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In diesem Buch wird beschrieben, wie Forscher:innen in der Zeit des Kalten Kriegs die Meinungen von Expert:innen nutzten, um Prognosen über Entwicklungen von geopolitischer Bedeutung zu konstruieren. Am Beispiel der RAND Corporation, einer US-amerikanischen Denkfabrik mit engen Beziehungen zu Militär und Pentagon, analysiert der Autor die Entwicklung von zwei Prognosetechniken, der Delphi-Befragung und dem politischen Planspiel. Auf der Grundlage von Archivrecherchen und Interviews untersuchen die Kapitel die Entwicklung dieser Techniken. Dabei wird freigelegt, wie zeitgenössische Sozialwissenschaftler:innen eine der zentralen Kategorien der Kultur des Kalten Krieges, nämlich jene der:s Expert:in, auffassten. Die damals entwickelten Methoden der Sozialprognose dienen somit als Quellen einer breiteren Erörterung des Stellenwerts von Wissen und Wissenschaft in der Gesellschaft zur Zeit des Kalten Kriegs.

In dieser sozialhistorischen Monographie werden die beiden Theologen Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918) und Martin Rade (1857–1940) in einer transatlantischen Gegenüberstellung miteinander verglichen, wobei ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf die politisch-soziale Dimension ihres Denkens und ihrer Arbeit gelegt wird. Beide Theologen gehörten zum liberalen Spektrum ihrer jeweiligen Kirchen bzw. Länder und beide betonten vorrangig die politisch-soziale Dimension des christlichen Evangeliums und die dem Kerygma erwachsene Verantwortung ihrer Kirchen für die Gesellschaft. Walter Rauschenbusch entstammte einer deutsch-stämmigen lutherischen Familie und gilt als der Vater des „Social Gospel“, das im Zuge der amerikanischen Industrialisierung vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg eine große Resonanz in Kirchen der USA erfuhr. Für Rauschenbusch musste das Evangelium vom Reich Gottes praktisch-soziale und politisch-gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen haben. Martin Rade war Theologieprofessor in Marburg und zeitweiseAbgeordneter der Deutschen Demokratischen Partei in der Preußischen Landesversammlung. Für ihn gehörte das politisch-gesellschaftliche Engagement zu den notwendigen Aufgaben von Theologie und Kirche. Als Herausgeber der kulturprotestantischen Halbmonatsschrift „Die Christliche Welt“ äußerte er sich über vier Jahrzehnte immer wieder zu kirchenpolitischen, christlich-sozialen und kulturpolitischen Fragen. Nach einer Einführung über Vorgehensweise und Fragestellungen werden zunächst geschichtliche Einordnungen vorgenommen: wirtschaftshistorische und sozialpolitische ebenso wie theologiegeschichtliche und sozialethische Einordnungen. Dabei werden der amerikanische und der deutsche Sozialprotestantismus miteinander vergleichen. Der eigentliche Vergleich zwischen den beiden Protagonisten umfasst die Biographien ebenso wie die Werksbiographien (wichtige Publikationen), die zentralen Anliegen beider Theologen sowie ein Kapitel, in dem ihre Theologie, ihr Reich-Gottes-Verständnis und ihre sozialpolitischen Anliegen betrachtet werden. In einem eigenen Kapitel werden mehrere Einzelaspekte ausführlicher miteinander verglichen, nämlich: (1) die Kriegs- und Friedensfrage, (2) die Not und Rechte der Arbeiter sowie (3) Frauen- und Minderheitenrechte. Schließlich werden die Anliegen Rauschenbuschs und Rades auf die heutigen sozialen Ungleichheiten in den USA und in Deutschland bezogen und die gegenwärtige sozialpolitischen Verhältnisse in beiden Ländern im Lichte Rauschenbuschs bzw. Rades beleuchtet.

This book examines Harold Laski's relationship to Marxism. Laski was a reluctant Marxist; he had been a pluralist, democratic socialist who wanted to reach a better society by means of parliamentary, constitutional and associational channels. In fact, he never abandoned these early aspirations. In the 1930s and 1940s he wove them into a distinctive Marxist position as he gradually came to believe that there was no answer to Marxist philosophy on history, social change and the prospects for socialism. It is the incorporation of his earlier political thought into his later work that makes his Marxism so fascinating and his work raises important questions. Harold Laski's Marxism aims to bring a relatively forgotten political theorist back into the spotlight. Peter Lamb provides an overview to Laski's political thought in the 20th century and explores his connections to essential foundations of Marxist thought. He ends with a discussion of ways in which Laski's Marxism is of lasting significance and can contribute to more recent Marxist and neo-Marxist debates.

This book explores what it meant to be ‘liberal'in interwar Czech, Austrian, and Slovenian politics. Up until 1918, these countries shared the common political framework of Cisleithania (the Austrian part of the Habsburg Monarchy). Within this framework was the predominantly pejorative function of the label ‘liberal,'and as a result after 1918, no major political party employed it to describe its own political orientation. Despite making considerable efforts to dissociate themselves from liberalism, many parties continued to be referred to as ‘liberal'by the contemporary public. This association with liberalism, the book argues, was primarily due to the parties'historical background rather than any ideological commitment to liberalism, and for that reason, the author refers to them as ‘national liberal heirs.'Examining the (dis)continuities of liberal party traditions, the book presents three representative cases of national liberal heirs: the Czechoslovak National Democracy; the Greater German People's Party; and the Slovenian sections of the Yugoslav Democratic Party, the Independent Democratic Party, and the Yugoslav National Party. Forming a distinctive part of early twentieth-century party landscapes in Central Europe, the national liberal heirs had inherited organisational structures, parts of electorate, as well as rootedness in specific cultural and social milieus from their liberal predecessors. Following the political trajectories of the national liberal heirs, the author seeks to answer in which spheres, in which manners, and to what extent liberalism survived or even continued to develop in the interwar Czech lands, Austria, and Slovenia.

