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[Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]SYNERGIE [Axe_IRSTEA]TETIS-ATTOS; International audience; The magnitude of the global terrestrial carbon pool and related fluxes to and from the atmosphere are still poorly known. The European Space Agency P-band radar BIOMASS mission will help to reduce this uncertainty by providing unprecedented information on the distribution of forest above-ground biomass (AGB), particularly in the tropics where the gaps are greatest and knowledge is most needed. Mission selection was made in full knowledge of coverage restrictions over Europe, North and Central America imposed by the US Department of Defense Space Objects Tracking Radar (SOTR) stations. Under these restrictions, only 3% of AGB carbon stock coverage is lost in the tropical forest biome, with this biome representing 66% of global AGB carbon stocks in 2005. The loss is more significant in the temperate (72%), boreal (37%) and subtropical (29%) biomes, with these accounting for approximately 12%, 15% and 7%, respectively, of the global forest AGB carbon stocks. In terms of global carbon cycle modelling, there is minimal impact in areas of high AGB density, since mainly lower biomass forests in cooler climates are affected. In addition, most areas affected by the SOTR stations are located in industrialized countries with well-developed national forest inventories, so that extensive information on AGB is already available. Hence the main scientific objectives of the BIOMASS mission are not seriously compromised. Furthermore, several space sensors that can estimate AGB in lower biomass forests are in orbit or planned for launch between now and the launch of BIOMASS in 2021, which will help to fill the gaps in mission coverage.

International audience; The ongoing digital transformation raises the need to address the evolution of legacy systems in response to integration requirements. One challenge is integrating sensors and actuators (and their controllers), modeled as IoT elements, and linking them to data analytics, management, and operations decision support functions or processes. Since legacy technology systems follow proprietary architectures, their integration into open service-oriented architectures (SOA) requires a strategy that maintains a high degree of reliability. This paper presents the strategy adopted to integrate legacy software in an open SOAto managean agri-food silos infrastructure. This approach follows the Informatics System of Systems (ISoS) idea and is based on the ISoS framework. A reference implementation concept is used to validate the (re)construction of legacy systems and make them ready for collaboration with agro-industry business partners considering their Enterprise Resource Planning.

International audience; Managing heterogeneous software and hardware artifacts frommultiple suppliers is a complex and challenging process. The integration of sensors, actuators, and their controllers, modeled as IoT elements, also presents significant challenges. Typically, a vendor supplies one or more parts, each one with its proprietary interface, which may raise vendor lock-in and supplier dependencies that can compromise the replacement of some of the artifacts by equivalent ones from competing vendors. The research presented in this paper addresses such challenges in the context of the SITL-IoT project aiming at transforming an industrial agri-food environment towards an open, integrated system-of-systems. We present and discuss a reference implementation of a collaborative platformto simplify themanagement of different artifacts, supplied by alternative suppliers, modeled as services. More specifically, the concepts of ISystem (Informatic System), CES (Cooperation Enabled Service), and Serviceare used to manage the different elements that compose an agri-food environment transparently and uniformly. We argue that the adopted model simplifies the collaboration among technology suppliers along the life cycle maintenance and evolution of their enabled products.

IF=3.954; International audience; This editorial introduces the special issue in the Elsevier journal Computers in Industry that analyses how the digital transformation of manufacturing is speeded up by two important drivers: cloud services and resource virtualization, which are vital for implementing the main building blocks - Cyber Physical Production Systems and Industrial Internet of Things - in the “Industry of the future” framework. The context of this special issue is firstly presented, with a specific focus on the federative concept of Industry 4.0. A framework characterizing research activities led in the field of the digital transformation of manufacturing processes and systems is then introduced. This framework is used to present and position the 12 papers composing the special issue. Perspectives are finally introduced as a guideline for future work in the digital transformation of manufacturing through cloud services and resource virtualization

