Beyond the classical compilation of measurement protocols, we have synthesised recommendations from the literature to provide key background knowledge useful for: (1) defining below-ground plant entities and giving keys for their meaningful dissection, classification and naming beyond the classical fine-root vs coarse-root approach; (2) considering the specificity of root research to produce sound laboratory and field data; (3) describing typical, but overlooked steps for studying roots (e.g. root handling, cleaning and storage); and (4) gathering metadata necessary for the interpretation of results and their reuse. Most importantly, all root traits have been introduced with some degree of ecological context that will be a foundation for understanding their ecological meaning, their typical use and uncertainties, and some methodological and conceptual perspectives for future research. Considering all of this, we urge readers not to solely extract protocol recommendations for trait measurements from this work, but to take a moment to read and reflect on the extensive information contained in this broader guide to root ecology, including sections I–VII and the many introductions to each section and root trait description. Finally, it is critical to understand that a major aim of this guide is to help break down barriers between the many subdisciplines of root ecology and ecophysiology, broaden researchers’ views on the multiple aspects of root study and create favourable conditions for the inception of comprehensive experiments on the role of roots in plant and ecosystem functioning. ISSN:0028-646X ISSN:1469-8137
Published: 2021

12. Beyond forest succession: A gap model to study ecosystem functioning and tree community composition under climate change

Author: Michel Vennetier, Guillaume Simioni, Eugénie Catteau, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Harald Bugmann, Bernard Prévosto, Maxime Cailleret, Joannès Guillemot, François De Coligny, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Maude Toïgo, Jean-Marc Limousin, Xavier Morin, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Réserves Naturelles de France, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), ECOFOR‐2014‐23, ANR-16-CE32-0003,DiPTiCC,Diversité et Productivité des forêTs impactées par le Changement Climatique(2016), ANR-11-PDOC-0032,PONAME,Développement d'un Nouvel Outil de Nanométrologie Polyscopique Couplant Spectrométrie de Masse et Spectroscopie Laser(2011), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), ANR-08-NANO-0014,PONAME,POsitionnement Nanométrique Multi-échelle(2008), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Réserves naturelles de France [Dijon] (RNF), Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, F40 - Écologie végétale, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Climate, Forest management, Climate change, Ecological succession, Biology, Forests, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Forest ecology, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Community composition, Ecosystem, Productivity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Changement climatique, Generality, business.industry, Environmental resource management, MUDANÇA CLIMÁTICA, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Traits, Scale (social sciences), Succession végétale, Ecosystem functioning, Écosystème forestier, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, ZABR, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Process‐based modelling, 010606 plant biology & botany, Communauté végétale
Abstract: International audience; Climate change impacts forest functioning and dynamics, and large uncertainties remain regarding the interactions between species composition, demographic processes and environmental drivers. There are few robust tools available to link these processes, which precludes accurate projections and recommendations for long-term forest management. Forest gap models present a balance between complexity and generality and are widely used in predictive forest ecology. However, their relevance to tackle questions about the links between species composition, climate and forest functioning is unclear. In this regard, demonstrating the ability of gap models to predict the growth of forest stands at the annual parameterization scale resolution—representing a sensitive and integrated signal of tree functioning and mortality risk—appears as a fundamental step. In this study, we aimed at assessing the ability of a gap model to accurately predict forest growth in the short term and potential community composition in the long term, across a wide range of species and environmental conditions. To do so, we present the gap model ForCEEPS, calibrated using an original parameterization procedure for the main tree species in France. ForCEEPS was shown to satisfactorily predict forest annual growth (averaged over a few years) at the plot level from mountain to Mediterranean climates, regardless of the species. Such an accuracy was not gained at the cost of losing precision for long-term predictions, as the model showed a strong ability to predict potential community compositions. The mechanistic relevance of ForCEEPS parameterization was explored by showing the congruence between the values of key model parameter and species functional traits. We further showed that accounting for the spatial configuration of crowns within forest stands, the effects of climatic constraints and the variability of shade tolerances in the species community are all crucial to better predict short-term productivity with gap models. Synthesis. The dual ability of predicting short-term functioning and long-term community composition, as well as the balance between generality and realism (i.e. predicting accuracy) of the new generation of gap models may open great perspectives for the exploration of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships, species coexistence mechanisms and the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Published: 2021

13. Comparing the performance of 12S mitochondrial primers for fish environmental DNA across ecosystems

Author: F Andrea Polanco, Eilísh Richards, Camille Albouy, Sébastien Brosse, Jean-Claude Walser, Florian Altermatt, Stéphanie Manel, Tony Dejean, Benjamin Flück, Alice Valentini, David Eme, Virginie Marques, Loïc Pellissier, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras 'José Benito Vives de Andréis' (INVEMAR), Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Colombie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), SPYGEN [Le Bourget-du-Lac], Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), University of Zurich, Polanco F., Andrea, and Pellissier, Loïc
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, neural network, Biodiversity, Zoology, Environmental DNA, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Microbial ecology, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 1311 Genetics, Biomonitoring, Genetics, GE1-350, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, biodiversity, biomonitoring, environmental DNA, fishes, in silico PCR, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, QR100-130, Fishes, Neural network, In silico PCR, Environmental sciences, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), %22">Fish , [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 2303 Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Through the development of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, in situ monitoring of organisms is becoming easier and promises a revolution in our approaches to detect changes in biodiversity over space and time. A cornerstone of eDNA approach is the development of primer pairs that allow amplifying the DNA of specific taxonomic groups, which is then used to link the DNA sequence to taxonomic identification. Here, we propose a framework for comparing primer pairs regarding (a) their capacity to bind and amplify a broad coverage of species within the target clade using in silico PCR, (b) their capacity to not only discriminate between species but also genera or families, and (c) their in situ specificity and efficiency across a variety of environments. As a case study, we focus on two mitochondrial 12S primer pairs, MiFish-U and teleo, which were designed to amplify fishes. We found that the performance of in silico PCRs were high for both primer pairs, but teleo amplified more genera acrossActinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and Petromyzontomorphi than MiFish-U. In contrast, the discriminatory power for species, genera, and families were higher for MiFish-U than teleo, likely associated with the greater length of the amplified DNA fragments. The evaluation of their in situ efficiency showed a higher recovered species richness ,of teleo compared to MiFish-U in tropical and temperate freshwater environments, but that generally both teleo and MiFish-U primers pairs perform well to monitor fish species. Since more species were detected when used together, those primer pairs are best used in combination to increase the ability of species detection.
Published: 2021

14. Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe

Author: Sophia Etzold, Andreas Rigling, Annette Menzel, Arthur Gessler, Andreas Bolte, Roman Zweifel, David I. Forrester, Elisabet Martínez-Sancho, Jordane Gavinet, Arun K. Bose, Patrick Fonti, Flurin Babst, Mathieu Lévesque, Ester González de Andrés, Antonio Gazol, Tanja G. M. Sanders, Burkhard Neuwirth, Tobias Scharnweber, François Lebourgeois, Christof Bigler, Daniel Scherrer, Manuel Nicolas, J. Julio Camarero, Daniel Ziche, Jens Schröder, Isabel Dorado-Liñán, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Khulna University, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Thunen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Thünen Institute, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), INIA-CIFOR, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud [Zaragoza] (IACS), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), Office national des forêts (ONF), Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and The study was supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (PROJECT ID: 749051-REFOREST) to AKB. A. Gessler acknowledges support by the Swiss National Science Foundation SNF (310030_189109). F.B. acknowledges support by the HOMING programme of the Foundation for Polish Science and European Union (#POIR.04.04.00-00-5F85/18-00). DNK acknowledges funding from Biodiversa with the national funder SNF (20BD21_184131). Part of the sampling was funded within the project DENDROKLIMA by the German Waldklimafond (FKZ 28W-C-4-077-01). We thank colleagues who contributed the ITRDB tree ring database and the CHELSA climate database for generating tree ring width and climate data, respectively. We thank Dr. Thomas Wohlgemuth of the Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL for his valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We also thank to LANUV Nordrhein-Westfalen, Thüringenforst, LUA Saarland, Landesforsten Rheinland-Pfalz, Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde and Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt for supporting the sampling.
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Drought tolerance, Legacy effects, Climate change, Forests, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Quercus robur, Quercus, Water balance, Warming, Drought, Acclimation, Tree rings, Forest ecology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, biology, Ecology, fungi, food and beverages, Seasonality, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Pollution, Droughts, ddc, Europe, Deciduous, Environmental science, Quercus petraea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe., Science of The Total Environment, 784, ISSN:0048-9697, ISSN:1879-1026
Published: 2021
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15. Growth and resilience responses of Scots pine to extreme droughts across Europe depend on predrought growth conditions

Author: Juan Carlos Linares, Andreas Rigling, Mathieu Lévesque, Matthias Saurer, Annette Menzel, Ana-Maria Hereş, Michel Vennetier, Alessandra Bottero, Luis Matías, Daniel Ziche, Allan Buras, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero, Andrea Hevia, Matthias Haeni, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Maxime Cailleret, Arthur Gessler, J. Julio Camarero, Andreas Bolte, Arun K. Bose, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Thunen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Thünen Institute, Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Transilvania University of Brasov, Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Universidad de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, European Commission (EC). Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN). España, German Waldklimafond, Bavarian State Ministry for Food, Agriculture, and Forestry, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), and Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, acclimation, latitudinal gradient, Pinus sylvestris, predisposition, tree rings, Predisposition, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Germany, Primary Research Article, extreme event, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, biology, 31 Ciencias Agrarias, Droughts, ddc, Europe, climate change, Productivity (ecology), Interactive effects, coniferous tree, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Eventos extremos, climate effect, drought resistance, Growing season, 010603 evolutionary biology, Acclimatization, Environmental Chemistry, Resilience (network), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Resistance (ecology), Global warming, Scots pine, Tree rings, 15. Life on land, Primary Research Articles, biology.organism_classification, 13. Climate action, Spain, physiological response, complexity, Acclimation, global climate
Abstract: Global climate change is expected to further raise the frequency and severity of extreme events, such as droughts. The effects of extreme droughts on trees are difficult to disentangle given the inherent complexity of drought events (frequency, severity, duration, and timing during the growing season). Besides, drought effects might be modulated by trees’ phenotypic variability, which is, in turn, affected by long‐term local selective pressures and management legacies. Here we investigated the magnitude and the temporal changes of tree‐level resilience (i.e., resistance, recovery, and resilience) to extreme droughts. Moreover, we assessed the tree‐, site‐, and drought‐related factors and their interactions driving the tree‐level resilience to extreme droughts. We used a tree‐ring network of the widely distributed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) along a 2,800 km latitudinal gradient from southern Spain to northern Germany. We found that the resilience to extreme drought decreased in mid‐elevation and low productivity sites from 1980–1999 to 2000–2011 likely due to more frequent and severe droughts in the later period. Our study showed that the impact of drought on tree‐level resilience was not dependent on its latitudinal location, but rather on the type of sites trees were growing at and on their growth performances (i.e., magnitude and variability of growth) during the predrought period. We found significant interactive effects between drought duration and tree growth prior to drought, suggesting that Scots pine trees with higher magnitude and variability of growth in the long term are more vulnerable to long and severe droughts. Moreover, our results indicate that Scots pine trees that experienced more frequent droughts over the long‐term were less resistant to extreme droughts. We, therefore, conclude that the physiological resilience to extreme droughts might be constrained by their growth prior to drought, and that more frequent and longer drought periods may overstrain their potential for acclimation., We examined tree growth resilience of Scots pine along a 2,800 km latitudinal gradient from southern Spain to north‐eastern Germany using 615 adult trees from 30 different sites. We found that the resilience of Scots pine to extreme drought decreased in mid‐elevation and low productivity sites from 1980–1999 to 2000–2011 due to more frequent and severe droughts in the later period. We showed that the impact of drought on tree‐level resilience was not dependent on its latitudinal location, but rather on the type of sites trees were growing at and on their growth performances during the pre‐drought period.
Published: 2020