This book challenges commonplace assertions that the humanities are presently undergoing a severe crisis as a result of a longstanding decline. Rather than hearkening to the widespread, reactive call for a last-ditch defense of the humanities under attack from an ungracious world, this book fundamentally reverses the perspective and makes a plea for a different, affirmative approach. It contends that the humanities have incessantly arrived at critical turning points since they were first constituted in a form that remains recognizable today and assumed a leading role in knowledge organization with the establishment of the modern university around 1800. Assuming a historical perspective, the monograph takes the human sciences back to their rightful place in the family tree of sciences and gives due recognition to their continuously decisive role in the production of new knowledge and the creation of new fields of knowledge. Situating the ongoing gemmation of the humanities in a broader context, this monograph also offers an encompassing introduction to the over-all development of knowledge in the last two hundred years.

This book offers a groundbreaking exploration of Galileo Galilei's engagement with the Almagest, Claudius Ptolemy's second-century scientific work on the motions of stars and planetary paths. Contrary to the belief that Galileo had little interest in Ptolemaic astronomy, the author investigates whether Ptolemy influenced Galileo's shift to Copernicanism, the theory that Earth and all other planets revolve around the Sun. This inquiry is pursued through a detailed examination of Galileo's early writings on motion, namely the so-called De motu antiquiora (c. 1589–1592). By contextualizing Galileo's initial reception of Ptolemy, the book reveals a fascinating historical backdrop, highlighting how the Almagest was intended to be read and studied in Galileo's milieu during the last decades of the sixteenth century. The author challenges the conventional ‘Ptolemaic-Aristotelian'label by showing that early Galileo adhered to a Ptolemaic, yet non-Aristotelian, cosmology supported by an Archimedean-like rationale. Additionally, the book underscores the often-overlooked impact of Theon of Alexandria's commentary on the Almagest in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century reception of Ptolemy, suggesting it as one of Galileo's potential sources. Offering valuable insights for historians of science and early modern astronomy, this book illuminates Galileo's intricate relationship with astronomical and philosophical ideas, emphasizing the need to re-examine his intellectual journey within a nuanced historical framework.

This book focuses on a key case study in the history of American territories, public works, transportation and the constitutional system of checks and balances. The saga of Yankton County's attempt to bring the first railroad into Dakota Territory in 1873 covers 25 years of territorial history, leading up to statehood for South Dakota in 1889. Garry investigates the array of unusual facts and occurrences within the story of the Dakota Southern, which was the first railroad stretching into the Territory. Lawsuits worked themselves all the way up to the Supreme Court. The most notorious shooting in the territory occurred in connection with railroad disputes The failure of Yankton to pay interest on the bonds used to finance the railroad—a failure initially prompted by a court injunction against such payment—may have delayed statehood for the entire territory. But the primary focus of this railroad story revolves around the way it highlights the predictions and observations of two of America's most noted thinkers: Alexis de Tocqueville and James Madison. It shows the tension between Tocqueville's impressions of the enterprising, risk-taking, and association-minded nature of Americans and Madison's warnings about a federal government exercising unprecedented powers and having expanded beyond adequate checks. It works through the abstract observations of Tocqueville and Madison with tangible examples that are still relevant today.

Philosophie als Wissenschaft, als Grundlagendisziplin und als interdisziplinäre Forschung: Ansätze, die sich eine zu Unrecht fast vergessene philosophische Schule zu eigen gemacht hat, nämlich die 1903 neu gegründete Fries'sche Schule um den Göttinger Philosophen Leonard Nelson (1882-1927). Sie steht in der Tradition der Philosophie Immanuel Kants (1724-1804) und Jakob Friedrich Fries'(1773-1843). Der Nelsonkreis hält dem Vergleich mit dem Wiener Kreis stand. Die Anhänger des Nelsonkreises kamen u.a. aus der Mathematik, Physik, Philosophie, Psychologie, Theologie und den Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften. Über sie wirkte die kantisch-friessche Philosophie teilweise in andere Disziplinen hinein. Zu nennen sind beispielsweise der Psychiater und Psychologe Arthur Kronfeld (1846-1941), der Biochemiker und Nobelpreisträger Otto Meyerhof (1884-1951), der Mathematiker Gerhard Hessenberg (1874-1925), die Philosophin und Physikerin Grete Henry-Hermann (1901-1984), die Pädagogin MinnaSpecht (1879-1961), der Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Alexander Rüstow (1885-1963), der Theologe Rudolf Otto (1869-1937), der Soziologe Franz Oppenheimer (1864-1943) und der Sozialwissenschaftler Gerhard Weisser (1898-1989).Die Ausstrahlung des Nelsonkreises auf verschiedene Disziplinen sowie dessen Geschichte sind bislang noch nicht umfassend untersucht worden. Diese Forschungslücke soll mit dem vorliegenden Band geschlossen werden. Der systematische Forschungsband bietet zudem eine Einführung und einen Überblick zur Philosophie Leonard Nelsons.

This book deals with the complex process of national identity formation in the late Ottoman Empire and early Turkish Republic, during a crucial period characterized by transformative events that reshaped both the state and society. These events included revolutions, wars, mass migrations, ethnic cleansing, genocide, the empire's disintegration, territorial and demographic changes, and the emergence of new states. In the face of these events, a multitude of old and new formulations and imaginings of nation and national identity took shape and interacted with each other. This book focuses on highlighting the diversity of concepts and trajectories that existed during the period and how these played out within a complex web of inclusionary and exclusionary processes, and the various ways in which the nation was constituted and conceptualized.