TC 5: Information Technology Applications; International audience; The last two decades have witnessed considerable boost in emergence of a networked society, reflecting the increasing growth in hyper-connectivity among the organizations, people, smart machines, and intelligent systems. This trend was enabled by advances in ICT and more specifically in computer networking. In this context, new forms of coworking and collaboration in networks, composed of distributed, autonomous, and heterogeneous entities have emerged, which first led to the formation of Collaborative Networks (CN) as a new discipline, and then followed by series of milestones leading to its gradual evolution.Nowadays CNs play a key role in the ongoing process of digital transformation in industry and services. Although it is relatively young, a number of “generations” can be identified through the last decades for the CN discipline. We are now at the beginning of what can be identified as the Collaborative Networks 4.0, characterized by features such as: hybridization in CNs, collaboration between humans and intelligent autonomous systems, collaborative distributed cognitive systems, reflecting on collaborative accountability, handling ethics and coping with risks and disruptions faced in CNs, managing large amounts of collaborative data, monetization of collaboration, creating a collaboration culture, supporting collaboration creativity, handling mass collaboration, and supporting collaborative value creation through new business models, among others.The IFIP WG 5.5, through its annual conference the PRO-VE, which is now in its 21st edition, has played a determinant role, along these two decades. It has contributed to shaping, promoting, and extending the CN research and development community and its practices; thus, consolidating this area, and identifying and introducing new directions and preserving it as an active research agenda.

In modern society, citizens aspire to get trusted and reliable digital services to authenticate theirs to payments. With the COVID-19 crisis, online shopping’s fast growth has led citizens to increase registration in different systems. The registration is typically done without any guarantee that the involved business entity is trusted and that private data is managed adequately, namely according to the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). There are cases where online business adopts a federated authentication mechanism based on the existing and extensively adopted service providers, e.g., Facebook, and Google. With the European authorities’ complacency, this de facto trend seems to contribute to a dangerous unregulated digital services model. While avoiding the centralization risks, a possible alternative is to pursue the concept of regulated and competing digital online shops or services offered under a single collaborative model across Europe. Citizens aspire to get simple mechanisms based on a single provider for authentication and pay anywhere, even with some associated costs. In this direction, we propose a model that considers regulated providers managing citizens’ access to any online business in Europe, avoiding, in this way, the spreading of personal data across (business) organizations, thus decreasing the risk of personal data leaks. A collaborative network is foreseen to logically tie committed regulating authorities, providers, and digital online service providers. The proposed approach is ground on our previous research on systems integration, collaborative network infrastructure, and unified mobility payment services. This position paper offers a digital strategy for citizens, designated by Digital Person Ecosystem (DPE), which relies on Collaborative Networks concepts and centered on public authority leadership.

This deliverable provides information on the method and content of project quality assurance, risk management and contingency planning efforts.

Vascularization of reconstructed tissues is one of the remaining hurdles to be considered to improve both the functionality and viability of skin grafts and the relevance of in vitro applications. Our study, therefore, sought to develop a perfusable vascularized full-thickness skin equivalent that comprises a more complex blood vasculature compared to existing models. We combined molding, auto-assembly and microfluidics techniques in order to create a vascularized skin equivalent representing (a) a differentiated epidermis with a physiological organization and correctly expressing K14, K10, Involucrin, TGM1 and Filaggrin, (b) three perfusable vascular channels with angiogenic sprouts stained with VE-Caderin and Collagen IV, (c) an adjacent microvascular network created via vasculogenesis and connected to the sprouting macrovessels. Histological analysis and immunostaining of CD31, Collagen IV, Perlecan and Laminin proved the integrity of vascular constructs. In order to validate the vascularized skin potential of topical and systemic applications, caffeine and minoxidil, two compounds with different chemical properties, were topically applied to measure skin permeability and benzo[a]pyrene pollutant was systemically applied to evaluate systemic delivery. Our results demonstrated that perfusion of skin reconstructs and the presence of a complex vascular plexus resulted in a more predictive and reliable model to assess respectively topical and systemic applications. This model is therefore aimed at furthering drug discovery and improving clinical translation in dermatology.

International audience; This editorial introduces the special issue in the Elsevier journal Computers in Industry that analyses how the digital transformation of manufacturing is speeded up by two important drivers: cloud services and resource virtualization, which are vital for implementing the main building blocks - Cyber Physical Production Systems and Industrial Internet of Things - in the “Industry of the future” framework. The context of this special issue is firstly presented, with a specific focus on the federative concept of Industry 4.0. A framework characterizing research activities led in the field of the digital transformation of manufacturing processes and systems is then introduced. This framework is used to present and position the 12 papers composing the special issue. Perspectives are finally introduced as a guideline for future work in the digital transformation of manufacturing through cloud services and resource virtualization.