16. Coffee, Farmers, and Trees—Shifting Rights Accelerates Changing Landscapes

Author: Garcia, Claude A., Vendé, Jérémy, Konerira, Nanaya, Kalla, Jenu, Nay, Michelle, Dray, Anne, Delay, Maëlle, Waeber, Patrick O., Stoudmann, Natasha, Bose, Arshiya, Le Page, Christophe, Raghuram, Yenugula, Bagchi, Robert, Ghazoul, Jaboury, Kushalappa, Cheppudira G., Vaast, Philippe, Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), AgroParisTech, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences [Shivamogga] (UAHS), Ponnampet College of Forestry, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Forest Management and Development Group [ETH Zürich] (FORDEV), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecologie et maîtrise des populations d'acridiens (UPR Acridologie), Central Coffee Board, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA, University of Connecticut (UCONN), Ponnampet College of Forestry, University of Horticultural and Agricultural Sciences, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), 'Connecting, Enhancing And Sustaining Environmental Services and Market Values of Coffee Agroforestry in Central America, East Africa and India' (CAFNET) project (Europaid/ENV/2006/114-382/TPS), and French Institute of Pondicherry
Subjects: Grevillea robusta, companion modelling, Agriculteur, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, India, lcsh:QK900-989, Agroforesterie, agroforestry, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, role playing games, lcsh:Plant ecology, policy, Paysage agricole
Abstract: International audience; Deforestation and biodiversity loss in agroecosystems are generally the result of rational choices, not of a lack of awareness or knowledge. Despite both scientific evidence and traditional knowledge that supports the value of diverse production systems for ecosystem services and resilience, a trend of agroecosystem intensification is apparent across tropical regions. These transitions happen in spite of policies that prohibit such transformations. We present a participatory modelling study run to (1) understand the drivers of landscape transition and (2) explore the livelihood and environmental impacts of tenure changes in the coffee agroforestry systems of Kodagu (India). The components of the system, key actors and resources, and their interactions were defined with stakeholders, following the companion modelling (ComMod) approach. The underlying ecological processes driving the system were validated through expert knowledge and scientific literature. The conceptual model was transformed into a role-playing game and validated by eight workshops with a total of 57 participants. Two scenarios were explored, a No Policy Change as baseline, and a Restitution of Rights where rights to cut the native trees are handed over to farmers. Our results suggest that the landscape transition is likely to continue unabated unless there is a change to the current policy framework. However, the Restitution of Rights risks speeding up the process rather than reversing it, as inter alia, the differential growth rate between exotic and native tree species, kick in
Published: 2020
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17. Global vulnerability of marine mammals to global warming

Author: Marta M Rufino, Thomas L. Frölicher, Fabien Leprieur, David Mouillot, Camille Albouy, Giulia Donati, Loïc Pellissier, Severine Albouy-Boyer, Valentine Delattre, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal] (MARE), Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida = University Institute of Psychological, Social and Life Sciences (ISPA), Centro de Ciências do Mar [Faro] (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve (UAlg), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), IFREMER - Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], and Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida (ISPA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Aquatic Organisms, Conservation of Natural Resources, Internationality, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Dugong, 530 Physics, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Global Warming, Article, Megafauna, Animals, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Author Correction, lcsh:Science, 550 Earth sciences & geology, Phylogeny, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Mammals, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Global warming, Climate-change ecology, fungi, lcsh:R, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Overexploitation, Geography, Habitat destruction, 13. Climate action, Threatened species, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Although extinctions due to climate change are still uncommon, they might surpass those caused by habitat loss or overexploitation over the next few decades. Among marine megafauna, mammals fulfill key and irreplaceable ecological roles in the ocean, and the collapse of their populations may therefore have irreversible consequences for ecosystem functioning and services. Using a trait-based approach, we assessed the vulnerability of all marine mammals to global warming under high and low greenhouse gas emission scenarios for the middle and the end of the 21st century. We showed that the North Pacific Ocean, the Greenland Sea and the Barents Sea host the species that are most vulnerable to global warming. Future conservation plans should therefore focus on these regions, where there are long histories of overexploitation and there are high levels of current threats to marine mammals. Among the most vulnerable marine mammals were several threatened species, such as the North Pacific right whale (Eubalaena japonica) and the dugong (Dugong dugon), that displayed unique combinations of functional traits. Beyond species loss, we showed that the potential extinctions of the marine mammals that were most vulnerable to global warming might induce a disproportionate loss of functional diversity, which may have profound impacts on the future functioning of marine ecosystems worldwide.
Published: 2020

18. Model complexity affects species distribution projections under climate change

Author: Philipp Georg Brun, Wilfried Thuiller, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Zhiheng Wang, Rafael O. Wüest, Yohann Chauvier, Loïc Pellissier, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL), and Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Species distribution, Climate change, 15. Life on land, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Model complexity, Environmental niche modelling, 13. Climate action, Multicollinearity, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Econometrics, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Aim: Statistical species distribution models (SDMs) are the most common tool to predict the impact of climate change on biodiversity. They can be tuned to fit relationships at various levels of complexity (defined here as parameterization complexity, number of predictors, and multicollinearity) that may co-determine whether projections to novel climatic conditions are useful or misleading. Here, we assessed how model complexity affects the performance of model extrapolations and influences projections of species ranges under future climate change. Location: Europe. Taxon: 34 European tree species. Methods: We sampled three replicates of predictor sets for all combinations of 10 levels (n = 3-12) of environmental variables (climate, terrain, soil) and 10 levels of multicollinearity. We used these sets for each species to fit four SDM algorithms at three levels of parameterization complexity. The >100,000 resulting SDM fits were then evaluated under environmental block cross-validation and projected to environmental conditions for 2061-2080 considering four climate models and two emission scenarios. Finally, we investigated the relationships of model design with model performance and projected distributional changes. Results: Model complexity affected both model performance and projections of species distributional change. Fits of intermediate parameterization complexity performed best, and more complex parameterizations were associated with higher projected loss of current ranges. Model performance peaked at 10-11 variables but increasing number of variables had no consistent effect on distributional change projections. Multicollinearity had a low impact on model performance but distinctly increased projected loss of current ranges. Main conclusions: SDM-based climate change impact assessments should be based on ensembles of projections, varying SDM algorithms as well as parameterization complexity, besides emission scenarios and climate models. The number of predictor variables should be kept reasonably small and the classical threshold of maximum absolute Pearson correlation of 0.7 restricts collinearity-driven effects in projections of species ranges.
Published: 2020

19. Bayesian calibration of a growth-dependent tree mortality model to simulate the dynamics of European temperate forests

Author: Nicolas Bircher, Florian Hartig, Maxime Cailleret, Lisa Hülsmann, Harald Bugmann, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Regensburg, and Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Calibration (statistics), growth, Forests, stand dynamics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Representativeness heuristic, Statistics, tree mortality, forest inventory, data integration, Ecosystem, Forest inventory, Ecology, Forest dynamics, Bayesian calibration, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, dynamic vegetation model, Bayes Theorem, Vegetation, Function (mathematics), 15. Life on land, Europe, Tree (data structure), Calibration, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) are important tools to understand and predict the functioning and dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems under changing environmental conditions. In these models, uncertainty in the description of demographic processes, in particular tree mortality, is a persistent problem. Current mortality formulations lack realism and are insufficiently constrained by empirical evidence. It has been suggested that empirically estimated mortality submodels would enhance DVM performance, but due to the many processes and interactions within a DVM, the claim has rarely been tested. Here, we compare the performance of three alternative growth-dependent tree mortality submodels in the DVM ForClim:(1) a mortality function with theoretical foundation (ForClim v3.3); (2) a mortality function with parameters directly estimated based on forest inventory data; and (3) the same function,but with parameters estimated using an inverse approach through Bayesian calibration (BC). Time series of inventory data from 30 ecologically distinct Swiss natural forest reserves collected over 35+yr, including the main tree species of Central Europe, were used for the calibration and subsequent validation of the mortality functions and the DVM. The recalibration resulted in mortality parameters that differed from the direct empirical estimates, particularly for the relationship between tree size and mortality. The calibrated parameters outperformed the direct estimates, and to a lesser extent the original mortality function, for predicting deca-dal-scale forest dynamics at both calibration and validation sites. The same pattern was observed regarding the plausibility of their long-term projections under contrasting environ-mental conditions. Our results demonstrate that inverse calibration may be useful even when direct empirical estimates of DVM parameters are available, as structural model deficiencies or data problems can result in discrepancies between direct and inverse estimates. Thus, we interpret the good performance of the inversely calibrated model for long-term projections (which were not a calibration target) as evidence that the calibration did not compensate for model errors. Rather, we surmise that the discrepancy was mainly caused by a lack of representativeness of the mortality data. Our results underline the potential for learning more about elusive processes, such as tree mortality or recruitment, through data integration in DVMs.
Published: 2020

20. Assessing the response of forest productivity to climate extremes in Switzerland using model-data fusion

Author: Flurin Babst, Arthur Gessler, Esther Thürig, Werner Eugster, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Marco Ferretti, Andreas Rigling, Nina Buchmann, Maxime Cailleret, Harald Bugmann, Marcus Schaub, Mana Gharun, Francesco Minunno, David I. Forrester, Florian Hartig, Jonas Stillhard, Andri Baltensweiler, Peter Waldner, Brigitte Rohner, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Department of Forest Ecology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), University of Regensburg, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Institute of Agricultural Sciences [Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Wiley, University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), and Forest Modelling Group
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, SPECIES INTERACTIONS, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Fagus sylvatica, Species distribution, Bayesian inference, carbon cycling, drought, Atmospheric sciences, ecosystem productivity, 01 natural sciences, Primary Research Article, General Environmental Science, 4112 Forestry, Global and Planetary Change, model calibration, Ecology, biology, MULTIPLE DATA STREAMS, Productivity (ecology), 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, CARBON-CYCLE, 1171 Geosciences, extreme events, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, inverse modeling, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon cycle, TEMPORAL DYNAMICS, Forest ecology, NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, data assimilation, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Picea abies, Primary production, PINUS-SYLVESTRIS, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Primary Research Articles, BAYESIAN CALIBRATION, Carbon cycling, Data assimilation, Drought, Ecosystem productivity, Extreme events, Inverse modeling, Model calibration, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, CONSTANT FRACTION, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The response of forest productivity to climate extremes strongly depends on ambient environmental and site conditions. To better understand these relationships at a regional scale, we used nearly 800 observation years from 271 permanent long‐term forest monitoring plots across Switzerland, obtained between 1980 and 2017. We assimilated these data into the 3‐PG forest ecosystem model using Bayesian inference, reducing the bias of model predictions from 14% to 5% for forest stem carbon stocks and from 45% to 9% for stem carbon stock changes. We then estimated the productivity of forests dominated by Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica for the period of 1960–2018, and tested for productivity shifts in response to climate along elevational gradient and in extreme years. Simulated net primary productivity (NPP) decreased with elevation (2.86 ± 0.006 Mg C ha−1 year−1 km−1 for P. abies and 0.93 ± 0.010 Mg C ha−1 year−1 km−1 for F. sylvatica). During warm–dry extremes, simulated NPP for both species increased at higher and decreased at lower elevations, with reductions in NPP of more than 25% for up to 21% of the potential species distribution range in Switzerland. Reduced plant water availability had a stronger effect on NPP than temperature during warm‐dry extremes. Importantly, cold–dry extremes had negative impacts on regional forest NPP comparable to warm–dry extremes. Overall, our calibrated model suggests that the response of forest productivity to climate extremes is more complex than simple shift toward higher elevation. Such robust estimates of NPP are key for increasing our understanding of forests ecosystems carbon dynamics under climate extremes., We assimilated extensive and long‐term monitoring data into the 3‐PG forest ecosystem model to assess how forest productivity responds to climate extremes across environmental gradients in Switzerland. Data assimilation using Bayesian inference significantly improved model predictions. During warm–dry extremes, net primary productivity increased at higher and decreased at lower elevations, with reductions in NPP of more than 25% for one‐fifth of the potential species distribution range in Switzerland.
Published: 2020