This book looks at the translations which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions and whose source texts had appeared in the Journal des Sçavans during the period 1665 to 1700. The theoretical background of the study is Systemic Functional Linguistics. The book provides linguistic analyses of both translations and source texts, considering in particular process types, the nature of themes, modality and nominalization of processes. The periods looked at are defined in terms of the editors of the respective journals. Differences in the linguistic features of the translations and source texts are explained in terms of the historical context. Since these were the first two academic periodicals, the texts studied here were the first attempts at translating academic articles, and thus have particular significance.

Dieses Buch versammelt neuere Forschungsbeiträge zur rechtlichen Diskussion um die Gleichstellung der Frau im 18. Jahrhundert.

This book is both a conceptualization and detailed analysis of the current crisis in which modern utopian categories of political institutions find themselves, as well as a reflection and clarification of the new dangers and opportunities facing post-utopian politics in-the-making. Met with those who believe that no more utopian political projects are possible, the post-utopian movement maintains a non-fantastic or illusory character of being able to apply new great discourses and radically democratic historical narratives, while respecting both the autonomy and emancipation of individuals as plurality and the socio-cultural differences of communities. With this purpose in mind, the book is divided into five thematically differentiated sections: the new utopian categories beyond modern epistemes; the possibility of liberal utopian democracies without neoliberalism; the opportunities of socialist empowerments and insurgencies; the necessity of thinking in the space between two ages; andthe urgency to create eco-political post-utopias.

This book investigates a forgotten chapter of history: the role of Italian sciences within the child study movement. Between the 1880s and the First World War, children became the focus of unprecedented professional and scientific interest in Europe and the United States. The bodies and psyches of children, their care and growth, their development,'normal'and'abnormal', intelligence, and moral sense, constituted a new field of research. Italy, which had just become a nation, also took part in this international movement: on the study of the child, a substantial part of the Italian ruling class launched itself, with a mixture of enthusiasm, hope and concern, on the frontier between different areas of knowledge. Using a broad spectrum of sources, this book offers the first overview of the Italian scientific movement of child study.

This book presents a new reading of the history of French social science and religion through an investigation of early sociology's techniques for narrating the category of belief. The author argues that by looking at the history of social sciences in this manner, we gain a deeper understanding of both our present debates on post-secularity as well as our modernist past, both of which were thoroughly shaped by their reflections and critiques on the notion of belief yet failed to enter into any sort of meaningful communication with each other. This book seeks to rectify this failure by introducing the concept of ‘belief-languages', an anthropological framework designed to historicize different discussions on belief and allow for their comparative description and analysis.

In Deutschland verwandelte sich der Buddhismus um die Jahrhundertwende von einem obskuren Thema, das nur für einige wenige Gelehrte von Interesse war, in ein kulturelles Phänomen. Viele der bedeutendsten Autoren dieser Zeit wurden von diesem rasanten Aufstieg des Buddhismus tiefgreifend beeinflusst - unter ihnen einige der bekanntesten Namen des deutsch-jüdischen Kanons. Sebastian Musch gräbt diese vernachlässigte Dimension deutsch-jüdischer Identität aus und zeichnet anhand von philosophischen Abhandlungen, Romanen, Essays, Tagebüchern und Briefen die Geschichte der jüdisch-buddhistischen Begegnungen bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkriegs nach. Franz Rosenzweig, Martin Buber, Leo Baeck, Theodor Lessing, Jakob Wassermann, Walter Hasenclever und Lion Feuchtwanger werden neben anderen, weniger bekannten Persönlichkeiten wie Paul Cohen-Portheim und Walter Tausk vorgestellt. Wie Musch zeigt, verhandelten diese Denker, als sie über den Buddhismus schrieben, auch ihr eigenesJüdischsein. Dieses Buch ist eine Übersetzung einer englischen Originalausgabe. Die Übersetzung wurde mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz erstellt. Eine anschließende menschliche Überarbeitung erfolgte vor allem in Bezug auf den Inhalt, so dass sich das Buch stilistisch anders liest als eine herkömmliche Übersetzung.

This book demonstrates that Rousseau offers a distinctive critical voice which is worthy of listening to. Rousseau is shown to target not merely social ‘injustices', but the very dynamics central to the ‘form of life'itself. As such we are able to contemplate, and engage in, a more foundational form of social critique. We contend that by returning to Rousseau, both as a theorist in his own right, and as an interlocutor with the contemporary literature within radical political and social philosophy, we can see both the circumscribed nature of contemporary discussion, and the true importance of Rousseau's thought. In summary, Rousseau remains a figure of vital importance across disciplines and it is high time for an edited volume which connects insights centring his thought and impact today.

This book examines the Jungian imperative that the Third must become the Fourth through the lens of Carl Jung's complex reception of Plato. While in psychoanalytic discourse the Third is typically viewed as an agent that brings about healing, the author highlights that, in the case of Jung, an early emphasis on the Third as the “transcendent function” gave way to an increasing insistence on the importance of the Fourth. And yet, he asks, why must “the Third become the Fourth”? Paul Bishop begins with a survey of work on Jung's relation to Plato, before turning to Jung's readings of the Timaeus and Black Books, as well as Goethe's Faust II and Nietzsche's Zarathustra. He proceeds to unpick Jung's statements on the Third and the Fourth though a compelling analysis of how Jung draws upon religious and alchemical traditions, Pythagorean numerology, his own dream-like experiences and Plato's cosmology. This book will appeal to practitioners and to scholars working in the history of ideas, psychoanalysis, philosophy, and psychoanalytic theory.