Part 3: Decision Systems; International audience; Autonomous multirotor drones as a popular type of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have a tremendous potential to facilitate activities such as logistics, emergency response, recording video, capturing special events, and traffic management. Despite the potential benefits the possibility of harming people during operation should be considered. This paper focuses on modeling the multirotor drones’ propulsion system with Markov chains. Using the proposed model, both reliability and Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) of the propulsion system are evaluated. This study proposes a fault detection and recovery system based on a Markov Model for mission control of multirotor drones. Concretely, the proposed system aims to reduce potential injuries by increasing safety.

Part 14: Dynamic Logistics Networks; International audience; Nowadays, companies to be competitive must develop capabilities that enable them to respond quickly to market needs. According to some managers, the strategy is the development of dynamic logistics networks based on a collaborative environment. However, the absence of mechanisms to detect and even anticipate potential opportunistic behaviour is an obstacle to the proliferation of this way of working. The article aims to understand the role of trust to sustainability of collaborative processes. The paper begins by discussing the trust properties. It is then discussed how statistical control charts can be used to support the trust monitoring of each member within a collaborative ecosystem. The control charts’ tools suggested in this paper are the Z control charts for trust level monitoring and the Zi capacity index. Finally, it is discussed how this approach can be applied to dynamic logistics networks within the context of a collaborative ecosystem.

Part 6: Users and Organizations Profiling; International audience; Organizations adopting Open Innovation seem to express slightly specific behavioral patterns, attitudes and values, which are beneficial and that can be perceptible in their interactions with outsiders. It would be useful to find a way to identify these characteristics and to perceive them in potential participants for Open Innovation consortia. This research work explores the concept of archetypes to provide an abstract way to express how companies engaging in Open Innovation look like. The adopted method applies web mining and preliminary results are presented, which show the potential of the approach.

Part 12: Health and Social Welfare Services; International audience; Nowadays, there is a huge demand for personalized health services. The evolution of cognitive systems technology combined with the hot trend of the mobile apps market became an important driver for personalization in the health field. One of the challenges concerns providing credible information about health issues tailored to each end-user. In this direction, this paper aims to present a cognitive services model in order to support the building of cognitive-based collaborative networks to provide tailored health information through appropriate interfaces. The discussion regarding the integration of the services is based on the experience acquired with the implementation of the OnParkinson mobile app, which is a case study integrating the IBM Watson cognitive services.

Part 10: Collaborative Business Strategies; International audience; The Collaborative Networks (CN) discipline has been largely studied in last decades, addressing different problems and proposing solutions for the robust establishment of collaborative processes, within the enterprises willing to collaborate. The main aim of CN research is, therefore, to generate approaches that enable creating effective relationships in the long term, to achieve stable and agile alliances. The concept of alignment among the CN partners has been considered since the beginning of CN research. Nevertheless, novel perspectives of study in CN, such as the consideration of collaborative emotional states, within the CN, have been introduced in recent years. This paper connects the research area of strategies alignment and the CN emotion models. Accordingly, a modelling framework to assess strategies alignment considering the emotional environment within the CN is proposed. The modelling framework allows representing how the enterprises emotions affect in the selection and alignment of formulated enterprises’ strategies.

Enterprise daily operations are not effectively monitored and controlled. Furthermost of enterprises have chosen to implement ERP solutions or multiple systems in order to facilitate the data orchestration [4]; Nevertheless this solution may constraint the business due to the top down “enclosing” methodology. Considered as an alternative to ERP and a precondition to the future Enterprise 4.0 based on IoT and Cyber physical system principle, this paper tentatively presents a proposal to develop and implement an Enterprise Operating System (EOS) by setting loose coupled connections between enterprise's software with only one simplified central orchestrator component using the Decentralized Decision Support technique. The cooperating parties must accommodate and adjust “on-the-fly” to ensure quick interoperability establishment, easy-pass, and dynamic environment update. In the paper, a set of objectives and functions are identified at first. Then a survey on existing relevant works is presented and mapped to the requirements. After that the role of EOS for Industry 4.0 based on Decentralized Decision Support is described. The architectures of envisioned EOS are outlined and a case study shown to illustrate the use of EOS. The last part draws some conclusions and gives future perspectives.