21. Projecting Forest Dynamics Across Europe: Potentials and Pitfalls of Empirical Mortality Algorithms

Author: Timothy Thrippleton, Harald Bugmann, Maxime Cailleret, Lisa Hülsmann, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Regensburg, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Risques, Ecosystèmes, Vulnérabilité, Environnement, Résilience (RECOVER), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, forest dynamics, environmental gradient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), mortality models, Dynamic vegetation model, Forest ecology, Environmental Chemistry, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Environmental gradient, media_common, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Forest dynamics, Pinus sylvestris, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, dynamic vegetation model, tree mortality, climate change, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Tree species, Algorithm
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [ADD1_IRSTEA]Dynamique et fonctionnement des écosystèmes; International audience; Mortality is a key process of forest ecosystem dynamics and functioning strongly altering biomass stocks and carbon residence times. Dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) used to predict forest dynamics are typically based on simple, largely data-free (‘theoretical’) mortality algorithms (MAs). To improve DVM projections, the use of empirically based MAs has been suggested, but little is known about their impact on DVM behavior. A systematic comparison of eight MAs (seven inventory-based, one ‘theoretical’) for the pan-European tree species Pinus sylvestris L. was carried out within the DVM ForClim for present and future climate scenarios at three contrasting sites across Europe. Model accuracy was furthermore evaluated with empirical data from young- and old-growth forests. We found strongly diverging mortality patterns among the MAs for present climate. Based on their behaviour, we identified two distinct empirical MA groups that were related to their structure (i.e., variables considered), but not to their geographic origin (i.e., the environmental conditions they were calibrated to). Under climate change, MAs based on a competition index produced ecologically inconsistent results, while MAs based on growth showed more plausible and less extreme behaviours. Furthermore, MAs based on growth reached a higher accuracy for projecting young- and old-growth forest dynamics. Our results demonstrate that using empirical MAs in DVMs has a high potential to better predict forest dynamics, but also a risk of yielding implausible results if their structure is inadequate. For DVM applications across large spatiotemporal scales, we thus suggest using MAs based on growth, particularly under future no-analogue climates.
Published: 2020

22. Uplisting of Malagasy precious woods critical for their survival

Author: Charles V. Barber, Porter P. Lowry, Lucienne Wilmé, Patrick O. Waeber, Marion Langrand, Derek Schuurman, John L. Innes, Bruno Ramamonjisoa, Forest Management and Development Group [ETH Zürich] (FORDEV), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), ESSA-Forêt, Université d'Antananarivo, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), World Resources Institute, University of British Columbia (UBC), Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden (USA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Antananarivo, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Rosewood stocks, China, Corruption, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Endangered species, Distribution (economics), [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Forest regulations, Global issue, Timber trade, Forest governance, Precious timber, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Nature and Landscape Conservation, media_common, education.field_of_study, Trafficking, CITES, Agroforestry, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, Rosewood, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Africa, Sustainability, Business, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Illegal timber trade is a global issue; highly prized rosewoods are mainly sourced from Africa and Madagascar. In Madagascar, where corruption and political instability are rampant, forest regulations have been issued during the last 15 years to facilitate illegal rosewood exploitation. The current situation precludes non-detriment findings (under which the exporting State ensures that a proposed action will not be detrimental to the survival of a species) intended to enable sustainable use of standing populations, but the Malagasy government, backed by the World Bank, is promoting the sale of massive stocks of confiscated precious wood. We argue that allowing the sale of these stocks would encourage further illegal harvest. No suitable tools are available to identify, control or monitor standing trees or cut timber, and there are substantial knowledge gaps regarding species limits, population sizes, distribution and abundance. When combined with taxonomic confusion and weak governance, these factors necessitate uplifting all of Madagascar's precious woods to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). ISSN:0006-3207 ISSN:1873-2917
Published: 2019

23. Early-Warning Signals of Individual Tree Mortality Based on Annual Radial Growth

Author: Cailleret, Maxime, Dakos, Vasilis, Jansen, Steven, Robert, Elisabeth, Aakala, Tuomas, Amoroso, Mariano, Antos, Joe, Bigler, Christof, Bugmann, Harald, Caccianaga, Marco, Camarero, Jesus-Julio, Cherubini, Paolo, Coyea, Marie, Das, Adrian, Davi, Hendrik, Gea-Izquierdo, Guillermo, Gillner, Sten, Haavik, Laurel, Hartmann, Henrik, Hereş, Ana-Maria, Hultine, Kevin, Janda, Pavel, Kane, Jeffrey, Kharuk, Viachelsav, Kitzberger, Thomas, Klein, Tamir, Levanic, Tom, Linares, Juan-Carlos, Lombardi, Fabio, Mäkinen, Harri, Meszaros, Ilona, Metsaranta, Juha, Oberhuber, Walter, Papadopoulos, Andreas, Petritan, Any Mary, Rohner, Brigitte, Sanguesa-Barreda, Gabriel, Smith, Jeremy, Stan, Amanda, Stojanovic, Dejan, Suarez, Maria-Laura, Svoboda, Miroslav, Trotsiuk, Volodymyr, Villalba, Ricardo, Westwood, Alana, Wyckoff, Peter, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Dakos, Vasilis, Institut des cellules souches pour le traitement et l'étude des maladies monogéniques (I-STEM), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Généthon, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Systematic Botany and Ecology, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Centre méditérannéen de médecine moléculaire (C3M), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Czech University of Life Science, Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Agricultural Research Organization, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Dipartimento AGR, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), University of Debrecen, Leopold Franzens Univ Innsbruck, Inst Bot, Innsbruck, Austria, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Education Institute of Lamia, Institute of Terretrial Ecosystems, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE), University of Novi Sad, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales [Mendoza] (CONICET-IANIGLA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo [Mendoza] (UNCUYO), Ecolog Unit, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), FP1106, P4-0015, NKFI-SNN-125652, PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2016-1508, FJCI 2016-30121, III 43007, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), University of Helsinki, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural resources institute Finland, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, forest, growth, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, tree mortality, drought, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, biotic agents, variance, resilience indicators, ring-width
Abstract: International audience; Tree mortality is a key driver of forest dynamics and its occurrence is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to death, we still lack robust indicators of mortality risk that could be applied at the individual tree scale. Here, we build on a previous contribution exploring the differences in growth level between trees that died and survived a given mortality event to assess whether changes in temporal autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony in time-series of annual radial growth data can be used as early warning signals of mortality risk. Taking advantage of a unique global ring-width database of 3065 dead trees and 4389 living trees growing together at 198 sites (belonging to 36 gymnosperm and angiosperm species), we analyzed temporal changes in autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony before tree death (diachronic analysis), and also compared these metrics between trees that died and trees that survived a given mortality event (synchronic analysis). Changes in autocorrelation were a poor indicator of mortality risk. However, we found a gradual increase in inter- annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony in the last similar to 20 years before mortality of gymnosperms, irrespective of the cause of mortality. These changes could be associated with drought-induced alterations in carbon economy and allocation patterns. In angiosperms, we did not find any consistent changes in any metric. Such lack of any signal might be explained by the relatively high capacity of angiosperms to recover after a stress-induced growth decline. Our analysis provides a robust method for estimating early-warning signals of tree mortality based on annual growth data. In addition to the frequently reported decrease in growth rates, an increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony may be powerful predictors of gymnosperm mortality risk, but not necessarily so for angiosperms.
Published: 2019

24. Understanding coffee farmers: using games to explore future coffee agroforestry landscapes in the Western Ghats (India)

Author: Garcia, Claude, J., Vende, K., Nanaya, M., Nay, Kalla, Jenu, A., Dray, M., Delay, Waeber, Patrick, N., Stoudmann, A., Bose, Page, Le, Y., Raghuramulu, R, Bagchi, J., Ghazoul, C, Kushalappa, Vaast, P., Forest Management and Development Group [ETH Zürich] (FORDEV), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), AgroParisTech, Ponnampet College of Forestry, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences [Shivamogga] (UAHS), USYS, ETH Zurich, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Central Coffee Board, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Ecosystem Management, ETH Zurich, and Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

25. Achieving High Crop Yields with Low Nitrogen Emissions in Global Agricultural Input Intensification

Author: Karim C. Abbaspour, Philippe Ciais, Rainer Schulin, Wenfeng Liu, Hong Yang, Christoph Müller, Christian Folberth, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: Irrigation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Low nitrogen, Nitrogen, Yield (finance), Agricultural engineering, Environment, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Irrigation water, Environmental Chemistry, Baseline (configuration management), Irrigation management, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, business.industry, Crop yield, Agriculture, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, business
Abstract: Increasing demand for food is driving a worldwide trend of agricultural input intensification. However, there is no comprehensive knowledge about the interrelations between potential yield gains and environmental trade-offs that would enable the identification of regions where input-driven intensification could achieve higher yields, yet with minimal environmental impacts. We explore ways of enhancing global yields, while avoiding significant nitrogen (N) emissions (Ne) by exploring a range of N and irrigation management scenarios. The simulated responses of yields and Ne to increased N inputs (Nin) and irrigation show high spatial variations due to differences in current agricultural inputs and agro-climatic conditions. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of yield gains is negatively correlated with incremental Ne due to Nin additions. Avoiding further intensification in regions where high fractions of climatic yield potentials, ≥ 80%, are already achieved is key to maintain good NUE. Depending on the intensification scenarios, relative increases in Ne could be reduced by 0.3-29.6% of the baseline Ne with this intensification strategy as compared to indiscriminate further intensification, at the cost of a loss of yield increases by 0.2-16.7% of the baseline yields. In addition, irrigation water requirements and Nin would dramatically decrease by considering this intensification strategy.
Published: 2018

26. Evolution without standing genetic variation: change in transgenerational plastic response under persistent predation pressure