This book analyzes how AKP's embedded intellectuals operate as media spin doctors, exploring their transformation from passionately engaged intellectuals into apparatchiks. This project adapts a post-Soviet geography approach to the media, intelligentsia, and political discourse as derivative of authoritarian regimes to the Turkish context. It offers a fresh look at the Turkish political and intellectual scene and a comparative study of the populist-authoritarian politics of Turkey. Situated in the literature on the post-Soviet authoritarian regimes and their ways of governing, as well as their manipulation of public opinion, the book analyzes AKP-aligned intellectuals as apparatchiks. Gürpınar explores the different constellations of pro-AKP intellectuals vindicating the AKP regime from various angles, including: liberal/progressive intellectuals who initially supported the party for its liberal vistas but continued their support by twisting their progressiverhetoric; Islamist intellectuals blending their Islamism with populism; and national security intellectuals who joined after the AKP came to propagate a national security agenda. The book also provides an overview of the mechanisms of political technology, including the media landscape and its running by the AKP, intellectuals themselves as operators of political technology, and the problem of “cultural power.” The book will be of interest to those studying comparative authoritarian politics, populism, political communication, and scholars of Middle East and Eastern Europe.

Das Buch liefert eine Analyse des Phänomens Tradition, wie es in der Philosophie des 20. Jahrhunderts vor allem betrachtet wurde. Dabei werden auch die relevanten vorhergehenden Ansätze des Mittelalters und der Aufklärung erläutert. Es kommen alle namhaften Vertreter des Traditionsdenkens - u.a. Habermas, Gadamer, Assmann oder Hobsbawm - zu Wort, so dass sich ein intellektuelles Gegenwartspanorama ergibt.

Dieses Buch gibt einen Überblick über die institutionelle und intellektuelle Entwicklung der Soziologie in Brasilien von den frühen 1900er Jahren bis heute, über Militärputsche, Diktaturen und Demokratien hinweg. Es zeichnet den tiefgreifenden Einfluss der Soziologie auf das öffentliche Leben Brasiliens nach und zeigt, wie sich die Umwälzungen in der Geschichte des Landes und seiner Universitäten auf die wissenschaftliche Agenda ausgewirkt haben. Diese fesselnde Darstellung verdeutlicht das Ausmaß des kolonialen Erbes der Disziplin, ihre frühe Institutionalisierung in São Paulo und ihren kongruenten Aufstieg und Fall während wiederholter Regimewechsel. Die Analyse der Autoren stützt sich auf Originaluntersuchungen, die die Konzentration von Forschungsinteressen, neuen Entwicklungen, Publikationen und Produktionszentren in der brasilianischen Soziologie anhand qualitativer und quantitativer Daten kartieren. Das Buch schließt mit einer Reflexion über die möglichen Auswirkungen der jüngsten rechtsextremen Wende in der brasilianischen Politik auf die Zukunft der Disziplin. Es leistet einen wertvollen Beitrag zur Geschichte der Soziologie und richtet sich an Sozialwissenschaftler sowie an Wissenschaftler, die sich mit disziplinärer Geschichtsschreibung, Geistesgeschichte und brasilianischer Geschichte befassen.

In diesem Buch wird versucht, die scheinbar direkte Verbindung zwischen Utopismus und den USA zu verstehen, indem Romane besprochen werden, die in dieser Kombination noch nie zusammengebracht wurden, obwohl sie sich alle um intentionale Gemeinschaften drehen: Imlays The Emigrants (1793), Hawthornes The Blithedale Romance (1852), Howlands Papas Own Girl (1874), Griggs'Imperium in Imperio (1899), und Du Bois'The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911). Sie setzen Nation und Utopie nicht in Beziehung, indem sie perfekte Gesellschaften beschreiben, sondern indem sie über Versuche schreiben, unmittelbar ein radikal anderes Leben zu führen. Indem die Lektüre die jeweilige kommunale Geschichte aufzeigt, bietet sie eine literarische Perspektive für kommunale Studien und trägt zu einer dringend notwendigen Historisierung für rein literarische Ansätze zum US-Utopismus und für Studien bei, die sich auf Pilgrims/Puritans/Gründerväter als utopische Praxis konzentrieren. Das Buch zeigt daher auf, wie die Autoren das utopische Potenzial der USA bewerteten, und zeichnet die Entwicklung der utopischen Vorstellungskraft im neunzehnten Jahrhundert aus verschiedenen Perspektiven nach.Dieses Buch ist eine Übersetzung einer englischen Originalausgabe. Die Übersetzung wurde mit Hilfe von künstlicher Intelligenz erstellt. Eine anschließende menschliche Überarbeitung erfolgte vor allem in Bezug auf den Inhalt, so dass sich das Buch stilistisch anders liest als eine herkömmliche Übersetzung.

This book deals with the evolution of mathematical thought during the 20th century. Representing a unique point of view combining mathematics, philosophy and history on this issue, it presents an original analysis of key authors, for example Bourbaki, Grothendieck and Husserl. As a product of 19th and early 20th century science, a canon of knowledge or a scientific ideology, mathematical structuralism had to give way. The succession is difficult, still in progress, and uncertain. To understand contemporary mathematics, its progressive liberation from the slogans of'modern mathematics'and the paths that remain open today, it is first necessary to deconstruct the history of this long dominant current. Another conception of mathematical thought emerged in the work of mathematicians such as Hilbert or Weyl, which went beyond the narrow epistemological paths of science in the making. In this tradition, mathematical thought was accompanied by a philosophical requirement. Modernity teaches us to revive it. The book is intended for a varied public: mathematicians concerned with understanding their discipline, philosophers of science, and the erudite public curious about the progress of mathematics.