This paper proposes an architecture aiming at promoting the convergence of the physical and digital worlds, through CPS and IoT technologies, to accommodate more customized and higher quality products. The architecture combines concepts such as cyber-physical systems, decentralization, modularity and scalability aiming at responsive production. Combining these aspects with virtualization, contextualization, modeling and simulation capabilities it will enable self-adaptation, situational awareness and decentralized decision-making to answer dynamic market demands and support the design and reconfiguration of the manufacturing enterprise.

International audience

Part 5: Biomedical Applications; International audience; A low-cost inertial measurement unit has been developed for accurate motion capture, allowing real-time spatial position registration (linear and angular) of the user’s whole-body. For this, we implemented a dedicated circuit for 9 degrees of freedom motion sensors, composed of an accelerometer, gyroscope and a magnetometer. We also applied signal processing and data fusion algorithms to prevent the inherent drift of the position signal. This drift is known to exist during the sensor integration process and the implemented algorithms showed promising results. This system is meant to be used in two specific biomedical applications. The first one is linked to the development of a low-cost system for gait analysis of the whole-body, which can be used in home-based rehabilitation systems. The second application is related to the real-time analysis of working postures and the identification of ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders.

Part 18: Telecommunications; International audience; In this paper we address the node localization problem in large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by using the received signal strength (RSS) measurements. According to the conventional path loss model, we first pose the maximum likelihood (ML) problem. The ML-based solutions are of particular importance due to their asymptotically optimal performance (for large enough data records). However, the ML problem is highly non-linear and non-convex, which makes the search for the globally optimal solution difficult. To overcome the non-linearity and the non-convexity of the objective function, we propose an efficient second-order cone programming (SOCP) relaxation, which solves the node localization problem in a completely distributed manner. We investigate both synchronous and asynchronous node communication cases. Computer simulations show that the proposed approach works well in various scenarios, and efficiently solves the localization problem. Moreover, simulation results show that the performance of the proposed approach does not deteriorate when synchronous node communication is not feasible.

Part 8: Business Strategies Alignment; International audience; Collaborative networks that emerge as consortia to deal with new market opportunities consist of different autonomous entities. Each one holds a set values and defines its own strategies in order to deal with its defined objectives. The enterprises heterogeneity leads sometimes to contradictory objectives, and misalignment of value systems and strategies. Enterprises willing to participate in a collaborative network, as thus willing to avoid these misalignments, have to achieve coherence between the strategies they activate and the values they hold. To facilitate achieving such coherence, this paper contributes with an approach to identify the strategies that should be activated in order to be coherent with the values held by each enterprise. It specifically considers the scenario in which consortia are temporarily formed and values and strategies are set out in the short term. A potential application is exemplified through a numerical example.

International audience; This paper considers the use of SC modulations (Single-Carrier) with FDE (Frequency-Domain Equalization) with low-complexity soft combining ARQ schemes (Automatic Repeat reQuest). With our technique, packets associated to different transmission attempts are combined in a soft way, allowing improved performances. Its low complexity makes it particularly interesting for the uplink of wireless systems. This paper proposes an accurate analytical model for a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) scheme where packet combining ARQ is applied. It evaluates the uplink non-saturated packet delay for a generic message arrival process. Our analytical results are validated using physical and MAC layer simulations.

International audience; Due to the increasing market turbulence, companies, organizations and individuals need to tune their actuation forms so that they can prevail. It is particularly essential to create alliances and partnerships for collaborative problem solving when responding to new businesses or collaborative opportunities. In all types of alliances it is necessary to establish agreements that represent the rights and duties of all involved parts in a given collaboration opportunity. Therefore, it is important to deeply understand the structures and requirements of these alliances, i.e. what kind of members does the alliance have, what kind of protocols may be implied, how conflicts may possibly be resolved, etc. Moreover to these requirements, also the required support tools and mechanisms have to be identified. For that, this paper presents a research work that is being carried in the negotiation and contracting field, in order to promote agility in collaborative networks.