Author: Felipe Ramon-Portugal, Arnaud Sentis, Gilles Espinasse, Jean-Christophe Simon, Gaël Le Trionnaire, Elena Haeler, Ines Louit, Thomas Ashkar, Jean-Louis Hemptinne, Théo Pannetier, James L. Cunningham, Nathalie Dardenne, Lucie Negri, Raphael Bertram, Etienne Danchin, Christoph Grunau, Benoit Pujol, Alexandra Magro, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bern University of Applied Sciences (BFH), Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), équipe EDDEN, Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales, Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble (IEPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, ANR [ANR-10-LABX-41, ANR-10-LABX-25-01, ANR11-IDEX-0002-02], Reseau Thematique Pluridisciplinaire 'Epigenetics in Ecology and Evolution' (RTP3E), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), European Project: 609102,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2013-COFUND,PRESTIGE(2014), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF), Whitaker Institute for Innovation and Societal Change, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economic, Ecologie et évolution des interactions (2EI), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Evolution biologique, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-EA 3781, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Zoology, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, arabidopsis-thaliana, Biology, phenotypic plasticity, Article, Predation, 03 medical and health sciences, Stress, Physiological, Genetic variation, Genetics, Animals, Wings, Animal, Genetics (clinical), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Aphid, Experimental evolution, Phenotypic plasticity, adaptive evolution, acyrthosiphon-pisum, [SDV.BID.EVO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE], Genetic Variation, food and beverages, Fabaceae, wing polyphenism, pea aphid, insecticide resistance, biology.organism_classification, Adaptation, Physiological, Biological Evolution, Acyrthosiphon pisum, 030104 developmental biology, myzus-persicae, Aphids, Predatory Behavior, Evolutionary ecology, acquired characters, Adaptation, [SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis, epigenetic inheritance
Abstract: International audience; Transgenerational phenotypic plasticity is a fast non-genetic response to environmental modifications that can buffer the effects of environmental stresses on populations. However, little is known about the evolution of plasticity in the absence of standing genetic variation although several non-genetic inheritance mechanisms have now been identified. Here we monitored the pea aphid transgenerational phenotypic response to ladybird predators (production of winged offspring) during 27 generations of experimental evolution in the absence of initial genetic variation (clonal multiplication starting from a single individual). We found that the frequency of winged aphids first increased rapidly in response to predators and then remained stable over 25 generations, implying a stable phenotypic reconstruction at each generation. We also found that the high frequency of winged aphids persisted for one generation after removing predators. Winged aphid frequency then entered a refractory phase during which it dropped below the level of control lines for at least two generations before returning to it. Interestingly, the persistence of the winged phenotype decreased and the refractory phase lasted longer with the increasing number of generations of exposure to predators. Finally, we found that aphids continuously exposed to predators for 22 generations evolved a significantly weaker plastic response than aphids never exposed to predators, which, in turn, increased their fitness in presence of predators. Our findings therefore showcased an example of experimental evolution of plasticity in the absence of initial genetic variation and highlight the importance of integrating several components of non-genetic inheritance to detect evolutionary responses to environmental changes.
Published: 2018

27. Linking species diversification to palaeo-environmental changes: A process-based modelling approach

Author: Leprieur, Fabien, Pellissier, Loïc, Descombes, Patrice, Gaboriau, Theo, Albouy, Camille, Heine, Christian, Unit of Ecology and Evolution, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Unite Ecol & Modeles Halieut, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Shell International Exploration & Production, EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest])
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, diversification, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Niche, Biodiversity, biodiversity dynamics, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, fossils, global simulation models, mangrove, marine ecosystems, palaeo-environments, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Genetic algorithm, Evolutionary dynamics, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Global and Planetary Change, Extinction, Ecology, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, Habitat, Environmental science, Biological dispersal, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Aim: The importance of quantifying the contribution of historical processes in shaping current biodiversity patterns is now recognized, but quantitative approaches that explicitly link speciation, extinction and dispersal processes to palaeo-environmental changes are currently lacking. Here, we propose a spatial diversification model of lineages through time (SPLIT) based on the reconstruction of palaeo-environments. We illustrate our approach using mangroves as a case study and evaluate whether habitat changes caused by plate tectonics explain the current biodiversity patterns of this group. Innovations: The SPLIT model allows one to simulate the evolutionary dynamics of species ranges by spatially linking speciation, extinction and dispersal processes to habitat changes over geological time periods. The SPLIT model provides a mechanistic expectation of speciation and extinction assuming that species are ecologically identical and not interacting. The likelihood of speciation and extinction is equivalent across species and depends on two dispersal parameters interacting with habitat dynamics (d a maximum dispersal distance and ds a distance threshold beyond which gene flow is absent). Beyond classical correlative approaches, this model tracks biodiversity dynamics under palaeo-environmental changes and provides multiple expectations (i.e., alpha-, beta-diversity, phylogenies) that can be compared to empirical patterns. Main conclusions: The SPLIT model allows a better understanding of the origin of biodiversity by explicitly accounting for habitat changes over geological times. The simulations applied to the mangrove case study reproduced the observed longitudinal gradient in species richness, the empirical pattern of beta-diversity and also provided inference on diversification rates. Future developments may include niche evolution and species interactions to evaluate the importance of non-neutral mechanisms. The method is fully implemented in the InsideDNA platform for bioinformatics analyses, and all modelling results can be accessed via interactive web links.
Published: 2018

28. Comparing species interaction networks along environmental gradients

Author: Pellissier, Loïc, Albouy, Camille, Bascompte, Jordi, Farwig, Nina, Graham, Catherine, Loreau, Michel, Maglianesi, Maria Alejandra, Melián, Carlos J., Pitteloud, Camille, Roslin, Tomas, Rohr, Rudolf, Thuiller, Wilfried, Woodward, Guy, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., Gravel, Dominique, Saavedra Sanchez, Serguei, University of Zurich, Pellissier, Loïc, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (IFREMER EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Philipps Universität Marburg, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), University of Fribourg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Imperial College London, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), ANR-11-IDEX-0002,UNITI,Université Fédérale de Toulouse(2011), ANR-16-CE02-0009,GlobNets,Biogéographie globale des réseaux écologiques des forêts du monde(2016), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Fribourg = University of Fribourg (UNIFR), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Saavedra Sanchez, Serguei
Subjects: environmental gradient, network properties, motif, metaweb, null model, 1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, network comparison, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, 1300 General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, network, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, rarefaction analysis
Abstract: Knowledge of species composition and their interactions, in the form of interaction networks, is required to understand processes shaping their distribution over time and space. As such, comparing ecological networks along environmental gradients represents a promising new research avenue to understand the organization of life. Variation in the position and intensity of links within networks along environmental gradients may be driven by turnover in species composition, by variation in species abundances and by abiotic influences on species interactions. While investigating changes in species composition has a long tradition, so far only a limited number of studies have examined changes in species interactions between networks, often with differing approaches. Here, we review studies investigating variation in network structures along environmental gradients, highlighting how methodological decisions about standardization can influence their conclusions. Due to their complexity, variation among ecological networks is frequently studied using properties that summarize the distribution or topology of interactions such as number of links, connectance, or modularity. These properties can either be compared directly or using a procedure of standardization. While measures of network structure can be directly related to changes along environmental gradients, standardization is frequently used to facilitate interpretation of variation in network properties by controlling for some co‐variables, or via null models. Null models allow comparing the deviation of empirical networks from random expectations and are expected to provide a more mechanistic understanding of the factors shaping ecological networks when they are coupled with functional traits. As an illustration, we compare approaches to quantify the role of trait matching in driving the structure of plant–hummingbird mutualistic networks, i.e. a direct comparison, standardized by null models and hypothesis‐based metaweb. Overall, our analysis warns against a comparison of studies that rely on distinct forms of standardization, as they are likely to highlight different signals. Fostering a better understanding of the analytical tools available and the signal they detect will help produce deeper insights into how and why ecological networks vary along environmental gradients. Keywords: network; metaweb; motif; rarefaction analysis; null model; environmental gradient; network comparison; network properties
Published: 2018

29. On specimen killing in the era of conservation crisis - A quantitative case for modernizing taxonomy and biodiversity inventories

Author: Schierwater, Bernd, Waeber, Patrick O., Gardner, Charlie J., Lourenço, Wilson R., Wilmé, Lucienne, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Kent [Canterbury], Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), World Resources Institute, Missouri Botanical Garden, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Research Facilities, Biodiversity, Lemur, lcsh:Medicine, Museum Collections, 01 natural sciences, Taxonomic rank, Social Change, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, Data Management, Mammals, Multidisciplinary, biology, Ecology, Museums, New Species Reports, Classification, Natural history, Specimen collection, Vertebrates, Taxonomy (biology), Natural History, Research Article, Primates, Conservation of Natural Resources, Computer and Information Sciences, Lemurs, Arthropoda, Prosimians, Preservation, Biological, 010607 zoology, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Research and Analysis Methods, 010603 evolutionary biology, Species description, Birds, Scorpions, biology.animal, Arachnida, Madagascar, Animals, Taxonomy, lcsh:R, Endangered Species, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, Invertebrates, Taxon, Animal Taxonomy, Amniotes, lcsh:Q, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Zoology
Abstract: International audience; Background to the work: For centuries taxonomy has relied on dead animal specimens, a practice that persists today despite the emergence of innovative biodiversity assessment methods. Taxonomists and conservationists are engaged in vigorous discussions over the necessity of killing animals for specimen sampling, but quantitative data on taxonomic trends and specimen sampling over time, which could inform these debates, are lacking.Methods: We interrogated a long-term research database documenting 2,723 land vertebrate and 419 invertebrate taxa from Madagascar, and their associated specimens conserved in the major natural history museums. We further compared specimen collection and species description rates for the birds, mammals and scorpions over the last two centuries, to identify trends and links to taxon descriptions.Results: We located 15,364 specimens documenting endemic mammals and 11,666 specimens documenting endemic birds collected between 1820 and 2010. Most specimens were collected at the time of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine (MZFAA) in the 1930s and during the last two decades, with major differences according to the groups considered. The small mammal and bat collections date primarily from recent years, and are paralleled by the description of new species. Lemur specimens were collected during the MZFAA but the descriptions of new taxa are recent, with the type series limited to non-killed specimens. Bird specimens, particularly of non-passerines, are mainly from the time of the MZFAA. The passerines have also been intensely collected during the last two decades; the new material has been used to solve the phylogeny of the groups and only two new endemic taxa of passerine birds have been described over the last two decades.Conclusions: Our data show that specimen collection has been critical for advancing our understanding of the taxonomy of Madagascar’s biodiversity at the onset of zoological work in Madagascar, but less so in recent decades. It is crucial to look for alternatives to avoid killing animals in the name of documenting life, and encourage all efforts to share the information attached to historical and recent collections held in natural history museums. In times of conservation crisis and the advancement in digital technologies and open source sharing, it seems obsolete to kill animals in well-known taxonomic groups for the sake of enriching natural history collections around the world.
Published: 2017

30. Spatial imprints of plate tectonics on extant richness of terrestrial vertebrates

Author: Patrice Descombes, Loïc Pellissier, Camille Albouy, Fabien Leprieur, Christian Heine, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Fédéral de Recherches sur la Forêt, la Neige et le Paysage (WSL), Institut Fédéral de Recherches [Suisse], MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The University of Sydney, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, bird, Range (biology), madagascar, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, mammal, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, diversity, 03 medical and health sciences, Paleontology, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, biology.animal, parasitic diseases, large-scale patterns, Madagascar, global patterns, species richness, american biotic interchange, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, andean uplift, Ecology, biology, diversification rates, Vertebrate, Species diversity, wallaces line, 15. Life on land, sea-level, Southeast Asia, Gondwana, Plate tectonics, Continental drift, 030104 developmental biology, Geography, 13. Climate action, plate tectonics, climate-change, continental drift, Indo-Pacific, amphibian, Species richness, Wallace line, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, indo-pacific
Abstract: International audience; AimIn interaction with past climate changes, it is likely that plate tectonics contributed to the shaping of current global species diversity, but so far this has not been statistically quantified at the global level. Here, we tested whether plate tectonics since the breakup of Gondwana left an imprint on current patterns of species richness of amphibians, birds and mammals. LocationGlobal. MethodsWe reconstructed the absolute positions of continental plates since the Early Cretaceous and used this information to derive variables of latitudinal shifts and potential exchanges among landmasses that could have modulated species richness. Using a multi-model inference approach combining both contemporary and historical variables, we quantified the relative importance of variables related to plate tectonics in explaining the spatial variation of the richness of amphibians, birds and mammals. Next, we employed a moving window approach to test whether plate tectonics left a more marked imprint in specific regions. ResultsPlatetectonics left an imprint on current patterns of vertebrate species richness in geologically singular regions, especially in the Indo-Australian Archipelago and the region comprising eastern Africa and Madagascar. For birds and mammals, but not amphibians, we found a marked contrast in species richness across Australia and Southeast Asia and eastern Africa and Madagascar associated with plate tectonics. Moreover, the relationship between species richness and plate tectonics varied across taxonomic orders for birds and mammals. Main conclusionsWhile no general imprint of plate tectonics was detected at the global scale, our regional analysis highlighted a substantial role of geodynamics in shaping current patterns of vertebrate species richness in Southeast Asia and Madagascar. Future studies should integrate the full range of processes associated with plate tectonics, including orogeny, not considered here.
Published: 2017