In der neuen Schrift des Münchner Rechts-, Politik- und Kulturwissenschaftlers Peter Cornelius Mayer-Tasch mit dem auf Schillers Ode an die Freude anspielenden Titel „Ordnung – holder Götterfunken“ wird das Thema „Ordnung“ unter allen für unser individuelles und kollektives Leben bedeutsamen Aspekten ins Blickfeld gerückt. Erörtert wird die Ordnung von Körper, Geist und Seele, die Ordnung (in) der Familie, die Ordnung in Haus und Garten, der Weg zur Ordnung im sozialen Miteinander wie auch der Kampf um eine lebensgerechte Ordnung von Staat und Gesellschaft. Getragen werden die vom Autor vorgelegten neun philosophischen Miniaturen von dem Bewusstsein, dass sich in der bis in die letzten Winkel unseres Lebens hinein gespiegelten Dialektik von Ordnung und Unordnung, Chaos und Kosmos das Schicksal der Welt manifestiert.

Dieses Buch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der Entwicklung der Soziologie in Argentinien von Mitte der 1950er Jahre bis zur Gegenwart und zeichnet den bewegten Werdegang der Disziplin und ihre enge Beziehung zum breiteren (und turbulenten) argentinischen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Kontext nach; es liefert ein dramatisches Beispiel für die Politisierung und Polarisierung eines akademischen Feldes und deren Folgen. Das Buch ist in sieben Kapitel unterteilt und untersucht die sehr unterschiedlichen Phasen, die die Disziplin durchlaufen hat: von den Pionierjahren der 1950er Jahre, in denen die Soziologie als'Wissenschaft'präsentiert wurde, über die aktivistische Revolte in den 1960er Jahren, angeführt von der Studentenbewegung, bis hin zu den traumatischen Erfahrungen der 1970er Jahre, als eine grausame Diktatur errichtet wurde und viele Soziologen verfolgt wurden; von der allmählichen Erholung in den 1980er Jahren bis hin zu ihrer gegenwärtigen wachsenden (wenn auch instabilen) Präsenz innerhalb der akademischen Welt sowie in staatlichen Behörden, Unternehmen und Beratungsagenturen und Nichtregierungsorganisationen. Dieses Werk richtet sich an Sozialwissenschaftler und Studenten, die sich für die Beziehungen zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik interessieren, sowie an eine allgemeine Leserschaft, die sich für die jüngere Geschichte Argentiniens und Lateinamerikas interessiert.

This volume contains English translations of Gödel's chapters on logicism and the antinomies and on the calculi of pure logic, as well as outlines for a chapter on metamathematics. It also comprises most of his reading notes. This book is a testimony to Gödel's understanding of the situation of foundational research in mathematics after his great discovery, the incompleteness theorem of 1931. It is also a source for his views on his logical predecessors, from Leibniz, Frege, and Russell to his own times. Gödel's'own book on foundations,'as he called it, is essential reading for logicians and philosophers interested in foundations. Furthermore, it opens a new chapter to the life and achievement of one of the icons of 20th century science and philosophy.

This book explores the creation and career of the French Constitution of 1795, operative from the start of the Directory until Napoleon's takeover in 1799. It explores the composition, history and replacement of the French Revolution's third Constitution through a focus on the speeches and writings of four sets of political voices discernible in late 1790s France. The four main chapters present these voices as Thermidorians, Conservatives, Republicans and Brumairiens. They reveal the intensity and breadth of the debates generated by the permanent tension between the Constitution and the many ongoing conflicts of the Revolution. Set within and beyond the government and the two legislative chambers, the debates feature numerous conflicts central to the French Revolution including the composition and functions of the public powers, the legitimacy of exceptional laws, the regulation of the press and freedom of religion. This sustained focus on the relationship between the politicalnation and the Constitution provides a fresh reading of the political culture of the Directory.

Dieses Buch bietet in einer durchweg verständlichen Weise einen Gang durch 500 Jahre Theologiegeschichte, von 1520 bis 2020, mit einem besonderen Schwerpunkt auf der Wandlung der Gottesvorstellungen, die anhand der einflussreichsten Philosophen und Theologen exemplifiziert werden. Dabei werden nicht nur die historischen Kontexte der jeweiligen Protagonisten beleuchtet, sondern auch deren Biographien. Ihre theologischen Vorstellungen werden u.a. auch anhand von aussagefähigen Originalzitaten veranschaulicht. Es werden auch das Verhältnis zu anderen Religionen u. das Verhältnis zu den Naturwissenschaften beleuchtet. Das Buch endet mit einem Ausblick auf die zukünftige Theologie.Der AutorKurt Bangert war Forschungsleiter und Research Advisor am World Vision Institut für Forschung und Innovation in Friedrichsdorf. Der Theologe ist Autor zahlreicher Artikel und Bücher sowie Schriftleiter der theologischen Zeitschrift Freies Christentum.

This book retrieves from the archives people, places and perspectives normally overlooked to tell an original and expansive history of the Qatar Peninsula, paying close attention to landscape and the natural world. The arc of the book moves geographically through the landscape and chronologically through selected sources, drawing on digitised maps, manuscripts, hydrographic surveys, government records, traveller accounts, early photographs, archaeological and ethnographic reports. While these are standard sources recruited by Qatar to tell its own singular, streamlined history, this book is a subversive reading of those sources. It braids together elusive and precarious stories – difficult to find, at risk of being lost, and never before brought together into a single volume – to write a more complicated story of place. Through them, we can reimagine a place that, like many in the world, works hard to control a limited set of stories about itself. Readers who know something about Qatarwill be surprised by the book's nuances and details. Readers who know little or nothing will be drawn in to discover that, even in the most out-of-the-way and inhospitable places, deserts are never empty.

The relationship between two distinct periods in Michel Foucault's work is the starting point for this book. In'Truth and Power,'an interview Foucault gave in 1976, he states that to create a new politics of truth is an intellectual's main task. In this book, Priscila Piazentini Vieira analyzes Foucault's study on ancient culture and courage of truth in the 1980s as his main contribution to our construction of a new politics of truth, much diverse from modernity's prevailing understanding of it grounded on the will to knowledge. Furthermore, she analyzes Foucault's militant practice and his GIP experience from a corpus constructed by papers, courses, interviews, and books written by the philosopher between the 1970s and 1980s. By clearly linking Foucault's work on to his own militant activity, the book also aims to develop an original definition of the intellectual at the crossroad of political engagement, the production of knowledge, and the manifestation of the truth.