International audience; Risk Assessment for Health and Safety (RAH&S) of workers is a complex task that entails the consideration of many parameters which are, more often than not, difficult to quantify. RAH&S in the construction industry is rampant with inadequate data and/or imprecise and incomplete information, particularly in the design stage, for which traditional quantitative approaches do not give adequate answers. In this work we outline the basic aspects for a Qualitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) based on elicited data and using a fuzzy logic approach.

International audience; The key idea of this work, is to use risk assessment to support the user in deciding which service should be used, from a set of services developed to support life-cycle optimization, in a specific situation. The risk of a specific situation affecting an industrial plant, characterized by the symptoms, is estimated from the information stored on the system concerning the probability of occurrence of the consequence and its impact. It is expected that this knowledge grows along the life-cycle of a industrial plant. Then, depending of the knowledge available and on the risk of the situation, the adequate service is suggested for promptly reaction in eliminating the problem or avoiding critical situations.

International audience; Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is considered the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries. One of its risk factors is the presence of drusens, which are retina abnormalities appearing as yellowish spots in fundus images. In this article a methodology using image processing techniques for the quantification of drusens is presented. The method uses splines combined with a contrast normalization to correct uneven illumination, followed by a drusen detection and modelling algorithm. The detection uses a gradient based segmentation algorithm that isolates drusens. They are then fitted by Gaussian functions, producing a model that is used to compute the area affected. To validate the methodology, 22 images were marked by three ophthalmologists and compared to the automated method. The sensitivity and specificity for the automated process (0.664 and 0.963) were comparable to that obtained among the specialists (0.656 and 0.971). Also, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient showed an agreement of 74.9% between the processed images and the specialists' analysis.

International audience

Part 7: Perception and Signal Processing; International audience; In this work, we address the target localization problem in large-scale cooperative wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Using the noisy range measurements, extracted from the received signal strength (RSS) information, we formulate the localization problem based on the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion. ML-based solutions are particularly important due to their asymptotically optimal performance, but the localization problem is highly non-convex. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a convex relaxation leading to second-order cone programming (SOCP), which can be efficiently solved by interior-point algorithms. Furthermore, we investigate the case where target nodes limit the number of cooperating nodes by selecting only those neighbors with the highest RSS measurements. This simple procedure may decrease the energy consumption of an algorithm in both communication and computation phase. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms the existing ones in terms of the estimation accuracy. Moreover, they show that the new approach does not suffer significant degradation in its performance when the number of cooperating nodes is reduced.

International audience; This paper discusses how to map between Semantic Resources (SRs) specifically created to represent knowledge in the Construction Sector and how to measure and assess the quality of such mappings. In particular results from the FUNSIEC project are presented, which investigated the feasibility of establishing semantic mappings among Construction-oriented SRs. The paper points to the next lines of inquiry to extend such work. In FUNSIEC, a Semantic Infrastructure was built using SRs that were semantically mapped among them. After the positive results from FUNSIEC, the obvious questions came up: how good are the mappings? Can we trust them? Can we use them? This paper presents FUNSIEC research (approach, methodology, and results) and the main di-rections of investigation to support its continuation, which is based on the ap-plication of fuzzy logics to qualify the mappings produced.

International audience; Deciding whether an open source software (OSS) meets the requiredstandards for adoption in terms of quality, maturity, activity of development anduser support is not a straightforward process. It involves analysing various sourcesof information, including the project’s source code repositories, communicationchannels, and bug tracking systems. OSSMETER extends state-of-the-art techniquesin the field of automated analysis and measurement of open-source software(OSS), and develops a platform that supports decision makers in the processof discovering, comparing, assessing and monitoring the health, quality, impactand activity of opensource software. To achieve this, OSSMETER computestrustworthy quality indicators by performing advanced analysis and integrationof information from diverse sources including the project metadata, source coderepositories, communication channels and bug tracking systems of OSS projects.