31. Optimal organic carbon values for soil structure quality of arable soils. Does clay content matter?

Author: Peter Weisskopf, Adrien Matter, Alice Johannes, Pascal Boivin, Philippe C. Baveye, Rainer Schulin, Soils and Substrates group, Institute Land-Nature-Environment, University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland hepia, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Soil Fertility and Soil Protection group, Department of Natural Resources & Agriculture, Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, Soil science, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, Soil quality, Soil management, Soil structure, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil organic matter, VESS, Soil morphology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Complexed organic carbon, Soil water, Clay content, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract: Most soil structure-related physical properties are correlated to soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Texture, mineralogy, and SOC:clay ratio are also acknowledged to affect physical properties, however there is no consensus or general conclusions in this respect. Against this background, the present study aims at determining objectives for the management of SOC in terms of structural quality of agricultural soils. The large area in which 161 free-to-swell undisturbed samples were obtained for this research represents a major part of the Swiss agricultural land and belongs to one broad soil group (Cambi-Luvisols). The structural quality was scored visually, and bulk volumes (inverse of bulk density) were measured at standard matric potentials. To define the effect of SOC without interference of soil mechanical degradation, soils with good structural quality scores were considered first in studying the relationship between SOC and soil pore volumes. Results suggest that the relationship is always linear, irrespective of the clay content of the soils. No optimum of SOC corresponding to a fraction of the clay content is found, contrary to the theory of “complexed organic carbon” (Dexter et al., 2008). However, the SOC:clay ratio decreases with decreasing soil structure quality. The SOC:clay ratio of 1:8 is the average for a very good structure quality. A SOC:clay ratio of 1:10 is the limit between good and medium structural quality, thus it constitutes a reasonable goal for soil management by farmers. A SOC:clay ratio of 1:8 or smaller leads to a high probability of poor structural state. These ratios can be used as criteria for soil structural quality and SOC management, and in that context, the concept of complexed organic carbon appears relevant.
Published: 2017

32. Assessing drought-driven mortality trees with physiological process-based models

Author: Cailleret Maxime, Davi Hendrik, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Ecophysiology, Atmospheric Science, Bark beetle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ecophysiology, carbon starvation, drought, Biology, 01 natural sciences, process-based model, Leaf area index, abies alba, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Mortality rate, fungi, Xylem, food and beverages, Forestry, Global change, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, mortality, Abies alba, Agronomy, Soil water, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany, xylem embolism, mediterranean forest
Abstract: (1) This study describes how physiological process-based models can be used to assess the mortality risk of forest trees under global change. (2) Using the CASTANEA model, we simulated the development over time of tree functioning with different ontogenetic and phenotypic characteristics (age, diameter, Leaf Area Index, leaf traits) and growing in different site conditions (elevation, soil water content). Based on this set of simulations, we determined the carbon and hydraulic physiological thresholds associated with tree mortality that best reproduce the observed mortality rate. (3) We tested this methodology on a long-lasting and patchy drought-induced mortality event of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) in South-Eastern France. (4) We found that tree mortality was not caused by a massive summer xylem embolism, but rather by depletion in carbon reserves probably associated with bark beetle attacks. Simulation outputs also revealed that trees with high diameter and Leaf Area Index and growing on shallower soils were more prone to die. (5) This study highlighted that physiological process-based models can be of high interest to determine the factors predisposing and inducing tree death.
Published: 2017

33. Corrigendum to 'Optimal organic carbon values for soil structure quality of arable soils. Does clay content matter?' [Geoderma 302 (2017) 14–21]

Author: Philippe C. Baveye, Rainer Schulin, Adrien Matter, Alice Johannes, Pascal Boivin, Peter Weisskopf, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Soil Fertility and Soil Protection group, Department of Natural Resources & Agriculture, Swiss Federal Research Station Agroscope, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Soil structure, Agronomy, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Quality (business), Arable land, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common
Abstract: Corrigendum to “Optimal organic carbon values for soil structure quality of arable soils. Does clay content matter?” [Geoderma 302 (2017) 14–21]
Published: 2017

34. Multifaceted biodiversity hotspots of marine mammals for conservation priorities

Author: Christine N. Meynard, Bastien Mérigot, Valentine L. Delattre, Camille Albouy, Fabien Leprieur, Swiss Federal Research Institute, Landscape Ecology Group [ETH Zürich], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Unite Ecol & Modeles Halieut, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Ouest]), Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Endangered species, Biodiversity, conservation, Vertebrate, 15. Life on land, functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Biodiversity hotspot, Phylogenetic diversity, Marine mammal, 13. Climate action, biology.animal, phylogenetic diversity, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Species richness, marine mammals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: Aim Identifying the multifaceted biodiversity hotspots for marine mammals and their spatial overlap with human threats at the global scale. Location World-wide. Methods We compiled a functional trait database for 121 species of marine mammals characterized by 14 functional traits grouped into five categories. We estimated marine mammal species richness (SR) as well as functional (FD) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) per grid cell (1° × 1°) using the FRic index (a measure of trait diversity as the volume of functional space occupied by the species present in an assemblage) and the PD index (the amount of evolutionary history represented by a set of species), respectively. Finally, we assessed the spatial congruence of these three facets of biodiversity hotspots (defined as 2.5% and 5% of the highest values of SR, FD and PD) with human threats at the global scale. Results We showed that the FRic index was weakly correlated with both SR and the PD index. Specifically, SR and FRic displayed a triangular relationship, that is, increasing variability in FRic along the species richness gradient. We also observed a striking lack of spatial congruence (
Published: 2017

35. Are forest disturbances amplifying or canceling out climate change-induced productivity changes in European forests?

Author: Rupert Seidl, Stephen Bathgate, Christian Temperli, José G. Borges, Harald Bugmann, Marc Palahí, Sylvain Delzon, Santiago Sabaté, Carlos Gracia, Bruce C. Nicoll, Rasoul Yousefpour, Ernst van der Maaten, José Ramón González-Olabarria, Marcus Lindner, Seppo Kellomäki, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Margarida Tomé, Michael Maroschek, Marc Hanewinkel, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Duncan Ray, Joana Amaral Paulo, Timo Pukkala, Kristina Blennow, Sónia Pacheco Faias, Manfred J. Lexer, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Koen Kramer, Barry Gardiner, Werner Rammer, Heli Peltola, Bart Muys, Juan Guerra Hernández, João H.N. Palma, Jordi Garcia-Gonzalo, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Dept. of Landscape architecture, Planning and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya (CTFC), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Department de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, University of Barcelona, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute of Silviculture, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), European Forest Institute = Institut Européen de la Forêt = Euroopan metsäinstituutti (EFI), Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Grimmer Strasse 88, Mediterranean Regional Office, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg, School of Forest Sciences, activities, University of Lisbon, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Forest Sciences Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Trade-offs, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Forest models, 01 natural sciences, Forest productivity-disturbances-climate change interactions, Forest restoration, fire, forest models, forest productivity-disturbances-climate change interactions, insects, storms, trade-offs, Forest and Landscape Ecology, General Environmental Science, changement climatique, Ecology, insecte ravageur, tempête, PE&RC, Fire, Insects, Climatology, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, europe, forest fire, Climate Research, Storms, productivité forestière, Climate change, Ecoforestry, Article, Climatic gradient, incendie de forêt, Effects of global warming, Stock (geology), Vegetatie, thunderstorm, global change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vegetation, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Forest Science, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Storm, Global change, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Recent studies projecting future climate change impacts on forests mainly consider either the effects of climate change on productivity or on disturbances. However, productivity and disturbances are intrinsically linked because 1) disturbances directly affect forest productivity (e.g. via a reduction in leaf area, growing stock or resource-use efficiency), and 2) disturbance susceptibility is often coupled to a certain development phase of the forest with productivity determining the time a forest is in this specific phase of susceptibility. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of forest productivity changes in different forest regions in Europe under climate change, and partition these changes into effects induced by climate change alone and by climate change and disturbances. We present projections of climate change impacts on forest productivity from state-of-the-art forest models that dynamically simulate forest productivity and the effects of the main European disturbance agents (fire, storm, insects), driven by the same climate scenario in seven forest case studies along a large climatic gradient throughout Europe. Our study shows that, in most cases, including disturbances in the simulations exaggerate ongoing productivity declines or cancel out productivity gains in response to climate change. In fewer cases, disturbances also increase productivity or buffer climate-change induced productivity losses, e.g. because low severity fires can alleviate resource competition and increase fertilization. Even though our results cannot simply be extrapolated to other types of forests and disturbances, we argue that it is necessary to interpret climate change-induced productivity and disturbance changes jointly to capture the full range of climate change impacts on forests and to plan adaptation measures., published version, peerReviewed
Published: 2017

36. Lignite Reduces the Solubility and Plant Uptake of Cadmium in Pasturelands

Author: Paula Madejón, Paul Weber, Michael Simmler, Brett Robinson, René Reiser, Rainer Schulin, Lisa Ciadamidaro, Lynne Clucas, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institute of terrestrial ecosystems, Lincoln University, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: Biomass, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Lignin, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Lolium perenne, [ SDE ] Environmental Sciences, Soil pH, Environmental Chemistry, Solubility, Fertilizers, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Cadmium, biology, food and beverages, Sorption, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Chemistry, Plants, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Sulfur, chemistry, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [ SDE.ES ] Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society
Abstract: 8 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 39 references., Repeated application of Cd-rich phosphate fertilizers can lead to the accumulation of this nonessential element in soil. This can result in increased plant uptake, with possible breaches of food or feed safety standards. We aimed to determine whether lignite (brown coal) can reduce Cd solubility and plant uptake in New Zealand pasture soils. In batch sorption experiments, we tested the capacity of lignite and lignite-soil mixtures to sorb Cd at various soil pH and Cd loadings. Over a pH range of 4–7, Cd sorption by lignite was 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than by a typic immature pallic soil containing 2% carbon. The addition of 5 wt % lignite to a range of soils revealed that lignite addition was most effective in reducing soluble Cd in soils with low pH. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested the effect of lignite on the accumulation of Cd and other elements by perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne (L.). The addition of just 1 wt % lignite to the aforementioned soil reduced plant Cd uptake by 30%, without adversely affecting biomass or the uptake of essential nutrient elements including copper and zinc. This may be due to preferential binding of Cd to organic sulfur in lignite., We gratefully acknowledge funding for this work from Solid Energy New Zealand Ltd and the staff of Solid Energy’s New Vale Mine for providing the sample.
Published: 2013