This book presents both a historical overview of the absorption of Heidegger's thought into English-language philosophical schools as well as a philosophical discussion of his thought provided by contemporary scholars. The text describes the ways in which a philosophical methodology and worldview seemingly so inhospitable to Anglophone academia has managed to find an unlikely home.This volume is roughly divided into two types of contributions: discussions of Heidegger's reception in the English-speaking world, and outstanding examples of English-language Heidegger scholarship. The first type includes both historiographical accounts of the encounters between Heidegger's thought and the Anglo-American world, as well as their philosophical expositions and critiques. The second group of chapters reveal the latest contemporary scholarship by contemporary Heideggerians writing in English. It is moreover the first volume to bring together thinkers from both genealogies of Anglo-American Heideggerianism appealing to students and researchers working in both of these camps.

Robert Eisler, the polymathic Jewish Austrian scholar and Holocaust survivor, faded into obscurity after his death in 1949. A contemporary and associate of Walter Benjamin, Aby Warburg, and Gershom Scholem, Eisler spent his early years in fin-de-siècle Vienna and trained as an art historian and economist. In this book, the first in English devoted to Eisler's life and thought, Brian Collins takes us through the development of Eisler's ideas about the philosophy of values, comparative mythology, Christianity, psychoanalysis, monetary policy, and anthropology. Collins also explores the bizarre and sometimes tragic events that defined Eisler's life, including his arrest for art theft in 1907, his controversial reconstruction of a physical description of Jesus, and the fifteen months he spent in Dachau and Buchenwald, the inspiration for his final book, Man into Wolf: An Anthropological Interpretation of Sadism, Masochism, and Lycanthropy.

Amazonen der Feder, Bürgerinnen in der Republik des Geistes, weibliche Intellektuelle: die Literatur des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts war der Ort, an dem Schriftstellerinnen ihre Befähigung zur kulturellen Teilhabe beredt unter Beweis stellten und mal in Auseinandersetzung mit, mal mit Unterstützung von männlichen Kollegen einforderten. Sie entwickelten spezifische Strategien der Autorisierung einer weiblichen Perspektive – Strategien, die über intellektuelle Netzwerke im Europa der Aufklärung zirkulierten. Dabei spielte nicht nur die geistige Emanzipation der Frau aus der patriarchal geforderten Unmündigkeit eine Rolle, sondern auch die sexuelle Selbstbestimmtheit. Dieser Sammelband stellt die weiblichen Beiträge vor allem zur englischen und französischen Literatur des Zeitraums in die sozio-politischen und ideengeschichtlichen Zusammenhänge der Geschlechtergeschichte, und stellt so selbst ein wichtiges Stück feministischer Literaturgeschichtsschreibung dar. Er versammelt erstmals die feministischen Forschungen von Ina Schabert zur Literatur des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts und macht damit die Schriften einer der einflussreichsten Gender-Forscherinnen in Deutschland in einer neu edierten, kritischen Ausgabe verfügbar.Die Reihe Die Feministische Aufklärung in Europa versammelt Monographien, Sammelbände und Editionen zu der Frage, in welchem Maße und auf welche Weise die unterschiedlichen Strömungen der europäischen Aufklärung zwischen 1650 und 1800 feministische Problemlagen erörterten und Ansprüche einforderten. Wie aufgeklärt war die europäische Aufklärung im Hinblick auf rechtliche, politische, gesellschaftliche, religiöse und kulturelle Egalitätspostulate der Geschlechter, deren Verwirklichung ein ‚Zeitalter der Aufklärung‘ allererst in ein ‚aufgeklärtes Zeitalter‘ transformieren könnten? Die Reihe präsentiert philologische, historische und philosophische Studien sowie mehrsprachige Editionen, die die Vielfalt feministischer Argumente und Positionierungen, aber auch die Bemühungen ihrer Gegner, seit dem späten 17. Jahrhundert dokumentieren.

This book is a sequel to Nathan Ron's Erasmus and the “Other.” Should we consider Erasmus an involved or public intellectual alongside figures such as Machiavelli, Milton, Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu? Was Erasmus really an independent intellectual? In Ron's estimation, Erasmus did not fully live up to his professed principles of Christian peace. Despite the anti-war preaching so eminent in his writings, he made no stand against the warlike and expansionist foreign policies of specific European kings of his era, and even praised the glory won by Francis I on the battlefield of Marignano (1515). Furthermore, in the face of Henry VIII's execution of his beloved Thomas More and John Fisher, and the atrocities committed by the Spanish against indigenous peoples in the New World, Erasmus preferred self-censorship to expressions of protest or criticism and did not step forward to reproach kings of their misdeeds or crimes.

Forschung und Behandlungsmethoden der psychiatrisch tätigen Ärzte in der Zeit der Romantik wurden von der Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus, der romantischen Bewegung mit ihrer naturphilosophisch orientierten Weltsicht und den Erkenntnissen der aufgeklärten französischen Psychiater geprägt. Die „Psychiker“ vertraten die Ansicht, bei der Selbstmordneigung sei die Seele erkrankt, für die „Somatiker“ stellte sie sich als Folge einer körperlichen Erkrankung dar. Es wird ein Bogen geschlagen zu den Selbstmordtheorien im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert; dabei wird deutlich, dass einige Ideen und Vorstellungen überraschend aktuell geblieben sind.