37. Coffee monoculture trends in tropical agroforested landscapes of Western Ghats (India)

Author: Claude Garcia, Cédric Gaucherel, Julie Alet, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux (BSEF) (Cirad-ES-UPR 105 BSEF), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Forest Management and Development Group [ETH Zürich] (FORDEV), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems [ETH Zürich] (ITES), Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Biodiversity, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Monoculture, Kodagu district (India), Water Science and Technology, 2. Zero hunger, Utilisation des terres, rice paddy conversion, biology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Agroforestry, Système de production, Pollution, DYPAL modelling platform, Geography, Conservation de la diversité biologique, Conservation de la nature, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Grevillea robusta, coffee agroforests, Oryza sativa, CMP spatial comparison analysis, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, Agricultural productivity, Modélisation environnementale, Productivity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Retrait des terres, Tropics, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Biodiversity hotspot, Protection de l'environnement, Sustainability, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, land cover and land-use change, biodiversity erosion
Abstract: SUMMARYAgainst the backdrop of the competing demands of agricultural productivity and biodiversity conservation, understanding land-use changes is critical. We studied the past, current and future landscape–dynamic scenarios for coffee and rice-coupled crops at a village scale in the Western Ghats (southern India) by integrating three levels of organization (patch, farm and soils). The village structures and dynamics from 1950 to 2010 were modelled with the Dynamic Patch Landscape (DYPAL) modelling platform and analysed with Comparison Map Profile (CMP) spatial analysis in order to assess environmental trends. Our model, combined with mathematical formalizations and multiscale analyses, was also used to project future land-use sustainability. Our findings highlight significant environmental issues affecting the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, which is also subject to increasing and differential demands for other crops that are dependent on farm production systems. Intensive coffee cultivation, with conversion of the forest cover into Grevillea robusta monoculture and ongoing paddy abandonment, have had a strong impact on the region's landscape (+30% G. robusta) and biodiversity (from –3% to –13% in the already-reduced forest cover).
Published: 2016

38. Contribution of Natural and Economic Capital to Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Evidence from a Small-Scale Society in Kodagu (Karnataka), India

Author: Claude Garcia, Mar Grau-Satorras, Francisco Zorondo-Rodríguez, Victoria Reyes-García, Jenu Kalla, Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Katie Demps, Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lab. Conservación Biológica, Departamento de Ciencias EcológicasFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Institut de Ciencia i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Boise State University, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Forest Management and Development Group [ETH Zürich] (FORDEV), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
Subjects: Economic growth, Patrimoine naturel, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sociology and Political Science, Reproduction (economics), Economic capital, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, U70 - Sciences humaines et sociales, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Bien-être social, 11. Sustainability, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Economics, Ecosystem services, E50 - Sociologie rurale, Dimensions of human well-being, Subjective well-being, Empirical evidence, capital humain, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Niveau de vie, Public economics, General Social Sciences, Life satisfaction, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ANTHRO-SE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Social Anthropology and ethnology, Human scale development, services écosystémiques, Western Ghats, Capital (economics), Scale (social sciences), Sociologie, natural capital [EN], Natural capital
Abstract: International audience; Subjective well-being is determined by several types of sources of satisfaction, defined as forms of capitals. Most of research has been focused on the links between economic capital and well-being, neglecting the contribution of other forms of capital as source of satisfaction. Here, we bring natural capital into the equation and explore the relations between economic and natural capital and subjective well-being. We approach well-being as a multidimensional concept and then focus on three of its dimensions: subsistence, security, and reproduction and care. Working with tribal communities from Kodagu (Karnataka, India), we found positive associations between economic and natural capital and subjective well-being. Nevertheless, the two types of capitals differed on their relative contribution to (a) overall subjective well-being and (b) the three selected dimensions. Natural capital can be more important than economic capital in fulfilling human well-being. Findings support ongoing calls for explicitly incorporating ecological assets and ecosystem services in the design of policies oriented to measure and improve well being.
Published: 2016

39. A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality

Author: José M. Torres-Ruiz, Thomas Kitzberger, Any Mary Petritan, Henrik Hartmann, Francesco Minunno, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Tom Levanič, Vyacheslav I. Kharuk, Raquel Lobo-do-Vale, Adrian J. Das, Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Stefan Mayr, Michael Dorman, Sten Gillner, Frank J. Sterck, Steven Jansen, Ilona Mészáros, Hendrik Davi, Paolo Cherubini, Christof Bigler, Lucía DeSoto, Jeremy M. Smith, Elisabeth M. R. Robert, Tamir Klein, Sylvain Delzon, Rosana López Rodríguez, Harri Mäkinen, Dimitrios Sarris, Fabio Lombardi, Vojtěch Čada, Gabriel Sangüesa-Barreda, Roberto Tognetti, Harald Bugmann, Ana-Maria Hereş, Barbara Beikircher, Dejan Stojanović, Laurel J. Haavik, J. Julio Camarero, Maria Laura Suarez, Hervé Cochard, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, Koen Kramer, Amanda B. Stan, Maxime Cailleret, Mikko Peltoniemi, Juha M. Metsaranta, Pavel Janda, Juan Carlos Linares Calderón, Frederic Lens, Ricardo Villalba, Alana R. Westwood, Brigitte Rohner, Francisco Lloret, Walter Oberhuber, Marco Caccianiga, Peter H. Wyckoff, Joseph A. Antos, Marie R. Coyea, Kevin R. Hultine, Jeffrey M. Kane, Tuomas Aakala, Andreas Papadopoulos, Floor Vodde, Nikolay Zafirov, Katarina Čufar, Miroslav Svoboda, Institute of terrestrial ecosystems, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), University of Coimbra, University of Helsinki, University of Victoria [Canada] (UVIC), University of Innsbruck, Università degli studi di Milano [Milano], Czech University of Life Sciences, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Université Laval, University of Ljubljana, Western Ecological Research Center, Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes [Avignon] (URFM 629), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversité, Gènes et Communautés, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, University of Arkansas [Fayetteville], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Desert Botanical Garden, Czech University of Life Science, Humboldt State University (HSU), Sukachev Institute of Forest, Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Agricultural Research Organization, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Leiden University, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Universidad Pablo de Olavide [Sevilla] (UPO), University of Lisbon, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Natural Resources Institute Finland, University of Debrecen, Northern Forestry centre, Technological Educational Institute of Kavala, Institute of Terretrial Ecosystems, Open University of Cyprus, Department of Physics [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Novi Sad, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Università degli Studi del Molise, Instituto Argentino de Nivologia, Estonian University of Life Sciences, University of Alberta, University of Minnesota System, University of Sofia, FP1106 FEDER 0087 TRANSHABITAT LIFE12 ENV/FI/000409, ANR-06VULN-004, EU HORIZON 659191, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologìa = Pyrenean Institute of Ecology [Zaragoza] (IPE - CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Universiteit Leiden, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Università degli Studi del Molise = University of Molise (UNIMOL), and Софийски университет = Sofia University
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, angiosperme, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, High variability, drought, 01 natural sciences, Trees, Forest and Landscape Ecology, General Environmental Science, media_common, sécheresse, développement, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Longevity, PE&RC, Droughts, Coleoptera, Radial growth, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, angiosperms, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, gymnosperms, media_common.quotation_subject, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, growth, mortalité des arbres, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Competition (biology), Ciencias Biológicas, Stress, Physiological, death, pathogène, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, development, Vegetatie, ring-width, Vegetation, Outbreak, mort, pathogens, Interspecific competition, Carbon, Deat, gymnosperme, tree mortality, 2300, Tree (set theory), Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Tree mortality is a key factor influencing forest functions and dynamics, but our understanding of the mechanisms leading to mortality and the associated changes in tree growth rates are still limited. We compiled a new pan-continental tree-ring width database from sites where both dead and living trees were sampled (2970 dead and 4224 living trees from 190 sites, including 36 species), and compared early and recent growth rates between trees that died and those that survived a given mortality event. We observed a decrease in radial growth before death in ca. 84% of the mortality events. The extent and duration of these reductions were highly variable (1–100 years in 96% of events) due to the complex interactions among study species and the source(s) of mortality. Strong and long-lasting declines were found for gymnosperms, shade- and drought-tolerant species, and trees that died from competition. Angiosperms and trees that died due to biotic attacks (especially bark-beetles) typically showed relatively small and short-term growth reductions. Our analysis did not highlight any universal trade-off between early growth and tree longevity within a species, although this result may also reflect high variability in sampling design among sites. The intersite and interspecific variability in growth patterns before mortality provides valuable information on the nature of the mortality process, which is consistent with our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to mortality. Abrupt changes in growth immediately before death can be associated with generalized hydraulic failure and/or bark-beetle attack, while long-term decrease in growth may be associated with a gradual decline in hydraulic performance coupled with depletion in carbon reserves. Our results imply that growth-based mortality algorithms may be a powerful tool for predicting gymnosperm mortality induced by chronic stress, but not necessarily so for angiosperms and in case of intense drought or bark-beetle outbreaks., GGI by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Project AGL2014-61175-JIN)., AMH by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Projects CGL2007-60120 and CSD2008-0040) and by the Spanish Ministry of Education via a FPU Scholarship., JJC, JCLC, and GSB by the Spanish Ministry of Economy (Projects CGL2015-69186-C2-1-R, CGL2013-48843-C2-2-R, and CGL2012-32965) and the EU (Project FEDER 0087 TRANSHABITAT).
Published: 2016

40. Modéliser et quantifier les services écosystémiques forestiers à l’échelle des petits territoires

Author: CORDONNIER, Thomas, BERGER, Frédéric, CHAUVIN, Christophe, COURBAUD, Benoît, FUHR, Marc, LAFOND, Valentine, LUQUE, Sandra, MAO, Zhun, TENERELLI, Patrizia, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Department of Environmental Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, forests, FORET, territory, Territoires, 15. Life on land, MODELISATION, lcsh:TD1-1066, TERRITOIRE, ecosystem service, modelling, 13. Climate action, Modélisation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Forêt, SERVICE ECOSYSTEMIQUE, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, cartographie, cartography, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, Services écosystémiques, lcsh:Environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: With 16.5 million hectares, the forest plays a major role in France, providing many provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services. The evaluation of these ecosystem services and their evolution under various socio-economic scenarios represents a major challenge for scientists and decision makers, especially at small region scales for which national data or indicators cannot be used. In recent years significant progress has been made towards a better evaluation of ecosystem services. These advances are usually based on the joint use of databases, remote sensing tools and forest dynamics models applied at different scales. In this article, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches using three examples dealing with the Isère French department. These examples highlight some technical and scientific issues to be overcome in the future. A possible way of progress in the short term seems to lie in the construction of a processing chain that explicitly couples the acquisition of remote sensing data, the initialization of simulations using forest dynamics models and the evaluation ecosystem services by adapted linker functions.; La forêt occupe près de 30 % du territoire français et fournit de nombreux services de production, de régulation et culturels. L'évaluation de ces services écosystémiques et de leurs évolutions sous différents scénarios socio-économiques pose des défis majeurs pour les scientifiques et les décideurs, qui plus est à l'échelle des petits territoires pour lesquels les données ou indicateurs élaborés à l'échelle nationale ne sont guère transposables. Des progrès importants ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour favoriser une meilleure évaluation de certains services. Ces progrès reposent le plus souvent sur l'utilisation conjointe de bases de données, d'outils de télédétection et de modèles démographiques appliqués à différentes échelles. Dans cet article, nous discutons des intérêts et limites de quelque unes de ces approches en prenant des exemples concernant des territoires de l'Isère. Ces exemples permettent de mettre en exergue certains verrous techniques et scientifiques. Une voie de progrès possible à court terme nous semble résider dans la construction d'une chaine de traitement qui articule l'acquisition de données de télédétection, l'initialisation de modèles de dynamique forestière et l'évaluation de la production de services par des fonctions de lien pertinentes.
Published: 2016
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41. Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison

Author: Alessandro G. Rombolà, Heike Knicker, Ondřej Mašek, Franz Zehetner, Guido Fellet, Alba Dieguez-Alonso, Thomas D. Bucheli, Ulrich M. Hanke, Hans Jörg Bachmann, Diane Buerge, Michael W.H. Evangelou, Daniele Fabbri, José María De la Rosa, Hans-Peter Schmidt, Ruben Sakrabani, Marina Paneque Carmona, Frédéric Rees, Andrew Cross, Valdemar I. Esteves, Gerhard Soja, Akio Enders, Frank G. A. Verheijen, Roberto Calvelo Pereira, Roland Becker, Massimo Valagussa, Jan Mumme, Axel Ulbricht, Gabriel Gasco Guerrero, Dimitrios Kalderis, Isabel Hilber, D Dickinson, Bruno Glaser, Jens Leifeld, Kelly Hanley, Alessandro Buscaroli, Saran Sohi, K. Friedrich, Bachmann, Hans Jörg, Bucheli, Thomas D, Dieguez-Alonso, Alba, Fabbri, Daniele, Knicker, Heike, Schmidt, Hans-Peter, Ulbricht, Axel, Becker, Roland, Buscaroli, Alessandro, Buerge, Diane, Cross, Andrew, Dickinson, Dane, Enders, Akio, Esteves, Valdemar I., Evangelou, Michael W. H., Fellet, Guido, Friedrich, Kevin, Gasco Guerrero, Gabriel, Glaser, Bruno, Hanke, Ulrich M., Hanley, Kelly, Hilber, Isabel, Kalderis, Dimitrio, Leifeld, Jen, Masek, Ondrej, Mumme, Jan, Carmona, Marina Paneque, Calvelo Pereira, Roberto, Rees, Frederic, Rombolà, Alessandro G., De La Rosa, José Maria, Sakrabani, Ruben, Sohi, Saran, Soja, Gerhard, Valagussa, Massimo, Verheijen, Frank, Zehetner, Franz, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, Agroscope, Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), CIRI EA c/o CIRSA, University of Bologna, IRNAS-CISIC, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Institute for Carbon Intelligence, Ithaka, Eurofins Umwelt Ost GmbH, BAM Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing (BAM), Intitute for Sustainability Sciences ISS, UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, CESAM & Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Agricultural and Environnemental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie], Fachhochschule Bingen, Departamento de Produccion Agraria - ETSI Agronomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), institut für agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften - Bodenbiogeochemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete, Institute for Sustainability Sicences ISS, IRNAS-CSIC, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement (LSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), School of Energy - Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Health and Environment Department - Environmental Resources and Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology [Vienna] (AIT), Minoprio Analisi e Certificaziono S.r.L, Environment and Planning Department, CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), Institute of Soil Research, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Cornell University [New York], Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Subjects: Biochar analysis, Biochar certification, Round-robin test, Interlaboratory test, Charcoal, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Heavy metals, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Amendment, Reproducibility of Result, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, biochar analysi, 01 natural sciences, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical, round-robin test, Biochar, interlaboratory test, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Reproducibility, Intralaboratory, biochar certification, Chemistry (all), Reproducibility of Results, General Chemistry, Repeatability, Reference Standards, heavy metal, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, Soil conditioner, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (all), Environmental chemistry, Environmental science, Reference Standard, Round robin test, Laboratories, 0210 nano-technology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Pyrolysis, Laboratorie
Abstract: 15 páginas.-- 2 figuras.-- 1 tablas.-- 42 referencias.-- Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05055.-- Bachmann, Hans Jörg et al. (2016) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64(2): 513–527, Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical–chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future., The biochar-producing companies Pyreg GmbH, Sonnenerde GmbH, and Swiss Biochar GmbH are acknowledged for sample donation. We are grateful to the IBI and the EBC for fruitful discussions about analytical method standardization. D.F., A.B., and A.G.R. thank the Universitàdi Bologna and Regione Emilia Romagna (Italy) APQ Ricerca Intervento a “Sostegno dello sviluppo dei Laboratori di ricerca nei campi della nautica e dell’energia per il Tecnopolo di Ravenna” and Denis Zannoni for laboratory assistance. F.Z. thanks the laboratory staff at the Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria., We thank the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) for financial support
Published: 2016

42. Towards a common methodology for developing logistic tree mortality models based on ring-width data

Author: Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Roberto Tognetti, Maria Laura Suarez, Christof Bigler, Maxime Cailleret, Harald Bugmann, Elisabeth M. R. Robert, Ilona Mészáros, Hendrik Davi, J. Julio Camarero, Mikko Peltoniemi, Katarina Cˇufar, Francesco Minunno, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, University of Ljubljana, Unité de Recherches Forestières Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Finnish Forest Research Institute, 8Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit [Brussels] (VUB), Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente [Bariloche] (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Dipartimento di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università degli Studi del Molise, CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), This study was conducted in the frame of the European COST Action STReESS (Studying Tree Responses to extreme Events: a SynthesiS, FP1106), Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Forest Ecology, Jokiniemenkuja, Vantaa, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), FP1106) and benefited from constructive discussions within this research network. M. Cailleret's postdoc was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (project number 140968). J. J. Camarero thanks the support of projects CGL2011-26654 (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), 387/2011 and 1032S/2013 (OAPN, Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and Environment). I. Meszaros was supported by the grants OTKA-K68397 and OTKA-K101552 from the National Research Foundation of Hungary. E. Robert's postdoc was funded by Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO, Belgium). J. Martinez-Vilalta was funded by grants CGL2013-46808-R (MINECO) and 2014 SGR 453 (AGAUR), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), and Natural resources institute Finland
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, sampling, TREE MORTALITY, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Nothofagus dombeyi, Logistic regression, tree-ring, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, survival, Trees, growth-mortality relationship, Ciencias Biológicas, abies alba, Mathematics, LOGISTIC MODEL, logistic model, Ecology, biology, Forest dynamics, SAMPLING, Sampling (statistics), Regression analysis, WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 15. Life on land, Ecología, tree ring, biology.organism_classification, Tree (data structure), Variable (computer science), Logistic Models, Sample size determination, TREE RING, nothofagus dombeyi, quercus petraea, Sample Size, Multivariate Analysis, SURVIVAL, tree mortality, GROWTH, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Tree mortality is a key process shaping forest dynamics. Thus, there is a growing need for indicators of the likelihood of tree death. During the last decades, an increasing number of tree-ring based studies have aimed to derive growth–mortality functions, mostly using logistic models. The results of these studies, however, are difficult to compare and synthesize due to the diversity of approaches used for the sampling strategy (number and characteristics of alive and death observations), the type of explanatory growth variables included (level, trend, etc.), and the length of the time window (number of years preceding the alive/death observation) that maximized the discrimination ability of each growth variable. We assess the implications of key methodological decisions when developing tree-ring based growth–mortality relationships using logistic mixed-effects regression models. As examples, we use published tree-ring datasets from Abies alba (13 different sites), Nothofagus dombeyi (one site), and Quercus petraea (one site). Our approach is based on a constant sampling size and aims at (1) assessing the dependency of growth–mortality relationships on the statistical sampling scheme used, (2) determining the type of explanatory growth variables that should be considered, and (3) identifying the best length of the time window used to calculate them. The performance of tree-ring-based mortality models was reasonably high for all three species (area under the receiving operator characteristics curve, AUC > 0.7). Growth level variables were the most important predictors of mortality probability for two species (A. alba, N. dombeyi), while growth-trend variables need to be considered for Q. petraea. In addition, the length of the time window used to calculate each growth variable was highly uncertain and depended on the sampling scheme, as some growth–mortality relationships varied with tree age. The present study accounts for the main sampling-related biases to determine reliable species-specific growth–mortality relationships. Our results highlight the importance of using a sampling strategy that is consistent with the research question. Moving towards a common methodology for developing reliable growth–mortality relationships is an important step towards improving our understanding of tree mortality across species and its representation in dynamic vegetation models Fil: Cailleret, Maxime. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; Suiza Fil: Bigler, Christof. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; Suiza Fil: Bugmann, Harald. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; Suiza Fil: Camarero, Jesús. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Čufar, Katarina. University of Ljubljana; Eslovenia Fil: Davi, Hendrik. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Mészáros, Ilona. University of Debrecen. Faculty of Science and Technology. Department of Botany; Hungría Fil: Minunno, Francesco. University of Helsinki; Finlandia Fil: Peltoniemi, Mikko. Natural Resources Institute Finland; Finlandia Fil: Robert, Elizabeth. Vrije Unviversiteit Brussel; Bélgica. Royal Museum for Central Africa. Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium; Bélgica Fil: Suarez, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Tognetti, Roberto. Università degli Studi del Molise; Italia Fil: Martínez Vilalta, Jordi. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Centre de Recerca Ecológica I Aplicacions Forestals; España. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; España
Published: 2016

43. Climate change produces winners and losers: Differential responses of amphibians in mountain forests of the Near East

Author: Masoud Yousefi, Sohrab Ashrafi, Shima Malakoutikhah, Anooshe Kafash, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Gunther Koehler, Annemarie Ohler, University of Zurich, Ashrafi, Sohrab, University of Teheran, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Isfahan University of Technology, Senckenberg Research Institutes and Natural History Museums, and Info Fauna Karch 2000
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, animal structures, Environmental change, Biodiversity, Endangered species, Climate change, Conservation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 2309 Nature and Landscape Conservation, Distribution modeling, 10127 Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Forest ecology, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Protected areas, Crested newts, Ecology, urogenital system, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, body regions, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, climate change, Geography, Habitat, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, embryonic structures, 570 Life sciences, biology, 590 Animals (Zoology), amphibian, lcsh:Ecology, sense organs, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 2303 Ecology, Global biodiversity
Abstract: Climate change is now considered as a serious threat to the viability of many species and consequently as one of the major drivers of global biodiversity loss. Amphibians serve critical roles in forest ecosystems and are one of the most sensitive groups to environmental change. Despite the importance of amphibians in forest ecosystems and their sensitivity to environmental changes, little is known about potential impacts of future climate change on forest-dwelling amphibians. We projected the impact of climate change on the geographic distribution of three typical species of forest-dwelling amphibians, the Balkan Crested Newt (Triturus ivanbureschi), the Anatolian Crested Newt (T. anatolicus) and the Southern Crested Newt (T. karelinii). We also evaluated the representation of suitable habitats of the three crested newts in protected areas under the current and future climatic condition. We found that the Balkan Crested Newt and the Anatolian Crested Newt are likely to lose considerable proportions of their currently suitable habitats in the future as climate changes, while the Southern Crested Newt is likely to gain new habitats. Results showed that the future coverage of the most suitable habitats inside protected areas would drop by 22% and 49.2% for the Balkan Crested Newt and for the Anatolian Crested Newt, respectively. However, results showed a 15.7% increase in the suitable habitats of the Southern Crested Newt inside protected areas. Our study suggests that forest biodiversity will be negatively affected by future climatic change. Our findings also highlight the importance of integrating the impacts of climate change into designation of new protected areas in mountain forests of the Near East. Keywords: Crested newts, Climate change, Distribution modeling, Conservation, Protected areas
Published: 2018