Die globalen politischen, gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Fragen und Probleme im 21. Jahrhundert bedeuten enorme Herausforderungen für die Humanität. Dieses Buch beleuchtet diese Herausforderungen aus drei Perspektiven: aus der Perspektive des einzelnen Individuums, aus der Sicht von Welt- und Lebensanschauungen (Humanismus, Pazifismus, Agnostizismus) sowie aus dem Blickwinkel von Wissenschaft, Kunst und Philosophie; und es untersucht deren jeweiliges Humanisierungs-Potential.

Simón Bolívar is the preeminent symbol of Latin America and the subject of seemingly endless posthumous attention. Interpreted and reinterpreted in biographies, histories, political writings, speeches, and works of art and fiction, he has been a vehicle for public discourse for the past two centuries. Robert T. Conn follows the afterlives of Bolívar across the Americas, tracing his presence in a range of competing but interlocking national stories. How have historians, writers, statesmen, filmmakers, and institutions reworked his life and writings to make cultural and political claims? How has his legacy been interpreted in the countries whose territories he liberated, as well as in those where his importance is symbolic, such as the United States? In answering these questions, Conn illuminates the history of nation building and hemispheric globalism in the Americas.

Diese Studie hat zum Ziel, das vorhandene Bild einer männlich dominierten Schönberg-Schule zu hinterfragen und Leben und Werk der Komponistinnen unter Arnold Schönbergs SchülerInnen zu erforschen. Durch intensive Recherchen kann die Liste bisher bekannter Schülerinnen und Schüler von etwa 300 auf mehr als 700 erweitert werden, darunter eine dreistellige Anzahl von Schülerinnen: Komponistinnen und Musikerinnen, von denen bis jetzt die wenigsten der Musikforschung bekannt sind. Die Studie beinhaltet neben einer kommentierten Auflistung der recherchierten Personen auf Basis bislang unerforschter Materialien Detailuntersuchungen zu 27 bedeutenden Schönberg-Schülerinnen, darunter – auf jeweils ca. 150 Seiten – Dika Newlin (Schönbergs jüngste Schülerin, 1923–2006) und Vilma Webenau (Schönbergs erste Schülerin, 1875–1953), und bietet damit eine wertvolle Plattform für weitergehende Forschungen.

This book describes how and why the early modern period witnessed the marginalisation of astrology in Western natural philosophy, and the re-adoption of the cosmological view of the existence of a plurality of worlds in the universe, allowing the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Founded in the mid-1990s, the discipline of astrobiology combines the search for extraterrestrial life with the study of terrestrial biology – especially its origins, its evolution and its presence in extreme environments. This book offers a history of astrobiology's attempts to understand the nature of life in a larger cosmological context. Specifically, it describes the shift of early modern cosmology from a paradigm of celestial influence to one of celestial inhabitation. Although these trends are regarded as consequences of Copernican cosmology, and hallmarks of a modern world view, they are usually addressed separately in the historical literature. Unlike others, this book takes a broad approach that examines the relationship of the two. From Influence to Inhabitation will benefit both historians of astrology and historians of the extraterrestrial life debate, an audience which includes researchers and advanced students studying the history and philosophy of astrobiology. It will also appeal to historians of natural philosophy, science, astronomy and theology in the early modern period.

This book examines Mary Ward's distinctive insight into late-Victorian and Edwardian society as a famous writer and reformer, who was inspired by the philosopher and British idealist, Thomas Hill Green. As a talented woman who had studied among Oxford University intellectuals in the 1870s, and the granddaughter of Dr Arnold of Rugby, Mrs Humphry Ward (as she was best known) was in a unique position to participate in the debates, issues and events that shaped her generation; religious doubt and Christianity, educational reforms, socialism, women's suffrage and the First World War. Helen Loader examines a range of biographical sources, alongside Mary Ward's writings and social reform activities, to demonstrate how she expressed and engaged with Greenian idealism, both in theory and practice, and made a significant contribution to British Society.

Oscar Wilde: A Literary Life tracks the intellectual biography of one of the most influential minds of the nineteenth century. Rather than focusing on the dramatic events of Wilde's life, this volume documents Wilde's impressive forays into education, religion, science, philosophy, and social reform. In so doing, it provides an accessible and yet detailed account that reflects Wilde's own commitment to the “contemplative life.” Suitable for seasoned readers as well as those new to the study of his work, Oscar Wilde: A Literary Life brings Wilde's intellectual investments into sharp focus, while placing him within a cultural landscape that was always evolving and often fraught with contradiction.

Italian intellectuals played an important role in the shaping of international politics during the Cold War. The visions of the world that they promulgated, their influence on public opinion and their ability to shape collective speech, whether in agreement with or in opposition to those in power, have been underestimated and understudied. This volume marks one of the first serious attempts to assess how Italian intellectuals understood and influenced Italy's place in the post–World War II world. The protagonists represent the three key post-war political cultures: Catholic, Marxist and Liberal Democratic. Together, these essays uncover the role of such intellectuals in institutional networks, their impact on the national and transnational circulation of ideas and the relationships they established with a variety of international associations and movements.

This book charts the varieties of political moderation in modern European history from the French Revolution to the present day. It explores the attempts to find a middle way between ideological extremes, from the nineteenth-century Juste Milieu and balance of power, via the Third Ways between capitalism and socialism, to the current calls for moderation beyond populism and religious radicalism. The essays in this volume are inspired by the widely-recognized need for a more nuanced political discourse. The contributors demonstrate how the history of modern politics offers a range of experiences and examples of the search for a middle way that can help us to navigate the tensions of the current political climate. At the same time, the volume offers a diagnosis of the problems and pitfalls of Third Ways, of finding the middle between extremes, and of the weaknesses of the moderate point of view.