44. Towards a common methodology to simulate tree mortality based on ring-width data

Author: Cailleret, Maxime, Bigler, Christof, Bugmann, Harald, Davi, Hendrik, Minunno, Francesco, Peltoniemi, Mikko, Martinez-Vilalta, Jordi, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Forest Sciences, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Finnish Forest Research Institute, CREAF, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)
Subjects: arbre forestier, Biodiversité et Ecologie, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, mortalité des arbres, approche bayésienne, modèle de régression, Biodiversity and Ecology, nothofagus dombeyi, quercus petraea, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Milieux et Changements globaux, largeur de cerne, abies alba, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, modélisation
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

45. Temporal stability in forest productivity increases with tree diversity due to asynchrony in species dynamics

Author: Xavier Morin, Claire de Mazancourt, Harald Bugmann, Lorenz Fahse, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), University of Koblenz-Landau, Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis (SEEM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Freiburg [Freiburg]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Time Factors, biodiversity ecosystem functioning, productivity, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Occupancy, Biodiversity, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, insurance hypothesis, ecosystem predictability, Computer Simulation, Ecosystem, Biomass, Ecosystem diversity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecological stability, forests, Biomass (ecology), gap model, Ecology, structural equation model, 15. Life on land, stability, Productivity (ecology), Species richness, asynchrony, human activities
Abstract: International audience; Theory predicts a positive relationship between biodiversity and stability in ecosystem properties, while diversity is expected to have a negative impact on stability at the species level. We used virtual experiments based on a dynamic simulation model to test for the diversity–stability relationship and its underlying mechanisms in Central European forests. First our results show that variability in productivity between stands differing in species composition decreases as species richness and functional diversity increase. Second we show temporal stability increases with increasing diversity due to compensatory dynamics across species, supporting the biodiversity insurance hypothesis. We demonstrate that this pattern is mainly driven by the asynchrony of species responses to small disturbances rather than to environmental fluctuations, and is only weakly affected by the net biodiversity effect on productivity. Furthermore, our results suggest that compensatory dynamics between species may enhance ecosystem stability through an optimisation of canopy occupancy by coexisting species.
Published: 2014

46. Deliverable D2.3.7. Modelling the impacts of forest management alternatives on recreational values in Europe

Author: Schelhaas, Mart-Jan, Edwards, David, Didion, Markus, Hengeveld, Geerten, Nabuurs, Gert-Jan, Mason, Bill, Lindner, Marcus, Moiseyev, Alex, Jay, Marion, Jensen, Frank, Lucas, Beatriz, Marzano, Mariella, Montagné, Claire, Peace, Andy, Weiss, Gerhard, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, ALTERRA, Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Forest research, Northern research station, Forestry Commission, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Centre for Forest Landcape and Planning, Institute of Food and Resource Economics [Copenhagen] (IFRO), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Laboratoire d'Economie Forestière (LEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), and Commanditaire : FP6, EFORWOOD
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, ECONOMIE FORESTIERE, DELPHI SURVEY, RECREATIONAL VALUE, ETUDE DELPHI, SCENARIOS
Abstract: Projet co-financé par la commission européenne au sein du sixième programme-cadre (2002-2006). Project n° 518128: EFORWOOD: Tools for Sustainability Impact Assessment Thematic Priority: 6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems; This report demonstrates the application of recreational scores, obtained through a pan-European Delphi survey as part of EFORWOOD, to model the impacts of changes in forest management on the recreational value of European forests. Changes in the level of implementation of the Natura 2000 policy is used as an example. Currently, about 8% of the EU forest area is allocated to biodiversity conservation (MCPFE class 1; MCPFE 2007). According to the Natura 2000 Agenda, 15% of the territory of the EU should be designated as conservation area by 2025. It is to be expected, therefore, that the forest conservation area will increase considerably in the near future. The impact of different nature conservation implementation levels on the recreational value of forests in Europe was explored using recreational scores derived from the Delphi survey, and combined with outputs from the forest scenario model EFISCEN. Changes in recreational value were considered against two background futures (A1 and B2 from the SRES scenarios) and three different nature conservation implementation levels. The results suggest that overall an increase in forest area managed for conservation would cause a slight net increase the recreational value per hectare of forests in Europe, although there is considerable variation between countries.
Published: 2014

47. Disentangling biodiversity and climatic determinants of wood production

Author: Antoni Trasobares, Jordi Vayreda, Montserrat Vilà, Wojciech Grodzki, Jonas Fridman, Josephine Haase, Amparo Carrillo-Gavilán, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Harald Bugmann, Georges Kunstler, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Forest Management in Mountain Regions, Forest Research Institute, Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], MONTES (CSD2008-00040), European Project: 226299,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2008-2B,BACCARA(2009), Estación Biológica de Doñana, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Department of Environmental Sciences, and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Basal area, Trees, Global Change Ecology, Forest and Landscape Ecology, species richness, lcsh:Science, Conservation Science, Multidisciplinary, Wood production, Ecology, Agriculture, Forestry, Plants, Terrestrial Environments, Wood, Europe, Community Ecology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, plantations, Research Article, metaanalysis, Ecological Metrics, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Ecological Risk, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, Models, Biological, Species Specificity, current knowledge, Forest ecology, ecosystem function, Ecosystem, Terrestrial Ecology, Community Structure, Vegetatie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, complementarity, Forest inventory, Vegetation, lcsh:R, Species diversity, Species Diversity, forest diversity, 15. Life on land, populations, sensitivity, mortality, Species Interactions, 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, Species richness, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Ecological Environments
Abstract: Background: Despite empirical support for an increase in ecosystem productivity with species diversity in synthetic systems, there is ample evidence that this relationship is dependent on environmental characteristics, especially in structurally more complex natural systems. Empirical support for this relationship in forests is urgently needed, as these ecosystems play an important role in carbon sequestration. Methodology/Principal Findings: We tested whether tree wood production is positively related to tree species richness while controlling for climatic factors, by analyzing 55265 forest inventory plots in 11 forest types across five European countries. On average, wood production was 24% higher in mixed than in monospecific forests. Taken alone, wood production was enhanced with increasing tree species richness in almost all forest types. In some forests, wood production was also greater with increasing numbers of tree types. Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the increase in wood production with tree species richness was largely mediated by a positive association between stand basal area and tree species richness. Mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation affected wood production and species richness directly. However, the direction and magnitude of the influence of climatic variables on wood production and species richness was not consistent, and vary dependent on forest type. Conclusions: Our analysis is the first to find a local scale positive relationship between tree species richness and tree wood production occurring across a continent. Our results strongly support incorporating the role of biodiversity in management and policy plans for forest carbon sequestration. © 2013 Vilà et al.
Published: 2013

48. Geographical Indications and Landscape Labelling in Kodagu District, India

Author: Ghazoul, Jaboury, Garcia, Claude, Cheppudira, Kushalappa G., Govindaraj, Saravanan, Ottaviani D., Sialabba, N.E.H., Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Ponnampet College of Forestry, and University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences [Shivamogga] (UAHS)
Subjects: [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Landscape, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecosystem
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2011

49. Landscape Labelling Approaches to PES : Bundling Services, Products and Stewards

Author: Ghazoul, Jaboury, Garcia, Claude, Cheppudira, Kushalappa G., Govindaraj, Saravanan, Ottaviani D., Sialabba, N.E.H., Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Ponnampet College of Forestry, and University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences [Shivamogga] (UAHS)
Subjects: ComputingMilieux_GENERAL, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Landscape, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecosystem
Abstract: International audience; Landscape labelling is a new Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) concept that seeks tocombine elements of PES with product certification at a landscape scales. Landscape labellingproposes that managed rural landscapes which deliver valuable ecosystem services be awardeda ‘landscape label’, by which products derived from this landscape could be differentiated andvalue added, in the global market. A principal objective of landscape labelling is to deliverbenefits to communities, rather than individual landowners, based on the continued deliveryof ecosystem services as evaluated at landscape scales, rather than at the scale of privatelandholdings. In so doing, landscape labelling also seeks to overcome some of the existingchallenges to the implementation of PES schemes, including evaluating opportunity costs andecosystem service delivery, high transaction costs, difficulties in ensuring conditionality andlimited inclusivity leading to inequitable distribution of benefits. The global export trade inmany agricultural commodities derived from tropical smallholdings (including coffee, cacao andrubber) offers opportunities for the implementation of landscape labelling that is specificallytargeted to benefit smallholders within a landscape mosaic. As such, landscape labellingwould provide management with incentives to continue to meet the ecosystem service criteriarequired for certification. The label, with its associated conditionality criteria, could serve as amechanism for securing additional payments for ecosystem services, which, under a landscapecertification scheme, would be delivered to community-based organizations for investment incommunity and social projects that would benefit a far wider range of people than is possiblein the current PES model.
Published: 2011

50. Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review

Author: Sigrid Netherer, Petra Lasch, Céline Meredieu, François Gillet, Anna Maria Jönsson, Francisco Moreira, Rupert Seidl, Alexander Arpaci, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Jean-Daniel Bontemps, Teresa Fonseca, Katarína Merganičová, Frits Mohren, José Ramón González-Olabarria, Harald Bugmann, Paulo Fernandes, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques ( ECOS ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitaetstrasse of Zurich, COST Action FP0603, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques (ECOS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), European Community [237085], Mistra Swedish Research Programme for Climate, Impacts and Adaptation, Swedish Research Council FORMAS [214-2008-205], Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, IFAP, Portugal, European Union [FP0701, 226544], and Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Food Quality
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Browsing, Decision support system, Disturbance modelling, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Process (engineering), global climate-change, Forest management, CE - Forest Ecosystems, western united-states, Wildfire, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Forest ecology, Ecosystem, Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, Wageningen Environmental Research, decision-support-system, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, dendroctonus-ponderosae hopkins, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, predicting postfire mortality, Insect herbivory, Wind storm, Drought, Forest dynamics, business.industry, Ecology, Ecological Modeling, Global warming, Environmental resource management, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, spruce budworm defoliation, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, douglas-fir beetle, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, ips-typographus l, colorado front range, mountain pine-beetle
Abstract: International audience; Natural disturbances play a key role in ecosystem dynamics and are important factors for sustainable forest ecosystem management. Quantitative models are frequently employed to tackle the complexities associated with disturbance processes. Here we review the wide variety of approaches to modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems, addressing the full spectrum of disturbance modelling from single events to integrated disturbance regimes. We applied a general, process-based framework founded in disturbance ecology to analyze modelling approaches for drought, wind, forest fires, insect pests and ungulate browsing. Modelling approaches were reviewed by disturbance agent and mechanism, and a set of general disturbance modelling concepts was deduced. We found that although the number of disturbance modelling approaches emerging over the last 15 years has increased strongly, statistical concepts for descriptive modelling are still largely prevalent over mechanistic concepts for explanatory and predictive applications. Yet, considering the increasing importance of disturbances for forest dynamics and ecosystem stewardship under anthropogenic climate change, the latter concepts are crucial tool for understanding and coping with change in forest ecosystems. Current challenges for disturbance modelling in forest ecosystems are thus (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, (ii) to further a mechanistic foundation in disturbance modelling, (iii) to integrate multiple disturbance processes in dynamic ecosystem models for decision support in forest management, and (iv) to bring together scaling capabilities across several levels of organization with a representation of system complexity that captures the emergent behaviour of disturbance regimes.
Published: 2011

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