This book considers the doctrinal and ecclesiological trends that were present during the construction of the revised Book of Common Prayer of 1927. Through the use of the records of both Convocations and of the National/Church Assembly, it examines the debates that led to the revised Book and the doctrinal shifts that were present in these debates. It challenges the idea that the revision process stalled in the First World War by showing how the birth of the National Assembly that took place during the war was born out of the revision process. Through the Assembly records it shows the integral role the laity played in the revision process. It examines the attempts to get the revised Books through Parliament, the difference between pro and anti-revision speakers, and the radical ecclesiological thinking that followed the rejections.

This book presents two major texts and selected shorter writings by the social-democratic thinker and politician Eduard Bernstein, translated into English in full for the first time: The German Revolution: A History of the Emergence and First Working Period of the German Republic; How A Revolution Perished; and articles from Vorwärts and other socialist periodicals. Written in the aftermath of the 1918 German Revolution and the end of WWI, they address the overthrow of autocratic rule in Germany, and provide a live chronicle and retrospective assessment of the Weimar Republic's foundation. Bernstein gives a detailed chronology of the German Revolution and its intellectual, economic, and political context, and offers a historical analogy in his account of the 1848 French Revolution, which differs in key respects from that of Karl Marx in The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon. Drawing on his own experience of the events he describes, he revisits the socialist debate over ‘reform or revolution'that he himself had provoked at the turn of the 20th century, and consciously seeks to wrest ownership of the Revolution's legacy away from the Spartacist and communist left. In these works, Bernstein exhorts social democrats to rally behind the nascent Republic and resist the siren-calls of its militant opponents on radical left and right, and he engages with themes of party unity, political violence, democracy, and the role of ideology that have echoed through left theory and strategy ever since.

In this work, Alexander Rosenthal Pubul presents a broad examination of the ancient philosophical question: “What is the good life?”, while addressing how the liberal arts can help us to answer this question. Greek philosophy distinguished between the “noble” (what is good in itself), from the merely “useful” (good for something else). From thence follows the distinction between the liberal arts which pursue such noble goods and the mechanical arts which are only instrumental. For Aristotle, the most noble and excellent good is wisdom itself. Hence the theoretic life devoted to the love of wisdom for its own sake –philosophy - is the highest and the most excellent. This work theorizes the origins of modernity in a rebellion against this Greek conception resulting in a complete inversion of the classical hierarchy. Sir. Francis Bacon reconceiving the purpose of knowledge as power, enthroned technology over philosophy and theliberal arts. The unfolding of the modern Baconian revolution progressively sidelines the liberal arts, as practical economic and technical utility become the standard of value. In assessing this problem, the book engages in a capacious journey across disciplines like philosophy, history, art, politics, and science. It is also a veritable tour across the Western intellectual tradition including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca, Thomas Aquinas, Bacon, Descartes, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, Dewey, Berdyaev, Einstein, and Heidegger. It pleads the urgent need to preserve the humanizing cultural ideals of the ancient classics against the modern tyranny of utility and the dangers of a new barbarism.

This book explores the relationship between Queen Caroline, one of the most enigmatic characters in Regency England, and Sir William Gell, the leading classical scholar of his day. Despised and rejected by her husband, Caroline created a sphere and court of her own through patronage of scholarship. The primary beneficiary was Gell, a pioneering scholar of the classical world who opened new dimensions in the study of ancient Troy, mainland Greece, and Ithaca. Despite his achievements, Gell had scarce financial resources. Support from Caroline enabled him to establish himself in Italy and conduct his seminal work about ancient Rome and, especially, Pompeii, until her sensational trial before the House of Lords and premature death. Concluding with the first scholarly transcription of the extraordinary series of letters that Caroline wrote to Gell, this volume illuminates how Caroline sought power through patronage, and how Gell shaped classical scholarship in nineteenth-century Britain.

This book offers new perspectives on the origins and development of John Ruskin's political thought. Graham A. MacDonald traces the influence of late medieval and pre-Enlightenment thought in Ruskin's writing, reintroducing readers to Ruskin's politics as shaped through his engagement with concepts of natural law, legal rights, labour and welfare organization. From Ruskin's youthful studies of geology and chemistry to his back-to-the-land project, the Guild of St. George, he emerges as a complex political thinker, a reformer—and what we would recognize today as an environmentalist. John Ruskin's Politics and Natural Law is a nuanced reappraisal of neglected areas of Ruskin's thought.

This book explores the political ideas of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, which led to the break-up of the Restoration state of the ‘united'Kingdom of the Netherlands. It uncovers the origins of liberalism and political Catholicism in the Southern Netherlands in the wake of the French Revolution, and traces the development of political language in the context of the tensions between the Northern and Southern part of the united Netherlands. It shows how differences in ‘Dutch'and ‘Belgian'political and intellectual history resulted in different understandings of essential political concepts such as ‘sovereignty'and ‘balance of powers', as well as of the nature of the constitutional order of 1815. Finally, it traces the emergence of Belgian nationalism within the discourse of opposition against the government. Stefaan Marteel therefore provides a fresh perspective on the intellectual background of the rise of the nation-state in the nineteenth century.

An innovative and entertaining examination of the theory of nationalism. Derek Heater brings together the seven most influential - for good or evil - European thinkers on nationalism from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Herder, Fichte, Mazzini, Mill, Renan, Hitler and Stalin together debate their ideas in a platonic symposium, using the words from their own works in the central part of the book. The first part of the book introduces each thinker in the appropriate historical context, while the third part considers judgements on their thought.

Science and the Quest for Reality is an interdisciplinary anthology that situates contemporary science within its complex philosophical, historical, and sociological contexts. The anthology is divided between, firstly, characterizing science as an intellectual activity and, secondly, defining its social role. The philosophical and historical vicissitudes of science's truth claims has raised profound questions concerning the role of science in society beyond its technological innovations. The deeper philosophical issues thus complement the critical inquiry concerning the broader social and ethical influence of contemporary science. In the tradition of the'Main Trends of the Modern World'series, this volume includes both classical and contemporary works on the subject.